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48-627: The original Estonia Theatre building was designed in Jugendstil by Finnish architects Armas Lindgren and Wivi Lönn , and constructed between 1911 and 1913 on the initiative of the Estonia Society , with popular effort and widespread financial support from the Estonian people. The Estonia Theatre was opened to the general public on 24 August 1913. At the time, it was the largest building in Tallinn. After

96-605: A classical style, with additional elements of Stalinist architecture , and reopened to the public in 1947. Starting from 1946, the building also housed the premises of the newly created Tallinn Ballet School . In March 1990, during the period of nonviolent resistance to the Soviet rule, the Estonia Theatre building became the site of the newly elected grassroots parliament, the Congress of Estonia . The Congress disbanded itself after

144-505: A breakout exhibition after seeking economic and artistic self-determination , which included forming a cooperative. Although the group was dissolved amid the Nazi art purges, they were re-established in 1946, and celebrated their centennial in 1992. Munich, Weimar and Germany's Darmstadt Artists' Colony (1895–1910) — They were formed to resist the official and academic emphasis on historicism and neoclassicism in art, while instead pursuing

192-690: A harmonious ensemble. In 1902, he decorated the apartment of Count Harry Kessler , a prominent patron of the Impressionist painters. In 1905, with the patronage of the Grand Duke of Weimar, he created the Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar. He created a showcase of applied arts for the Dresden Exposition of Applied Arts in 1906, decorated with paintings by Ludwig von Hofmann , intended as

240-487: A perfect blend of fine and applied arts. Jugendstil design often included the "floral motifs, arabesques, and organically inspired lines" of the Vienna Secession. Its practical edge, however, was wholly its own, as it matched designers with "industrialists for mass production to disseminate products." That practicality undoubtedly influenced its increasing abstraction and interest in functionality, initially showcased in

288-573: A sinuous, floral style that was similar to the French style. He also created a type style based upon Japanese calligraphy. Joseph Sattler was another graphic artist who contributed to the style through another artistic journal called Pan . Sattler designed a type face often used in Jugendstil . Another important German graphic artist was Josef Rudolf Witzel (1867–1925), who produced many early covers for Jugend , with curving, floral forms which helped shape

336-503: A sober, geometric style that pointed forward toward Art Deco . The Swiss artist Hermann Obrist , living in Munich, made designs with sinuous double curves, modeled after plants and flowers, which were a prominent motif of the early style. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony is a remarkable collection of Jugendstil buildings created beginning in 1899 by Ernest Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse , a grandson of Queen Victoria, to promote both commerce and

384-704: A villa in Chemnitz , the Folkwang Museum in Hagen , and the Nietzsche House in Weimar for Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche , the sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . He settled in Weimar in 1899 and produced a wide variety of decorative works, including silverware and ceramics, all in strikingly original forms. His silverware was particularly unusual: each piece had its own form, with sleek curving lines, but together they formed

432-415: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an opera house or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Art Nouveau is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jugendstil Jugendstil ( German pronunciation: [ˈjuːɡn̩tˌstiːl] ; "Youth Style") was an artistic movement, particularly in

480-611: Is the most famous of these groups. Although the Austrian Gustav Klimt is one of its most well-known members, the group also included Czech Alphonse Mucha , Croatian sculptor Ivan Mestrovic and the Polish artists Jozef Mehoffer , Jacek Malczewski and Stanislaw Wyspianski , the latter of whom were invited to join the Secession in its opening year, as well as write for Ver Sacrum , the Secession magazine Klimt founded, which spread

528-627: The Bauhaus . The work of Behrens and the Werkbund effectively launched the transition from the Jugendstil to modernism in Germany, and the end of the Jugendstil . In Berlin, August Endell was both editor of Pan magazine and a major figure in Jugendstil decoration, designing hotels and theaters, such as the interior of Buntes Theater in Berlin (1901), destroyed during World War II. He designed every detail of

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576-567: The Deutscher Werkbund . Modeled after the Arts and Crafts movement in England, its goal was to improve and modernize the design of industrial products and everyday objects. He first major project was AEG turbine factory in Berlin (1908–1909). Behren's assistants and students at this time included Mies van der Rohe , C. E. Jeanerette (the future Le Corbusier ), and Walter Gropius , the future head of

624-459: The Jugendstil style, designed in the WMF Art Studio under Albert Mayer. WMF purchased Orivit, another company known for its Jugendstil pewter, in 1905. Secession (art) In art history , secession refers to a historic break between a group of avant-garde artists and conservative European standard-bearers of academic and official art in the late 19th and early 20th century. The name

672-450: The Jugendstil was ended in 1906, when its main patron, Count Harry Kessler, commissioned Rodin to make a nude statue for the Grand Duke. The Grand Duke was scandalized, and Kessler was forced to resign. The Weimar school of design lost its importance until 1919, when it returned as the Bauhaus under Walter Gropius , and played a major part in the emergence of modern architecture . The architect and designer Peter Behrens (1868–1940)

720-856: The Munich Secession formed in response to stifling conservatism from the Munich Artists' Association, the Academy of Fine Arts and, most notably, the art foundation dedicated to history painting in service to the state, known as Prinzregent-Luitpold-Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst, des Kunstgewerbes und des Handwerks in München. Key figures in the movement included Bernhard Buttersack , Ludwig Dill , Bruno Piglhein , Ludwig von Herterich , Paul Hoecker , Albert von Keller , Gotthardt Kuehl , Hugo von Habermann , Robert Poetzelberger , Franz von Stuck , Fritz von Uhde and Heinrich von Zügel . They are best known for

768-560: The Salon du Champs-de-Mars (1890–present), is named after the 1791 Champ de Mars Massacre that saw dozens of civilians killed at the hands of the military, which radicalized the Paris citizenry – and the Salon's organizers were likely hoping for a similarly revolutionary effect. Eager to curate their own work, Puvis de Chavannes and Auguste Rodin declared independence by forming a break-away group, which

816-525: The decorative arts , that was influential primarily in Germany and elsewhere in Europe to a lesser extent from about 1895 until about 1910. It was the German counterpart of Art Nouveau . The members of the movement were reacting against the historicism and neo-classicism of the official art and architecture academies. It took its name from the art journal Jugend , founded by the German artist Georg Hirth . It

864-586: The Association of Berlin Artists, and the restrictions on contemporary art imposed by Kaiser Wilhelm II, 65 artists "seceded" to create and exhibit new work, sometimes linked by terms like "Berlin Impressionism," or " German Post-Impressionism ," in both cases reflecting the influence of French Impressionism , which had spread internationally. They are also known for their conceptual art, as well as an internal split in

912-820: The Belgian architect and designer Henry van de Velde . Van de Velde had played an important role in the early Belgian Art Nouveau, building his own house and decorating it in Art Nouveau style, with the strong influence of the British Arts and Crafts Movement . He was a known in Germany for his work in Belgium and Paris, and began a new career in Dresden in 1897, with a display at the Dresden Exposition of decorative arts. His work became known in Germany through decorative arts journals, and he received several commissions for interiors in Berlin, for

960-584: The British Modern Style . It was also influenced by Japanese prints. Later, under the Secessionists ' influence, it tended toward abstraction and more geometrical forms. The movement had its origins in Munich with the founding of an association of visual artists in 1892, which broke away from the more formal historical and academic styles of the Academy. Georg Hirth chose the name Munich Secession for

1008-575: The Dresden Secession officially dissolved in 1925, many of its artists continued pursuing careers into the 1930s and beyond, even while the Nazis began "cleansing" the culture of the Modernist art and artists they deemed offensive. Their "purification" program included displacing Modernist art in Germany's museums with an earlier style of rigid Realism and an Apollonian "classical" style that glorified

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1056-613: The Republic of Estonia had become an independent country in 1918, the Estonia Theatre building was the main venue of the newly elected Estonian Constituent Assembly in April 1919. The Assembly disbanded itself after following parliamentary elections, in December 1920. The theatre building was extensively damaged by fire in the Soviet aerial bombing raid on Tallinn on 9 March 1944. It was reconstructed in

1104-838: The Third Reich. In 1937, while planning a major exhibition of "pure" art, Joseph Goebbels , Hitler's Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda , also conceived of a Degenerate Art Exhibition , which ultimately featured 650 works of art confiscated from 32 different museums – and then sold for profit. "Degeneracy" was an entrenched policy by then, a useful way for Hitler, who twice failed to matriculate into art school, to routinely sanction other artists. At that point, artists who could fled, those who couldn't were later deported to concentration camps. Some, like Berlin Secessionist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , committed suicide. Still others collaborated. In 1945,

1152-534: The Viennese version is known for its beauty, Dresden's version is known for its politics and its post-expressionist rejection of romanticized aesthetics. The New Objectivist and German Expressionist styles of artists like Otto Dix and Conrad Felixmüller were hardened by the horrors of the First World War , and replete with criticism of Weimar Germany . The Nazis would later condemn both artists. Although

1200-399: The arts. He brought together a group of designers to create his new community, including Peter Behrens , Hans Christiansen , and Joseph Maria Olbrich . The Colony architecture represented a complete break with the earlier floral style, and was much bolder in its design. Behrens and several of the other architects built their own houses there, and designed every detail, from the doorknobs to

1248-559: The association. Later, the Vienna Secession , founded in 1897 and the Berlin Secession took their own names from the Munich group. The journal of the group, Jugend , begun in 1896, along with another Munich publication, Simplicissimus and Pan in Berlin, became the most visible showcases of the new style. The leading figures of this movement, including Peter Behrens , Bernhard Pankok , and Richard Riemerschmid , as well as

1296-514: The dishes. The most impressive building of the Colony is the Ernst-Ludwig House, named for the Grand Duke, which contained the workshops of the artists. It was designed by Olbrich, with an entrance in the form of a three-quarter circle, flanked by two statues, Force and Beauty , by Ludwig Habich (1901). The city of Weimar was another important center of the Jugendstil , thanks largely to

1344-444: The furniture to the carpets and the dishware, silverware and the art, in perfect harmony. With this ideal in mind, they established their own workshops to produce furniture. August Endell , Theodor Fischer , Bruno Paul , and especially Richard Riemerschmid were important figures in Jugendstil furniture. Metallwarenfabrik Straub & Schweizer (WMF) was, by 1900, the world's largest producer of household metalware, mainly in

1392-575: The furniture, towels and dishes. After 1900 he became involved in industrial design and the reform of architecture to more functional forms. In 1902, he participated in the Turin International Exposition, one of the first major Europe-wide showcases of Art Nouveau. In 1907, Behrens and a group of other notable Jugendstil artists, including ( Hermann Muthesius , Theodor Fischer , Josef Hoffmann , Joseph Maria Olbrich , Bruno Paul , Richard Riemerschmid , and Fritz Schumacher , created

1440-696: The group which led to the formation of a New Secession (1910–1914). Key figures included Walter Leistikow , Franz Skarbina , Max Liebermann , Hermann Struck , and the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch . Cologne (1909–1916) — Also known as the "Sonderbund" or the "Separate League of West German Art Lovers and Artists," the Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler was known for its landmark exhibitions introducing French Impressionism , Post-Impressionism and Modernism to Germany. Its 1912 show aimed to organize "the most disputed paintings of our time," and

1488-757: The illustrations and graphic design of its best-known designer Otto Eckmann in magazines like Jugend and Simpicissimus and Pan . Like its Viennese counterpart, artists like Hermann Obrist , Henry van de Velde , Bernhard Pankok and Richard Riemerschmid also produced architecture, furniture, and ceramics. But unlike Vienna, it diverged sufficiently to provide the foundations for Bauhaus . "Principles of standardization of materials, design, and production" that, for example, architect Peter Behrens pioneered in pursuit of Gesamtkunstwerk (a complete work of art) were later passed on to his three most famous students: Mies van der Rohe , Le Corbusier , Walter Gropius . Vienna (1897–1905) — The most famous secession

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1536-485: The image, such as the Arnold Böcklin typeface created in 1904. Otto Eckmann was one of the most prominent German artists associated with both Jugend and Pan . His favourite animal was the swan, and so great was his influence that the swan came to serve as the symbol of the entire movement. Another prominent designer in the style was Richard Riemerschmid , who made furniture, pottery, and other decorative objects in

1584-606: The independent Republic of Estonia had been restored in 1991, when a new parliament had been elected in September 1992. The building now has two large auditoriums in two separate wings. A Concert Hall is located in one wing of the building. The Concert Hall was entirely renovated in 1997. A separate, smaller chamber hall was reconstructed and opened to the public in 2006. 59°26′05″N 24°45′03″E  /  59.43472°N 24.75083°E  / 59.43472; 24.75083 This article about an Estonian building or structure

1632-484: The influence of Art Nouveau . Curvilinear geometric shapes and patterns of that period are typical of it. Artists reveled in the movement's broad visual vocabulary. Their work spanned the arts — painting, decor, architecture, graphic design, furniture, ceramics, glassware and jewelry — at times naturalistic, at times stylized. Founded in 1919, the Dresden Secession stands in contrast to the Vienna Secession. While

1680-457: The interior down to the nails. with each room in a different color, and on a different theme. He also designed the Hackesche Höfe , a complex of buildings in the centre of Berlin, noted for the imaginative details of the decoration, in spirals and curling forms, The most prominent graphic artist was Otto Eckmann , who produced numerous illustrations for the movement's journal Jugend , in

1728-450: The last year of World War II, the British and American bombing of (civilian) Dresden controversially left the city, an arts and cultural landmark, known for both the Dresden Secession and the turn-of-the-century Expressionist art movement Die Brücke , in ruins. (Selection was limited by availability.) Paris (1890–present) — Known for its role in decisively ending the stranglehold

1776-409: The main room of a new museum of decoration in Weimar. He transposed the characteristics of his silverware, dishes, and furniture into the architecture. Van de Velde left off the curling vegetal lines of Art Nouveau decoration and replaced them with much simpler, more stylized curves which were part of the structure of his buildings and decorative works. The importance of Weimar as a cultural center of

1824-492: The majority of the founding members of the Munich Secession, all provided illustrations to Jugend . In the beginning, the style was used primarily in illustrations and graphic arts. Jugendstil combined floral decoration and sinuous curves with more geometric lines, and soon was used for covers of novels, advertisements, and exhibition posters. Designers often created original styles of typeface that worked harmoniously with

1872-487: The ornate Art Nouveau style over the prevailing styles of the time, it was inspired by the Munich Secession (1892), and the nearly contemporaneous Berlin Secession (1898), all of which begot the term Sezessionstil , or "Secession style." Hans-Ulrich Simon later revisited that idea in Sezessionismus: Kunstgewerbe in literarischer und bildender Kunst , the thesis he published in 1976. Simon argued that

1920-508: The state had on the salon exhibition system, the rebel Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts formed in reaction to the Société des artists français . The revolt led by Puvis de Chavannes , Ernest Meissonier , Carolus-Duran and Carrier-Belleuse helped radicalize the Central European art world. Munich (1892–1938 and 1946–present) — Also known as the Association of Visual Artists of Munich,

1968-401: The style. The magazine Simplicissimus , published in Munich, was also noted for its Jugendstil graphics, as well as for the modern writers it presented, including Thomas Mann and Rainer Maria Rilke . Important illustrators for the magazine included Thomas Theodor Heine . The ideal of designers of the Jugendstil was to make a house a complete work of art, with everything inside, from

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2016-564: The successive waves of art secessions in the late 19th and early 20th century Europe collectively form a movement best described by the all-encompassing term "Secessionism." By convention, the term is usually restricted to one of several secessions — mainly in Germany, but also in Austria and France — coinciding with the end of the Second Industrial Revolution , World War I and early Weimar Germany . The first secession, known as

2064-460: Was a ground-breaking departure in a culture with salon traditions dating back to the early 1700s. Unlike subsequent secessions, Chavannes' group sought higher standards and a more conservative approach, not a more liberal one. Over the next several years, artists in various European countries followed in the Salon's footsteps, likewise "seceding" from traditional art movements and follow their own diktats . The Vienna Secession , founded in 1897,

2112-548: Was a key figure in the final years of the Jugendstil , and in the transition to modern architecture. Born in Hamburg , where he studied painting, Behrens moved to Munich in 1890 and worked as a painter, illustrator and bookbinder. In 1890, he was one of the founders of the Munich Secession . In 1899, he was invited to participate in the Darmstadt Artists' Colony , where he designed his own house and all of its contents, including

2160-507: Was especially active in the graphic arts and interior decoration. Its major centers of activity were Munich and Weimar and the Darmstadt Artists' Colony founded in Darmstadt in 1901. Important figures of the movement included the Swiss graphic artist Hermann Obrist , Otto Eckmann , and the Belgian architect and decorator Henry van de Velde . In its earlier years, the style was influenced by

2208-419: Was first suggested by Georg Hirth (1841–1916), the editor and publisher of the influential German art magazine Jugend ( Youth) , which also went on to lend its name to the Jugendstil . His word choice emphasized the tumultuous rejection of legacy art while it was being reimagined. Of the various secessions, the Vienna Secession (1897) remains the most influential. Led by Gustav Klimt , who favored

2256-614: Was later credited for helping develop a German version of Expressionism while also presenting the most significant exhibition of European Modernism prior to World War I." The following year, in fact, it inspired a similar show in New York. Artists associated with the group included Julius Bretz , Max Clarenbach , August Deusser , Walter Ophey , Ernst Osthaus, Egon Schiele , Wilhelm Schmurr, Alfred Sohn-Rethel , Karli Sohn-Rethel and Otto Sohn-Rethel , along with collectors and curators of art. Dresden (1919–1925) — Formed in reaction to

2304-569: Was the Vienna Secession formed in reaction to the Association of Austrian Artists. Leading figures included Gustav Klimt , Josef Hoffman , Koloman Moser and Otto Wagner . They are known for their painting, furniture, glass and ceramics, as well as the Secession Building the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich 's designed in Vienna, and the magazine Ver Sacrum , founded by Klimt. Berlin (1899–1913) — The Berlin Secession formed in reaction to

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