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50-585: They were directly sparked by a series of measures by Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marqués de Esquilache aiming to diminish the use of traditional apparel that made it easier to conceal weapons, but they also took into account growing discontent in Madrid over the rising costs of bread and other staples . Esquilache's plan was to terminate the wearing of long capes and broad-brimmed hats ( chambergos ) by male madrileños , replacing these traditional garments with French-style short capes and three-cornered hats . This reform

100-451: A Spanish noble is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Spanish diplomat-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aranjuez Aranjuez ( Spanish: [aɾaŋˈxweθ] ) is a city and municipality of Spain , part of the Community of Madrid . Located in the southern end of the region, the main urban nucleus lies on

150-498: A World Heritage Site . This was the first extension beyond the Royal Palace , along the south bank of the river Tagus (Local spelling Tajo ). The royal Church of San Antonio which was built by Philip IV of Spain for both public and ceremonial royal use, stands at the southern end of Plaza San Antonio popularly known as Mariblanca , (possibly because it is a 'sea' of white sand or mar de arena blanca or else an allusion to

200-461: A French invasion from the north. Soldiers, peasants and members of the general public assaulted Manuel Godoy 's quarters and captured him. The mutineers made Charles dismiss Godoy, and two days later, the court forced the King himself to abdicate in favour of his son and rival, who became Ferdinand VII. Railway transport arrived to Aranjuez on 9 February 1851, with the opening of the Madrid –Aranjuez line,

250-412: A free public pedal bicycle scheme although there is a modest registration fee. There is also a tourist Chiquitren road train which tours the town and the extensive jardin del principe royal garden. Aranjuez railway station building is richly ornamented in the neomudéjar style. It was built by the then operator Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante between 1922 and 1927. It

300-424: Is a village with a royal chapel (Hermitage) and a wine cellar (Bodegas del Real Cortijo de San Isidro) The proximity to Madrid and the good communications by road and rail made Aranjuez a suitable location for industry: detergents , Mechanical engineering, computer and electrical material, photographic materials, pharmaceutical products, paints and varnishes , sugar refineries, and oil mills. The majority of

350-459: The Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) for guitar and orchestra which was inspired by the royal gardens of Aranjuez and became one of the most famous orchestral compositions of the 20th century. The Austrian writer Peter Handke wrote the play Die schönen Tage von Aranjuez (The beautiful days of Aranjuez), which was translated into English by Michael Roloff. In summer it is traditional to eat dinner in

400-539: The Council of Castile warned him that the confiscation or enforced trimming of customary hats and cloaks would cause resentment amongst the people. Esquilache nevertheless went ahead with these measures, and on March 10, 1766, placards appeared in Madrid prohibiting the wearing of these garments. The popular reaction was immediate: the placards were torn off the walls. Soldiers were mobilized and local authorities were attacked by

450-693: The Spanish Republican Army . Important battles of the war such as the Battle of Seseña and the Battle of Jarama took place not far from Aranjuez. Following the seizure by the Rebel faction, a Francoist concentration camp was active in Aranjuez in 1939. The city was declared Conjunto Histórico-Artístico ("Historic Artistic Junction") in 1983. In 2001 UNESCO listed the Aranjuez Cultural landscape as

500-558: The Two Sicilies to advise Charles's son, King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , as the two thrones could not be united by consequence of treaty, Charles carried with him a cadre of Italian reformers who saw potential in the Spanish bureaucracy for modernization. De Gregorio was one of them, and was the architect of the first phase of Charles' reforms. His attempt to modernize the apparel of

550-403: The 16th century, the royal palace was constructed and the name of the enlarged settlement was changed from Alpajes to Aranjuez . The site was initially designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and completed by Juan de Herrera . Aranjuez was extensively redesigned in the 18th century by Santiago Bonavía . In 1752, during the reign of Ferdinand VI , Aranjuez, which was previously reserved for

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600-630: The Almoravids at Uclés , the area fell under Muslim control. Aurelia (Oreja) was retaken by Alfonso VII, the Emperor after the 1194 surrender of the besieged castle . Alfonso VIII donated Oreja and its dependent hamlets in 1171 to the Order of Santiago and its Grand Master Pedro Fernández . Aranjuez was definitively secured in 1178. Aranjuez was chosen as seat of the Mesa Maestral ("Master's Table") of

650-566: The Americas. Despite the near-insurrection of the populace, Charles would continue his program of reforms. The painter Francisco de Goya , an eyewitness to these events, would paint his Motín de Esquilache around 1766–7. Leopoldo de Gregorio Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache , OWE (Messina, December 23, 1699 – Venice, September 15, 1785), known in Spanish as Marqués de Esquilache and in Italian as Marchese di Squilliace ,

700-473: The M-305 (regular road which leads via La Montaña district and automotive sales zone (3 km north of city) and then directly to the royal palace. The A4 exit at kilometre 52 serves the south of the town, as does the toll road Radial R-4 . Six main line bus routes serve the locality via the bus station, Las Infantas. Taxis and local bus services (four routes) link to the railway station. The municipality provides

750-491: The Marea Blanca (the white (coat) wave or tide). Aranjuez is located on the fertile plain in the deep, high sided valley (cuenca) of the river Tagus (the comarca Vega del Tajo), whose rich soil is suitable for growing wheat and other cereals . There are also horticultural plantations , notably of asparagus and strawberries but also (centered on Villaconejos ) vineyards and extensive production of melons . Typical of

800-567: The Order of Santiago in 1272. The link between Aranjuez and the Crown dates from 1493, when the Catholic Monarchs became administrators of the military orders. Adrian VI confirmed Emperor Charles V in the everlasting dignity as Grand Master of the Order in 1523. The dehesa of Aranjuez subsequently became a Crown property. Philip II declared the place a Royal Site in 1560. In the second half of

850-725: The Royal Guard was recruited in the Austrian Netherlands and formed part of the permanent garrison of Madrid. A servant attached to Esquilache's household was knifed when the rioters made their way to the minister's mansion, which they sacked. They also stoned the mansion of the Grimaldi and approached the mansion of the Sabatini . That night, a portrait of Esquilache was burned in the Plaza Mayor. The king had still done nothing. On March 24,

900-594: The ambitious Plaza commercial center, built but not fitted, has never opened, and the smaller enterprise center, although open, contains a local supermarket, two cafés an English Academy and less than a dozen other small businesses. Finally, in March 2008 the University Hospital Tajo was opened. In 2013 this hospital, together with several others medical facilities in the Community of Madrid was threatened with privatisation, provoking considerable public protest known as

950-603: The average Spaniard resulted in the Esquilache Riots and in his dismissal. Charles was forced to make Esquilache ambassador to Venice . It was a move that both Charles and Esquilache lamented. Esquilache felt that his measures in Spain had deserved a statue , and would comment that he had cleaned and paved the city streets and had created boulevards , and had nevertheless been dismissed. He died in Venice . This biography of

1000-499: The city include many buildings in addition to the 17th century Royal Palace and church mentioned above: Numerous parks and gardens are open to the public (detailed in ) Aranjuez has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) with cool winters and hot, dry summers. The city of Aranjuez is governed by a single municipal authority, which, for convenience divides into the several administrative districts which in turn may contain residential estates ( urbanizaciones): The main pillars of

1050-566: The demands be ignored. Charles appeared on the palace balcony. The rioters once again presented their demands. Charles calmly acceded to their demands. He and his Walloon Guard then retired into the palace. This action temporarily calmed the populace. However, fearing for his own safety, Charles then decided to retreat to Aranjuez with the rest of his family and his ministers, including Esquilache. A military junta took measures to restore order. The city remained calm. However, upon hearing that Charles had left secretly for Aranjuez, anger spread that

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1100-454: The female statue of the fountain at the far end, which is the Venus of sculptor Juan Reyna in 1762). A bullring, one of the earliest in Spain, the original was built in 1760 by order of King Charles IV , the refurbished structure was opened by his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma , on 14 May 1797. It had a capacity of 9000 spectators at a time when the population, according to the then prime minister ,

1150-492: The government in the hands of his minister Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda . Doing so damaged his reputation. The king remained at Aranjuez as Aranda and troops were sent there to protect him. Aranda's arrival calmed Charles down but the king remained in the city until mid-April. In Madrid, Aranda meanwhile had convinced the populace to adopt the French-style short capes and three-cornered hats, first meeting with

1200-425: The industries are located to the west of the railway station or in the "Gonzalo Chacón" industrial park , in the south. The main existing industries are: Previous industrial activities now reduced, mothballed or closed included Aranjuez enjoys excellent road and rail links to the Spanish capital city of Madrid . Aranjuez is served by the public Autovía A-4 (Madrid Cordoba) The exit at kilometre 37 connects to

1250-460: The king had simply accepted the demands in order to make his subsequent escape. There were also fears that a large force of royal troops would enter Madrid and crush the revolt. In reaction to these fears, some 30,000 people, including men, women, and children, surrounded the house of Diego Rojas Contreras, bishop of Cartagena and president of the Council of Castile. The bishop was instructed to inform

1300-419: The king of the popular mood and to draw up a series of demands. An emissary was sent to Aranjuez and the bishop remained trapped. Meanwhile, the townspeople had begun to sack military buildings and stores, releasing prisoners. The king replied with a letter that stated that he sincerely promised to comply with the demands of his people, and asked for calm and order. This calmed the populace once again. Esquilache

1350-528: The king ordered the construction of the Franciscan Convent of San Pascual , later occupied by the Conceptionists . The French architect Jaime Marquet began construction of the theatre Coliseum Carlos III in 1767. An uprising, the so-called Mutiny of Aranjuez , took place on 17 March 1808 when the royal family and the government were staying at Aranjuez on their way south, as they were anticipating

1400-414: The king. The duke reported to the king, who remained calm, unaware of the seriousness of the situation. The rioters meanwhile had destroyed many of the 5,000 lampposts that had been erected throughout the city by royal order as another well-intended modernization policy. The rioters' petition had included a demand that the unpopular Guardia Valona ( Walloon Guards ) be disbanded. This foreign regiment of

1450-655: The left bank of the Tagus , a bit upstream of the discharge of the Jarama . As of 2022 , the municipality has a registered population of 59,762. Aranjuez became one of the Royal Estates of the Crown of Spain in 1560, during the reign of Philip II . Until 1752, only royalty and nobility were allowed to dwell in the town. The cultural landscape of Aranjuez was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001. There are several theories about

1500-507: The local economy are hotels and tourism. Aranjuez has always been an attractive city for tourists with its Royal Palace , the gardens , the Tagus river and the landscapes. In 2001 this city was designated as a World Heritage Cultural landscape by UNESCO , and since then, tourism has kept on increasing until hit by the 2008 recession. Prior to 2008 much money was spent in order to beautify Aranjuez and many pubs and restaurants were opened (from 2001 to 2004 their number increased 22%). This

1550-413: The members of Madrid's five major guilds ( Gremios Mayores ) and 53 minor guilds ( Gremios Menores ). Aranda managed to convince these members that the chambergo and the long cape was nothing but the apparel of el verdugo –the hated hangman or executioner- and that no respectable person would wear such a thing. The populace thus peacefully adopted more modern apparel. Charles III's advisers blamed

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1600-460: The neighbouring region of Castilla-La Mancha Aranjuez and the Vega del Tajo also produce a wide variety of products such as sorghum , sunflowers , potatoes, tomatoes, artichokes , beets and Jalapeño peppers. The Real Cortijo de San Isidro is a settlement about 6 km north of Aranjuez where King Charles III of Spain established a royal farm in 1766, exploiting existing agricultural land. There

1650-574: The origin of the name. The most widely-accepted one states that it comes from Basque and derives it from arantza (" hawthorn " in English). Another theory, attributed to Padre Martín Sarmiento , a Benedictine scholar who lived about a century after the founder of Aranjuez, Philip II of Spain , claims the origin to be from Latin Ara Jovis or Ara Iovia , which means the altar of the Roman god Jupiter . However

1700-436: The palace, it was architecturally attractive and sometimes used as the residence of the town governor. King Carlos III built the so-called Long Bridge (about 300m long) over the Jarama in 1761. In 1763 Charles III, a keen physiocrat ordered the construction of Real Cortijo de San Isidro , a model farm which was abandoned by his successor (his second son, Charles IV of Spain ) and later commercialized. Two years later

1750-474: The petitions. The priest's tone was ominous, and he promised to reduce the king's palace to rubble within two hours if the demands were not met. The rioters' demands included: The king was inclined to accept the demands, despite being counselled not do so by several of his ministers. Those ministers who believed he should accept the rioters' demands, emphasized that the riots were not a challenge against royal authority, but that they could develop into such should

1800-456: The populace. Rioters shouted "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!" On Palm Sunday , around 4 o'clock in the afternoon, two townsmen, dressed in the forbidden long capes and chambergos , provocatively crossed the Plazuela de Antón Martín. Several soldiers on guard stopped them to challenge the wearing of the prohibited garments. Insults were exchanged and the soldiers tried to detain them. One of

1850-502: The pre-Roman derivation is generally preferred. Alfonso VI took control of the territory near the Tagus, including Aranjuez, after the 1085 conquest of the Taifa of Toledo . During the 12th century, Aranjuez (then known as Aranz , Aranzuel , Aranzuegue or Almuzundica ) was a small hamlet under the influence of the castle of Oreja. Following the 1108 defeat of Castilian and Leonese forces by

1900-673: The riots as a plot organized by the Jesuits . The riots thus helped seal the fate of the Jesuits, already not in favor in Charles III's court. One scholar states that "Charles III would never have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of an influential party within the Spanish Church." The Spanish Crown expelled the Jesuits in January 1767 and dismantled the Jesuit missions of

1950-486: The rising prices in bread , oil , coal , and cured meat, caused in part by Esquilache's liberalization of the grain trade . Moreover, the clothing reforms at first were only applied to the royal household and staff (January 21, 1766). Under pain of arrest, these royal functionaries adopted the measures en masse . Esquilache then proceeded to impose the new garment requirements on the general population. The writer and government official Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes and

2000-511: The royal family, nobles of the royal court and palace servants started to be opened providing overnight accommodation for visitors, who had previously been obliged to lodge in nearby settlements such as Ocaña. The weir in the Tagus River which is alongside to the Royal Palace of Aranjuez was constructed in 1753 to power a water wheel for milling wheat flour . Since the mill was visible from

2050-573: The second in the Iberian Peninsula after Barcelona – Mataró (not the second in Spain, as the Havana – Güines line had been opened in Cuba in 1837). Aranjuez was granted the title of town ( villa ) in 1899. In the context of the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War , Aranjuez remained under Republican control until the end of the conflict, becoming the headquarters of the 9th Division  [ es ] of

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2100-512: The situation worsened. The rioters, strengthened in numbers and in confidence, marched towards where the king was residing, in the Arco de la Armería de Palacio, which was defended by Spanish troops alongside the Walloons. The Walloon troops fired and killed a woman, increasing the number of rioters. A priest who made himself the rioters' representative managed to make his way to Charles and present him with

2150-460: The tajo . An ancient irrigation system for the royal kitchen-gardens and orchards (now farmland) includes channels and a noria waterwheel, recently restored in a leisure area known as Talud Sur (south bank of) de La Montaña de Aranjuez. The old, tree-lined avenues around are maintained provide shady level walkways. Friedrich Schiller 's drama Don Carlos starts with the words "Die schönen Tage in Aranjuez sind nun zu Ende." Joaquín Rodrigo wrote

2200-554: The townsmen unsheathed a sword and whistled. A band of townspeople appeared and the soldiers fled. The rioters quickly took over Plaza de los Inválidos where muskets and sabers were stored. 2,000 rioters marched on the Calle Atocha to the Plaza Mayor , shouting insults against Esquilache. They encountered Luis Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Spínola , the 11th Duke of Medinaceli , whom they surrounded and persuaded to present petitions to

2250-740: Was a Sicilian -born Spanish statesman who was Minister of Finance of Spain between 1759 and 1766. Born in Messina , de Gregorio was one of Enlightenment Spain's leading statesmen from the arrival of Charles III to the Marquis's death in 1785. His ability as a military supplier for the Neapolitan army impressed the king and raised him to royal prominence. He was created "Marquess of Squillace" in 1755. Charles III had been introduced to reform by his mentor in Sicily, Bernardo Tanucci . Although Tanucci remained behind in

2300-485: Was a 'pharonic' proyecto de Actuación Urbanística (PAU) of some 5000 mixed 'open market homes (Viviendas precio libre or VPL) of which, by 2012, something around one fifth were actually sold. The remainder are now owned by the 'bad bank' SAREB In 2005 a major events and gambling installation Gran Casino was opened in the (northern) barrio Montaña near the existing conference centers of La Finca and Hotel Occidental Aranjuez (which includes an 18-hole golf course). Nearby,

2350-418: Was also dismissed, a move that both Charles and Esquilache lamented. Esquilache felt that his modernizing reforms had deserved a statue , and would comment that he had cleaned and paved the city streets and had created boulevards and had nevertheless been dismissed. He was given the ambassadorship to Venice , where he subsequently died. Still fearing for his own safety, Charles remained at Aranjuez, leaving

2400-431: Was intended to modernize the appearance of conservative Spanish society and improve public safety since the ankle-length capes were supposedly thought to facilitate the concealment of weapons, while the large hats were thought to conceal a person's face; a safeguard for criminals. The new policies did not immediately catch the attention of the populace, as more pressing issues fanned the flames of popular discontent; namely,

2450-439: Was only 4226. There are twelve public entrances which lead to three circular galleries, each with 10 stone seating benches. Royalty and their guests enjoyed a private entrance with stairs leading directly to the royal box. Following a fire in 1809, King Ferdinand VII had it rebuilt and donated it to the town, which installed a small museum (usually only open to the public Saturday, Sunday and Monday mornings at 11.15) Sights in

2500-407: Was recently renovated by RENFE , who operate an hourly shuttle service to Madrid and medium distance services to other destinations. The Strawberry train is a special Steam locomotive Heritage railway service provided for summer visitors and tourists. The river is obstructed and so used only by a local tourist boat and canoeists. There is an annual fun rafting competition run by the pirates of

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