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70-551: Erris is a barony in northwestern County Mayo in Ireland consisting of over 230,452 acres (932.61 km), much of which is mountainous blanket bog. It has extensive sea coasts along its west and north boundaries. The main towns are Belmullet and Bangor Erris . The name Erris derives from the Irish 'Iar Ros' meaning 'western promontory'. The full name is the Iorrais Domnann, after

140-507: A Gaeltacht area, with first-language speakers of Irish in the following areas of the barony: An Fál Mór , Tamhaiin na hUltaí, Glais, Eachléim , Tearmann, Tránn, An Mullach Rua, Cartúr, An Baile Úr, Cill Ghallagáin , An Corrán Buí , Ceathrú na gCloch, Port a' Chluaidh , Ros Dumhach and Ceathrú Thaidhg . The area with the most Irish speakers is Ceathrú Thaidhg. There are between 3,500-5,000 native Irish speakers in Erris. Much of inland Erris

210-483: A municipal corporation which had parallel authority with the grand jury; however, each county corporate except Carrickfergus included rural "liberties" outside the municipal boundary. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 abolished the corporations of Carrickfergus and Galway, while the Counties and Boroughs (Ireland) Act 1840, passed simultaneously, transferred the liberties of the other six counties corporate to

280-615: A barony together with the town, while the liberties on the west bank of the River Bann were attached to the separate half-barony of Coleraine . The lands of the Lordship of Newry , originating with the Cistercians of Newry Abbey and passing to the Earl of Kilmorey , were similarly regularised into a barony of County Down and a civil parish of County Armagh . There were eight counties corporate:

350-509: A couple of years the crops began to fail and the Neolithic people had to clear the native woodlands further and further inland to clear more land for their crops. With minor changes in climate and high rainfall levels the land became blanketed by the bog and remains that way to the current day. When present-day turf cutters harvest the bog for fuel, archaeological remains, mainly from the Neolithic and early Bronze Age , which have become buried under

420-498: A few thousand years after the last Ice Age retreated (approx 15,000 years ago) but its northern and western shores remained relatively lightly afforested. Across inland Erris, the remains of these forests can be seen across the blanket bog landscape in the form of fossilised greying tree stumps which are mainly the remains of ancient Scots pine trees. These become most obvious where there has been harvesting of turf ( peat ) for fuel. The odd petrified bog oak can be found too. During

490-587: A focus for local patriotism. Some public houses and older provincial hotels bear the name of the barony in which they are located; likewise some clubs of the Gaelic Athletic Association , for example Carbury (County Kildare), Castlerahan , and Kilmurry Ibrickane . Four of the six regional divisions of Cork GAA are named after baronies corresponding to major parts of their respective areas: Carbery , Duhallow , Imokilly , and Muskerry . The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331. A figure of 273

560-487: A large influx of population into Erris where the disinherited native Irish tried to eke a living from very poor quality agricultural land under the tenancy of the landlords and their agents. During the Irish Famine of 1845 - '47 many died in Erris despite the close proximity of the sea, because they could not raise the cash to fund a passage to America. Some 19th- and early 20th-century antiquarians and surveyors visited

630-701: A large one, or were created without regard for the earlier boundaries. In the Norman period most Gaelic chiefs were killed, expelled, or subordinated by the new Norman lord; in the Tudor period, many Gaelic and Hibernicized lords retained their land by pledging allegiance to the Crown under surrender and regrant . Sir John Perrot 's commissioners reported 184 "cantreds, otherwise called hundreds or baronies" in 1589; William Petty reported 252 baronies in 1672. Baronies were sometimes subdivided, and occasionally combined. The parts of

700-484: A local jury picked by the county grand jury from among the barony's highest rate-payers, according to a complicated formula. The baronial presentment sessions were a convoluted process, lacking public confidence and marred by allegations of corruption and favouritism. Special emergency sessions were held during the Famine of the 1840s for the make-work schemes. Several parallel local administrative divisions were formed in

770-400: A specific royal charter granting them borough status similar to English law . These were originally independent of the baronies, which were rural divisions of the "county at large". By the time of Beaufort's 1792 Memoir of Ireland , this was true of fewer towns. Beaufort distinguishes between baronies and "peculiar districts"; the latter encompassing counties corporate and liberties in

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840-416: A subdivided barony were called half-baronies , but had the same legal standing. Some subdivisions came about when new counties were formed, and the new boundary split a pre-existing barony. In three cases, there are adjacent half-baronies in neighbouring counties with the same name: Rathdown ( Dublin — Wicklow ), Fore ( Meath — Westmeath ), and Ballymoe ( Galway — Roscommon ). Subdivision happened especially in

910-578: Is Atlantic blanket bog and it provides a suitable habitat for many species of flora , particularly small species of mosses , bryophytes , carnivorous plants and delicate flowers such as the scarlet pimpernel . Species of fauna found on Atlantic blanket bog, include smaller varieties such as frogs and insects as well as many bird varieties, not common elsewhere. Several areas of the blanket bog are protected under European legislation such as Special Areas of Conservation , Special Protection Areas (Birds Directive) and Natural Heritage Areas. These include

980-475: Is a gneiss resulting from metamorphism of granite, which contains characteristic elliptic or lenticular shear-bound grains ( porphyroclasts ), normally feldspar , surrounded by finer grained material. The finer grained material deforms around the more resistant feldspar grains to produce this texture. Migmatite is a gneiss consisting of two or more distinct rock types, one of which has the appearance of an ordinary gneiss (the mesosome ), and another of which has

1050-511: Is also quoted, by combining those divided into half-baronies, as by east–west, north–south, or upper/middle/lower divisions. Every point in Ireland is in precisely one of the listed divisions. However, the municipal area of the four cities with barony status in 1898 has extended since then into the surrounding baronies. Prior to 1898, the baronies around Dublin City were shrunk according as they ceded land to

1120-518: Is called gneissic banding. The darker bands have relatively more mafic minerals (those containing more magnesium and iron ). The lighter bands contain relatively more felsic minerals (minerals such as feldspar or quartz , which contain more of the lighter elements, such as aluminium , sodium , and potassium ). The banding is developed at high temperature when the rock is more strongly compressed in one direction than in other directions ( nonhydrostatic stress ). The bands develop perpendicular to

1190-449: Is classified as schist, while metamorphic rock devoid of schistosity is called a granofels . Gneisses that are metamorphosed igneous rocks or their equivalent are termed granite gneisses, diorite gneisses, and so forth. Gneiss rocks may also be named after a characteristic component such as garnet gneiss, biotite gneiss, albite gneiss, and so forth. Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock , and paragneiss

1260-399: Is covered with blanket bog . A triangle between Ballycroy , Bellacorick and Bangor Erris consists of little else over its surface. Blanket bog, unlike raised bog , grows slowly across the landscape like a blanket covering the ground, due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. The bog is acidic with a pH of between 3.5 and 4.2. This

1330-510: Is one from a sedimentary rock . Both the BGS and the IUGS use gneissose to describe rocks with the texture of gneiss, though gneissic also remains in common use. For example, a gneissose metagranite or a gneissic metagranite both mean a granite that has been metamorphosed and thereby acquired gneissose texture. The minerals in gneiss are arranged into layers that appear as bands in cross section. This

1400-506: Is subjected to extreme temperature and pressure and is composed of alternating layers of sandstone (lighter) and shale (darker), which is metamorphosed into bands of quartzite and mica. Another cause of banding is "metamorphic differentiation", which separates different materials into different layers through chemical reactions, a process not fully understood. Augen gneiss , from the German : Augen [ˈaʊɡən] , meaning "eyes",

1470-508: The Acasta Gneiss . In traditional English and North American usage, a gneiss is a coarse-grained metamorphic rock showing compositional banding ( gneissic banding ) but poorly developed schistosity and indistinct cleavage . In other words, it is a metamorphic rock composed of mineral grains easily seen with the unaided eye, which form obvious compositional layers, but which has only a weak tendency to fracture along these layers. In Europe,

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1540-651: The Atlantic Ocean from where the next stop is the east coast of America. Erris Head is not served by any road and can only be reached by crossing a number of fields from the hamlet of Glenlara where the road ends. Along the coast there are several uninhabited islands . These include the Inishkea Islands , Inishglora , Duvillaun , the Stags of Broadhaven Bay and other smaller islands. Erris, in common with most of inland Ireland, became covered in extensive native woodland

1610-698: The Bangor Trail and the Western Way . In 1993, the Tír Sáile Sculpture Trail project was carried out to commemorate 5,000 years of habitation in County Mayo. This trail extends through parts of Erris from the tip of the Mullet Peninsula , through Kilcommon , Belderrig and Ballycastle . The first sculptures along this trail were erected in 1993, with several more added subsequently. The creation of

1680-734: The Fir Bolg tribe, the Fir Domnann . To its north is the wild Atlantic Ocean and the bays of Broadhaven and Sruth Fada Conn and to its west is Blacksod Bay . Its main promontories are the Doohoma Peninsula, Mullet Peninsula , Erris Head , the Dún Chiortáin and Dún Chaocháin peninsulas and Benwee Head . There are five Catholic parishes in Erris: Kilcommon , Kilmore , Kiltane , Belmullet and Ballycroy . Parts of Erris are in

1750-497: The Glenamoy Bog Complex, Ballycroy National Park and Bellacorick . Erris has a large range of habitats including blanket bogs , estuaries , salt marshes , fresh water lakes , coasts , cliffs , machair , sand dunes , sandy beaches and rocky shores . It is an important area for bird watchers as the largely treeless landscape allows relatively easy access for birdwatching . Brent geese overwinter here feeding along

1820-563: The Irish House of Commons , the election was held in the county town , with a separate polling booth for electors resident in each barony or half-baroiny. The single-seat divisions into which the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 split most Irish county constituencies were defined largely or exclusively in terms of the baronies which they comprised; however, in some cases a barony was split parish by parish between two divisions. The 1891 census

1890-468: The Neolithic period, starting about 6,000 years ago, the first people living in Ireland whose ancestors had hunted and gathered along the coastlines of Erris from about 9,000 years ago, began to cut down the forestry to clear land for growing crops and grazing livestock. Because the underlying rock type was ancient and heavily weathered schists the soil was thin and easily eroded by inclement weather. After

1960-464: The counties of England were divided. Baronies were created during the Tudor reconquest of Ireland , replacing the earlier cantreds formed after the original Norman invasion . Some early baronies were later subdivided into half baronies with the same standing as full baronies. Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in

2030-521: The "County of the City" of each of Cork , Dublin , Limerick , Kilkenny , and Waterford , and the "County of the Town" of each of Carrickfergus , Drogheda and Galway . These were excluded from the enclosing "county-at-large" and exercised at a single level the functions which elsewhere were split between county and barony level. Thus, they had "baronial presentment sessions" although they were not strictly speaking baronies. Each such city or town also had

2100-457: The 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 . Subsequent adjustments of county boundaries mean that some baronies now straddle two counties. The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331, with an average area of 255 km (98 sq mi; 63,000 acres); therefore, each county was divided, on average, into 10 or 11 baronies. The island of Ireland

2170-730: The 19th century, when qualifiers "Upper"/"Lower"(/"Middle"), "North"/"South", or "East/"West" were used for the half-baronies. The main basis for this subdivision was the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act, 1836 , which empowered a county's grand jury to divide baronies of at least 45,000 acres (18,000 ha) and unite baronies totalling at most 40,000 acres (16,000 ha). An 1837 act relaxed these restrictions for County Fermanagh , where many baronies were split by Lough Erne . The baronies of Iveagh, Muskerry, and Connello were each subdivided twice: Upper and Lower Iveagh each have Upper and Lower Halves; East and West Muskerry each have East and West Divisions;

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2240-525: The 1st century AD. The community of Erris gave support to the extensive search and rescue operation following the 2017 Irish Coast Guard Rescue 116 crash . For its efforts, the community and the Irish Coast Guard were awarded a People of the Year Award in 2018. Folklore is an important part of the culture of Erris. A number of well-known folklore tales have their origins in (or are associated with)

2310-585: The English colony as its influence retreated to the Pale in the fourteenth century, and when the Tudors and Stuarts revived and extended county government, the baronies which they delimited often bore little relation to the earlier cantreds. Most cantreds corresponded to the túath ('country') or trícha cét ('thirty hundred [men]') of a Gaelic chief. However, sometimes baronies combined small territories, or split

2380-630: The Erris area and wrote about their experiences and thoughts on the area at that time. These include works by Patrick Knight ( Erris in the Irish Highlands ), Caesar Otway ( Sketches in Erris and Tyrawley ) and Thomas Johnson Westropp ( The Promontory Forts and Early Remains of the Coast of Mayo ). The Ulster Cycle legend of the Táin Bó Flidhais concerns the Barony of Erris in the time period of approx

2450-684: The Glencastle Valley has been drastically altered by extensive quarrying. Erris is a popular location for many types of watersports ranging through fishing , sailing , surfing , swimming, wind surfing , kiteboarding and kite surfing . There are a number of walking trails in Erris. These include cliff walks above the Atlantic at Broadhaven Bay along Benwee Head , Glinsk and the North Mayo coastline, as well as mountain walks across uninhabited natural wilderness , and long distance walks such as

2520-456: The Royal site at Cruachán ( Rathcroghan ) at Tulsk, County Roscommon to Rathmorgan Fort (Iorras Domhnann) at the south end of Carrowmore Lake in the centre of the Barony. The remains of Rathmorgan fort on top of the mountain can be seen from the road below. Brian Rua U'Cearbhain from Inver is remembered in folklore as the prophet of Erris. The small village of Glencastle has some large mounds in

2590-640: The adjacent baronies. Those of Kinsale, Callen, and Kilmallock are now counted as baronies. A 1791 act dealt with the two in County Londonderry; it made the North West Liberties of Londonderry , together with the city, into a barony, while the liberties on the east bank of the River Foyle were attached to the half barony of Tirkeeran . Similarly, the North East Liberties of Coleraine formed

2660-399: The adjoining county-at-large. The transferred area was sometimes assigned to one or more existing county baronies, but sometimes made a barony in its own right. The reduced-size counties corporate continued till the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , at which point each of those of Kilkenny and the three towns was merged with a neighbouring county to form a new administrative county , while

2730-453: The amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in Archean cratons . Gneiss domes are common in orogenic belts (regions of mountain formation). They consist of a dome of gneiss intruded by younger granite and migmatite and mantled with sedimentary rock. These have been interpreted as a geologic record of two distinct mountain-forming events, with the first producing

2800-538: The appearance of an intrusive rock such pegmatite , aplite , or granite the ( leucosome ). The rock may also contain a melanosome of mafic rock complementary to the leucosome. Migmatites are often interpreted as rock that has been partially melted, with the leucosome representing the silica-rich melt, the melanosome the residual solid rock left after partial melting, and the mesosome the original rock that has not yet experienced partial melting. Gneisses are characteristic of areas of regional metamorphism that reaches

2870-575: The area is eminently suitable. The discovery of the Corrib gas field in the Atlantic Ocean some 85 km off Broadhaven Bay has led to the Corrib gas project and ensuing controversy . Raw, unodourised natural gas from fields under the Atlantic Ocean is planned to be piped at high pressure at Glengad and through the townlands of Kilcommon , to a refinery 10 km inland. Documentaries have been made on

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2940-489: The area. The Children of Lir , according to tradition, are buried on the island of Inisglora. The children were turned into swans by their jealous stepmother and doomed to spend the next 900 years on lakes and waters in Ireland. When they finally reclaimed their human form on Inisglora, they were so old that they died and were buried there. Táin Bó Flidhais is the tale of a cattle raid in which raiders came to Erris from

3010-442: The baronial presentment sessions were abolished. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units". Baronies continue to be used in land registration , and specification such as in planning permissions . For example,

3080-617: The bog often come to light. Some archaeological sites are marked on Ordnance Survey maps. The period of Early Christianity saw several small churches set up but no major religious houses came to the area. During the Plantations of Ireland , there were two major landlords in the area - the Binghams and the Carters. Oliver Cromwell 's policy (mid 17th century) of sending the native Irish who refused to bow down to him " to hell or to Connaught " saw

3150-416: The bottom of the deck in the other direction. These forces stretch out the rock like a plastic , and the original material is spread out into sheets. Per the polar decomposition theorem , the deformation produced by such shearing force is equivalent to rotation of the rock combined with shortening in one direction and extension in another. Some banding is formed from original rock material (protolith) that

3220-487: The coastal land units will be extended accordingly. For example, a 1994 statutory instrument extended the boundary of the Barony of Arklow , along with the boundaries of the county ( Wicklow ), the district electoral division (Arklow Rural), the civil parish ( Arklow ), and the townlands (Rock Big, Rock Little, and Money Big). The Local Government (Ireland) Act also caused a number of county boundaries to be modified, with

3290-402: The direction of greatest compression, also called the shortening direction, as platy minerals are rotated or recrystallized into parallel layers. A common cause of nonhydrodynamic stress is the subjection of the protolith (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and

3360-711: The environs of some of the older or larger towns and cities. The liberties listed by Beaufort separately from baronies are those of Kinsale , Mallow and Youghal in County Cork ; Callan in County Kilkenny ; Kilmallock in County Limerick ; Derry and Coleraine in County Londonderry ; and Wexford in County Wexford . Of these, those of Wexford, Mallow, and Youghal are no longer counted as separate from

3430-440: The estuaries, and corncrake, chough, rock dove and twite are sometimes seen at Erris Head. Sightings of rarer birds, such as the grey phalarope, booted warbler and Wilson's petrel, have also been recorded. The oldest rocks in Ireland , some 1.8 billion years old, are to be found on the west coasts of Erris. Pink or orange striped gneisses are found along the beaches of Elly Bay and Annagh Head where they have become separated from

3500-421: The expanding city; but there is now land which is both within the current city boundaries and within one of the pre-1898 county baronies. Notably, the Barony of Dublin, created in 1842, is almost entirely within the city, although still separate from the Barony of Dublin City. Gneisses Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of continental shields . Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as

3570-402: The form for registration of a freehold property includes a schedule "To contain description of the property, giving area, townland, barony and county, or, if in a city or urban district, the street or road and city or urban district". Barony boundaries have remained essentially unchanged since 1898. An exception occurs when land is reclaimed from the sea , whereupon the maritime boundary of

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3640-532: The granite basement and the second deforming and melting this basement to produce the domes. However, some gneiss domes may actually be the cores of metamorphic core complexes , regions of the deep crust brought to the surface and exposed during extension of the Earth's crust . The word gneiss has been used in English since at least 1757. It is borrowed from the German word Gneis , formerly also spelled Gneiss , which

3710-521: The middle amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies . In other words, the rock was metamorphosed at a temperature in excess of 600 °C (1,112 °F) at pressures between about 2 to 24 kbar . Many different varieties of rock can be metamorphosed to gneiss, so geologists are careful to add descriptions of the color and mineral composition to the name of any gneiss, such as garnet-biotite paragneiss or grayish-pink orthogneiss . Continental shields are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up

3780-698: The midlands and Munster. Likewise the "precincts" into which the plantation of Ulster was organised were mostly coterminous with baronies, though some were split or combined. In certain counties after the Cromwellian reconquest , Adventurers got lands in half the baronies, with soldiers in the other half. The Irish who had forfeited their lands in those regions were resettled in Connacht and Clare , with each county of origin assigned to particular destination baronies. William Petty 's Down Survey of 1655–6 collected statistics and produced maps at barony level to assist

3850-410: The names of administrative baronies for which there is no corresponding hereditary or prescriptive barony . In counties Louth and Meath , the administrative subdivisions were called "baronies" from the beginning, originally as portions given by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath to his vassals . Further south the name "cantred" was used till the fifteenth century. The cantreds declined with the rest of

3920-544: The narrow valley that are not naturally occurring. They can be seen on the right hand side, close to the roadside on the approach to Belmullet from the east. These have never been archaeologically investigated but folklore legends recall that this was the old gateway into the Mullet and a toll had to be paid for each traveller who passed through or the traveller may never be seen again. There were no roads through this area of Mayo until less than two hundred years ago. In recent years

3990-490: The nineteenth century, which were not based on the barony. The Poor Law Unions were established in 1838, each centred on an eponymous town; most new or altered responsibilities were given to them in subsequent decades. These Unions which were divided into district electoral divisions (DEDs) for funding purposes. Petty sessions courts for civil cases and quarter sessions for criminal cases used still another set of land divisions. For each two-seat county constituency in

4060-430: The other four counties of cities each became a county borough . Both before and after 1898, where a statute presupposed that a county was divided into baronies, judges sometimes construed it by assuming that each county corporate constituted a single barony. The various Plantations of Ireland were organised largely by barony. Different categories of English and Scottish settlers were planted in particular baronies in

4130-594: The reorganisation. Acts of 1787 and 1792 allowed the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to appoint a constable for each barony, and the county grand jury to appoint up to 16 sub-constables. These powers were seldom used and the constables had few powers; they were usually older men nicknamed "old Barnys", with the archetypal "old Barny McKeown". They were superseded by the Royal Irish Constabulary . The cess to pay for roads, bridges, and other public works

4200-622: The result that a number of baronies now cross county boundaries. This can cause confusion to genealogy researchers, who may be unable to find an area referred to as being in a particular county in 19th century sources in the modern county. Most markedly, the entire territory of the small barony of Kilculliheen was moved from County Waterford to County Kilkenny . Likewise in 1976, when suburbs of Drogheda were transferred from County Meath to County Louth, barony boundaries were not adjusted. The marginal relevance of baronies means many people have no idea which barony they live in. However, some remain

4270-510: The same rocks on the east coast of Northern Canada over hundreds of millions of years by the separation of tectonic plates in the mid Atlantic Ocean . " Erris Head " (Irish: Ceann Iorrais ) is a promontory at the northernmost tip of the Mullet Peninsula. It is a landmark known well by mariners and is one of the sea areas cited by Met Éireann's weather forecasters. The coastline of Erris has some of "the grandest sea cliffs in Ireland" over

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4340-605: The sculpture trail took the form of the Meitheal , a traditional method of working where a group of workers come together to achieve a common objective. Erris has considerable potential for ocean energy in terms of its location next to the Atlantic Ocean and constant winds from the sea. These resources have been earmarked for development. There are opportunities for the development of ocean wave power projects, tidal power , hydroelectric schemes, and, wind farms amongst other clean, alternative energy generation opportunities for which

4410-596: The stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of Archean age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The greenstone belts contain metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over 500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to

4480-487: The subject . A documentary film, The Pipe by local film-maker, Richard O'Donnell, had its first showing at the Galway Film Festival on Thursday 8 July 2010, went on general release in cinemas nationwide from 3 December 2010. Barony (Ireland) In Ireland , a barony ( Irish : barúntacht , plural barúntachtaí ) is a historical subdivision of a county , analogous to the hundreds into which

4550-850: The term has been more widely applied to any coarse, mica -poor, high-grade metamorphic rock. The British Geological Survey (BGS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) both use gneiss as a broad textural category for medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rock that shows poorly developed schistosity, with compositional layering over 5 millimeters (0.20 in) thick and tending to split into plates over 1 centimeter (0.39 in) thick. Neither definition depends on composition or origin, though rocks poor in platy minerals are more likely to produce gneissose texture. Gneissose rocks thus are largely recrystallized but do not carry large quantities of micas, chlorite or other platy minerals. Metamorphic rock showing stronger schistosity

4620-460: The western divisions split from Upper and Lower Connello were named Shanid and Glenquin respectively. When County Tipperary was split into North and South Ridings in 1838, the barony of Kilnamanagh was split into Upper and Lower half-baronies. At the Reformation the parishes for civil purposes were the ecclesiastical parishes of the established Church of Ireland . Originally each parish

4690-537: Was "shired" into counties in two distinct periods: the east and south during the Anglo-Norman period (from the 1169 invasion to the early fourteenth century) and the rest in the Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century. "Barony" was used in three overlapping but distinct senses in the early period: Over the centuries, these senses diverged, and many administrative baronies were not associated with feudal or noble titles. Spurious "barony" titles have been sold by using

4760-464: Was set per barony. "Presentment sessions ", where petitioners applied for funding for such works, were originally held as part of the county assizes , though the costs were paid from the barony cess if the work was of local benefit only. The county grand jury was supposed to have included jurors from each barony, though this did not always happen. From 1819, significantly modified in 1836, baronial presentment sessions were held for these purposes, with

4830-464: Was the last for which returns were aggregated by barony as well as by Union and DED; the 1901 census used only the latter classification, though it and the 1911 census included the barony in the detailed returns. The 1898 Act replaced the county assizes with an elected county council ; at a lower level, the county was divided into urban and rural districts , each with an elected council. These councils had power to levy rates and build public works, and

4900-538: Was usually within a single barony, but less so over time. A townland might be an exclave of a parish, and potentially of its barony; under the Valuation of Lands (Ireland) Act 1836 , detached parts of baronies were annexed to an adjacent barony, but not so for parishes. The rationalisation of small ecclesiastical parishes into larger benefices sometimes entailed merging the corresponding civil parishes, which might thus cross barony (and county) boundaries. Many towns had

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