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87-583: Erivan Province may refer to: Erivan Province (Safavid Iran) (1502–1736), a province of the Safavid dynasty of Iran centered on the modern country of Armenia Erivan Khanate (1747–1828), a province of the Afsharid, Zand and Qajar dynasties of Iran centered on the modern country of Armenia Erivan Governorate (1850–1917), a province of the Russian Empire centered on

174-511: A scorched earth policy. He forcefully deported the entire hundreds of thousands of local population—Muslims, Jews, and Armenians alike—to leave their homes and move to the provinces south of the Aras River . Many of the Armenian deportees were settled in the neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa . The Turkic Kangerli tribe

261-527: A constituent part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected legislative assembly . A new constitution for Nakhchivan was approved in a referendum on November 12, 1995. The constitution was adopted by the republic's assembly on April 28, 1998, and has been in force since January 8, 1999. However, the republic remains isolated, not only from the rest of Azerbaijan, but practically from the entire South Caucasus region. From 1995 until his resignation in December 2022,

348-605: A constituent part of the Soviet Union, tensions lessened over the ethnic composition of Nakhchivan or any territorial claims regarding it. Instead, it became an important point of industrial production with particular emphasis on the mining of minerals such as salt. Under Soviet rule, it was once a major junction on the Moscow- Tehran railway line as well as the Baku - Yerevan railway. It also served as an important strategic area during

435-642: A great demographic shift. In 1926, 15% of the region's population was Armenian, but by 1979, this number had shrunk to 1.4%. Azeris made up 85% in 1926, but 96% in 1979 (leaving the small remainder mixed or other). Three factors were involved: the emigration of Armenians to the Armenian SSR , the immigration of Azeris from Armenia, and the birth rate of Azeris being higher than that of Armenians. Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar though slower demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of

522-674: A great number of Stone-Age materials in different regions of Nakhchivan. These materials were useful to study the Paleolithic age in Azerbaijan. Pollen analysis conducted in Gazma Cave (Sharur District) suggests that humans in the Middle Palaeolithic ( Mousterian ) lived not only in the mountain forests but also in the dry woodlands found in Nakhchivan. Several archaeological sites dating from

609-504: A long history dating back to about 1500 BC. Nakhijevan was one the cantons of the historical Armenian province of Vaspurakan in the Kingdom of Armenia . Historically, the Persians , Armenians , Mongols , and Turks all competed for the region. The area that is now Nakhchivan became part of Safavid Iran in the 16th century. The semi-autonomous Nakhchivan Khanate was established there in

696-623: A result of the Peace of Amasya of 1555, the Safavids, then under King Tahmasp I ( r.   1524–1576) were forced to cede the western part of historic Armenia to the expanding Ottoman Empire . In 1578, the Ottomans invaded Iran, and by 1583 they were in possession of the Erivan province. In 1604, Safavid King Abbas I ( r.   1588–1629) expelled them and re-established the Safavid sway. Around

783-563: A tense period where war between the two seemed inevitable. The tension reached its peak, when Turkish heavy artillery shelled the Nakhchivan side of the Nakhchivan-Armenian border, from the Turkish border for two hours. Iran also reacted to Armenia's attacks by conducting military maneuvers along its border with Nakhchivan in a move widely interpreted as a warning to Armenia. However, Armenia did not launch any further attacks on Nakhchivan and

870-409: A unilateral ceasefire on May 23 and sought to conclude a separate peace with Armenia. Armenian President Levon Ter-Petrossian expressed his willingness to sign a cooperation treaty with Nakhchivan to end the fighting, and subsequently a cease-fire was agreed upon. The conflict in the area caused a harsh reaction from Turkey. Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller announced that any Armenian advance on

957-468: Is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan . The region covers 5,502.75 km (2,124.62 sq mi) with a population of 459,600. It is bordered by Armenia to the east and north, Iran to the southwest, and Turkey to the west. It is the sole autonomous republic of Azerbaijan, governed by its own elected legislature . The republic, especially the capital city of Nakhchivan , has

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1044-491: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Erivan Province (Safavid Iran) At the end of the Safavid period, it had the following administrative jurisdictions; Bayazid , Maghazberd (now near Üçbölük village of Arpaçay district), Maku , Nakhchivan , Sadarak , Shadidlu, Zaruzbil, and the tribal district of the Donbolis . The provinces of Erivan and Karabakh were

1131-538: Is mentioned in Ptolemy 's Geography and by other classical writers as "Naxuana". The older form of the name is Naxčawan ( Armenian : Նախճաւան ). According to philologist Heinrich Hübschmann , the name was originally borne by the namesake city (modern Nakhchivan) and later given to the region. Hübschmann believed the name to be composed of Naxič or Naxuč (probably a personal name) and awan , an Armenian word (ultimately of Iranian origin) meaning "place, town". In

1218-459: Is treated separately. As of January 1, 2018, Nakhchivan's population was estimated to be 452,831. Most of the population are Azerbaijanis , who constituted 99% of the population in 1999, while ethnic Russians (0.15%) and a minority of Kurds (0.6%) constituted the remainder of the population. The Kurds of Nakhchivan are mainly found in the districts of Sadarak and Teyvaz . The remaining Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during

1305-574: The 16th century , control of Nakhchivan passed to the Safavid dynasty . Until the demise of the Safavids, it remained as an administrative jurisdiction of the Erivan Province (also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd). Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire , from the 16th to 18th centuries. Turkish historian İbrahim Peçevi described

1392-580: The Armenian Apostolic Church , or migrated to Smyrna , Constantinople , Bursa and other towns in the Ottoman Empire. In 1639, the Safavids and the Ottomans concluded the Treaty of Zuhab . Eastern Armenia was reconfirmed as being an Iranian domain, whereas Western Armenia was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans. The ensuing period following 1639 was marked by peace and prosperity in the province. At

1479-603: The Cold War , sharing borders with both Turkey (a NATO member state ) and Iran (a close ally of the West until the Iranian Revolution of 1979). Facilities improved during Soviet times. Education and public health especially began to see some major changes. In 1913, Nakhchivan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including trachoma and typhus . Malaria , which mostly came from

1566-596: The Nakhichevan uezd of the new Armenian oblast , which later became the Erivan Governorate in 1849. According to official statistics of the Russian Empire, by the turn of the 20th century Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis ) made up roughly 57% of the uezd 's population, while Armenians constituted roughly 42%. At the same time in the western half of the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd , the territory of which would form

1653-511: The Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods have also been found in Nakhchivan, including the ancient towns of Nakhchivan Tepe (near the city of Nakhchivan) and Ovchular Tepesi . Some of the oldest salt mines in the world have also been discovered. The region was part of the states of Urartu and later Media . It became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under Achaemenid Persia c. 521 BC. After

1740-678: The Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The delegation at Baku, at the behest of Zia ol Din Tabatabaee , held intensive negotiations with the leadership of the Musavat party during the increasing chaos and instability in the city. During the closing stages, an accord was reached between them; however, before the idea was presented to Vossug ed Dowleh in Tehran, the Communists took over Baku and terminated

1827-584: The Politburo by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. Soon after returning to Nakhchivan, Aliyev was elected to the Supreme Soviet by an overwhelming majority. Aliyev subsequently resigned from the CPSU , and after the failed August 1991 coup against Gorbachev, he called for complete independence for Azerbaijan and denounced Ayaz Mütallibov for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of

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1914-558: The Seljuk Turks took over the region. In the 12th century, the city of Nakhchivan became the capital of the state of Atabegs of Azerbaijan , also known as Ildegizid state, which included most of Iranian Azerbaijan and a significant part of the South Caucasus. The magnificent 12th-century mausoleum of Momine Khatun , the wife of Ildegizid ruler, Great Atabeg Jahan Pehlevan, is the main attraction of modern Nakhchivan. At its heyday,

2001-498: The United Nations to come to its aid. It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence, preceding Lithuania 's declaration by only a few weeks. Subsequently, Nakhchivan was independent from Moscow and Baku but was then brought under control by the clan of Heydar Aliyev . Heydar Aliyev , the future president of Azerbaijan, returned to his birthplace of Nakhchivan in 1990, after being ousted from his position in

2088-507: The embassy to Louis XIV of 1715. In 1724, the Ottomans and the Russians invaded the crumbling empire. By the Treaty of Constantinople (1724) , they agreed to divide the conquered territories between them. Per the treaty, the Ottomans gained the territory of the Erivan province. By 1735, Nader-Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah ) had restored the Safavid sway over the Caucasus , including

2175-477: The 13th century, during the reign of the Mongol horde ruler Güyük Khan , Christians were allowed to build churches in the strongly Muslim town of Nakhchivan; however, the conversion to Islam of Gazan khan brought about a reversal of this favor. The 14th century saw the rise of Armenian Catholicism in Nakhchivan, though by the 15th century the territory became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu . In

2262-532: The 1660s and 1670s, the office of mint master ( zarrab-bashi ) of Erivan was held by a series of local Armenians. The mint master of Nakhchivan in 1691 was also an Armenian. The Erivan province was of high importance to the Safavids, partly due to the fact that it bordered the Ottoman Empire. The French missionary and traveller Père Sanson, who was in Iran during the latter part of King Suleiman I 's reign (1666–1694), wrote that some 12,000 Safavid troops were stationed in

2349-450: The Armenian and Muslim populations. He requested Russian army commander Count Ivan Paskevich to give orders on resettlement of some of the arriving people further to the region of Daralayaz to quiet the tensions. The Nakhchivan Khanate was dissolved in 1828 the same year it came into Russian possession, and its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became

2436-467: The Armenian nobility. In Nakhchivan, several hundred Armenian nobles were locked up in churches and burnt, while others were crucified. The violence caused many Armenian princes to flee to the neighboring Kingdom of Georgia or the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, Nakhchivan itself became part of the autonomous Principality of Armenia under Arab control. In the eighth century, Nakhchivan was one of

2523-572: The Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former Armenian government: As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Vladimir Lenin , while welcoming this act of "great Soviet fraternity" where "boundaries had no meaning among

2610-555: The Armenian province of Syunik ), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. The Ottomans proceeded to massacre 10,000 Armenians and razed 45 of their villages. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros , the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of

2697-454: The Armenian tradition, the name of the region and its namesake city is connected with the Biblical narrative of Noah's Ark and interpreted as meaning "place of the first descent" or "first resting place" (as if deriving from նախ , nax , 'first' and իջեւան , ijewan , 'abode, resting place') due to it being regarded as the site where Noah descended and settled after

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2784-507: The Armenians captured Nakhchivan's exclave of Karki , a tiny territory through which Armenia's main north–south highway passes. The exclave presently remains under Armenian control. After the fall of Shusha , the Mütallibov government of Azerbaijan accused Armenia of moving to take the whole of Nakhchivan (a claim that was denied by Armenian government officials). However, Heydar Aliyev declared

2871-478: The Azerbaijani president, Ilham Aliyev and the first vice-president of Iran, Parviz Davoodi also attended the opening ceremony. As part of the 2020 ceasefire agreement which ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War , Armenia, in the context of all economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked, agreed "to guarantee the security of transport connections between the western regions of

2958-682: The Erivan province. Muslims constituted majorities in the province, whereas ethnic Armenians were a minority. Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in Eastern Armenia . At the close of the fourteenth century, after Timur 's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic ( Azerbaijani : Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası , pronounced [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn muxˈtɑɾ ɾesˈpublikɑsɯ] )

3045-400: The Erivan province. In 1736, he deposed the Safavids and became king himself, establishing Afsharid Iran . The provincial capital, Erivan, housed an important Safavid mint. As much of Iran's gold and silver was imported from the Ottoman Empire, the mints near the border such as Erivan, Tabriz and Tiflis (Tbilisi) played an important role in converting foreign specie into Iranian coins. In

3132-465: The ITAR-Tass news agency, "It's vital to speak to them in a language they understand." Speaking to the agency from the Turkish capital Ankara , Ibadov said that Armenia's aim in the region was to seize control of Nakhchivan. According to Human Rights Watch, hostilities broke out after three people were killed when Armenian forces began shelling the region. The heaviest fighting took place on May 18, when

3219-576: The Ildegizid authority in Nakhchivan and some other areas of South Caucasus was contested by Georgia. The Armeno-Georgian princely house of Zacharids frequently raided the region when the Atabeg state was in decline in the early years of the 13th century. It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and Khwarezmians in 1225 and became part of Mongol Empire in 1236 when the Caucasus was invaded by Chormaqan . In

3306-508: The Musavat-Ottoman rule. The Iranian delegation at Paris, which was headed by foreign minister Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III , reached a unity negotiation with the delegation from Baku and signed a confederation agreement. In the end, these efforts proved to be of no avail, with the Soviets taking over the entirety of Transcaucasia. In July 1920, the 11th Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied

3393-643: The Nakhchivan Khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828 due to Iran's forced ceding as a result of the outcome of the war and treaty. With the onset of Russian rule, the Tsarist authorities encouraged resettlement of Armenians to Nakhchivan and other areas of the Caucasus from the Persian and Ottoman Empires . Special clauses of the Turkmenchay and Adrianople treaties allowed for this. Alexandr Griboyedov ,

3480-575: The Nakhchivan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nakhchivan's near-total independence from Baku . Nakhchivan became a scene of conflict during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . On May 4, 1992, Armenian forces shelled the raion of Sadarak . The Armenians claimed that the attack was in response to cross-border shelling of Armenian villages by Azeri forces from Nakhchivan. David Zadoyan, a 42-year-old Armenian physicist and mayor of

3567-710: The Republic of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in order to arrange unobstructed movement of persons, vehicles and cargo in both directions". As part of the agreement, these transport communications are to be patrolled by Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation . Nakhchivan is subdivided into eight administrative divisions . Seven of these are raions . The capital city (şəhər) of Nakhchivan City

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3654-509: The Russian envoy to Persia , stated that by the time Nakhchivan came under Russian rule, there had been 290 native Armenians families in the province excluding the city of Nakhchivan, the number of Muslim families was 1,632, and the number of the Armenian immigrant families was 943. The same numbers in the city of Nakhchivan were 114, 392, and 285 respectively. With such a dramatic influx of Armenian immigrants, Griboyedov noted friction arising between

3741-535: The Safavid government started to decline, in the second half of the 17th century, during the reign of King Suleiman I (1666–1694), the situation of the Catholic Armenians of Nakhchivan deteriorated. As a result of the increasing religious intolerance and misrule by governmental officials, the majority of the Armenian Catholics of Nakchivan had to convert to Islam. The remaining minority either returned to

3828-689: The Soviet leadership and the Soviet media accused the Azeris of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism ". On Saturday, January 20, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Nakhchivan ASSR issued a declaration stating the intention for Nakhchivan to secede from the USSR to protest the Soviet Union's actions during Black January . Iranian Press Agency, IRNA , reported that upon its independence, Nakhchivan asked Turkey, Iran, and

3915-657: The TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh , Syunik , and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros , the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at

4002-444: The Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence. Under British occupation, Sir Oliver Wardrop , British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhchivan), while Azerbaijan

4089-429: The adjoining Aras River, brought serious harm to the region. At any one time, between 70% and 85% of Nakhchivan's population was infected with malaria, and in the region of Norashen (present-day Sharur) almost 100% were struck with the disease. This situation improved dramatically under Soviet rule. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were eliminated. During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw

4176-798: The adoption of the name of " Azerbaijan " by the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a naming dispute arose with Qajar Iran , with the latter protesting this decision. In tandem with this naming controversy, however, the young Azerbaijan Republic also faced a threat from the nascent Soviets in Moscow and the Armenians. In order to escape the possibility of a Soviet invasion and an even greater imminent threat of an Armenian invasion, Muslim Nakhchivan proposed being annexed to Iran. The then pro-British government in Tehran led by Vossug ed Dowleh made endeavours amongst Baku's leadership to join Iran. In order to promote this idea, Vosugh ed Dowleh dispatched two separate Iranian delegations; one to Baku and one to

4263-623: The area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhchivan district, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. However, the cease-fire lasted only briefly, and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhchivan. Following

4350-653: The area. When tensions between Armenians and Azeris were reignited in the late-1980s by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict , Azerbaijan's Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, while another reason for the disruption of rail service to Armenia were attacks of Armenian forces on the trains entering the Armenian territory from Azerbaijan, which resulted in railroad personnel refusing to enter Armenia. This effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85% of

4437-448: The area. By 1914, the Armenian population had decreased slightly to 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%. After the February Revolution , the region was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic . When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh , Zangezur (today

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4524-403: The area. There have been many cases of migrant workers seeking jobs in neighboring Turkey. "Emigration rates to Turkey," one analyst said, "are so high that most of the residents of the Besler district in Istanbul are Nakhchivanis." In 2007, an agreement was struck with Iran to obtain more gas exports, and a new bridge on the Aras River between the two countries was inaugurated in October 2007;

4611-412: The cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhchivan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union. December 1989 saw unrest in Nakhchivan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. This action was angrily denounced by

4698-414: The close of the First World War. The British placed Nakhchivan under Armenian administration in April 1919, although an Azerbaijani revolt prevented Armenia from establishing full control over the territory. In July 1920, the Bolsheviks occupied the region. In November of that year, Bolshevik Russia and Azerbaijan both promised that Nakhchivan, alongside neighboring Nagorno-Karabakh and Zangezur ,

4785-431: The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the forceful exchange of population between Armenia and Azerbaijan. According to a 1932 Soviet estimate, 85% of the area's population was rural, while only 15% was urban. This urban percentage increased to 18% by 1939 and 27% by 1959. As of 2011, 127,200 people of Nakhchivan's total population of 435,400 live in urban areas, making the urban percentage 29.2%. Nakhchivan enjoys

4872-425: The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC several generals of the Macedonian army, including Neoptolemus , attempted but failed to take control of the region, and it was ruled by the native Armenian dynasty of Orontids until Armenia was conquered by Antiochus III the Great (ruled 222–187 BC). In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by Artaxias I . Within

4959-403: The end of the seventeenth century, the Erivan province had become a centre of Catholic missionary activities in the empire. In 1679, the province was the epicenter of an earthquake , which resulted in the destruction and damaging of numerous notable structures. In 1714, the mayor ( kalantar ) of the provincial capital, Mohammad Reza Beg , was appointed as the new ambassador to France, and led

5046-409: The family of Soviet peoples", did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhchivan to be consulted in a referendum. According to the formal figures of this referendum, held at the beginning of 1921, 90% of Nakhchivan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR "with the rights of an autonomous republic". The decision to make Nakhchivan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan

5133-427: The governor of the area. Chokhur-e Sa'd literally means "Vale of Sa'd". Historic Armenia , which included the territory of the Erivan province, made part of Safavid Iran from its earliest days. In 1502, the first governor of the Erivan province was appointed by then incumbent King ( Shah ) Ismail I ( r.   1501–1524), and royal Safavid edicts make mention of the province as early as 1505 and 1506. As

5220-406: The kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhchivan was part of the Ayrarat , Vaspurakan and Syunik provinces. According to the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi , from the third to second centuries, the region belonged to the Muratsyan nakharar family but after disputes with central power, King Artavazd I massacred the family and seized the lands and formally attached it to

5307-414: The kingdom. The area's status as a major trade center allowed it to prosper; as a result, many foreign powers coveted it. According to the Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium (5th century), when the Sassanid Persians invaded Armenia, Sassanid King Shapur II (310–380) removed 2,000 Armenian and 16,000 Jewish families in 360–370. In 428, the Armenian Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhchivan

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5394-425: The landing of the Ark on nearby Mount Ararat . It was probably under the influence of this tradition that the name changed in Armenian from the older Naxčawan to Naxijewan . Although this is a folk etymology, William Whiston believed Nakhchivan/Nakhijevan to be the Apobatērion ("place of descent") mentioned by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in connection with Noah's Ark, which would make

5481-454: The main territory of Nakhchivan would result in a declaration of war against Armenia. Russian military leaders declared that "third party intervention into the dispute could trigger a Third World War ". Thousands of Turkish troops were sent to the border between Turkey and Armenia in early September. Russian military forces in Armenia countered their movements by increasing troop levels along the Armenian-Turkish frontier and bolstering defenses in

5568-452: The mid-18th century. In 1828, after the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay , the Nakhchivan Khanate passed from Iranian into Imperial Russian possession. After the 1917 February Revolution , Nakhchivan and its surrounding region were under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic . When

5655-481: The modern country of Armenia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Erivan Province . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erivan_Province&oldid=1142715754 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5742-525: The national movement in Azerbaijan and became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later. Though a mixed Armenian – Azerbaijani region as late as a century ago, Nakhchivan is homogeneously Azerbaijani today besides a small population of Russians . Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan , Naxcivan , Naxçivan , Nachidsheuan , Nakhijevan , Nuhișvân , Nakhchawan , Nakhitchevan , Nakhjavan , and Nakhdjevan . Nakhchivan

5829-474: The northern part of modern-day Nakhchivan (Sharur District), Tatars constituted 70.5% of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5%. During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Tatars, culminating in the Armenian-Tatar massacres which saw violence in Nakhchivan in May of that year. In the final year of World War I , Nakhchivan was the scene of more bloodshed between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who both laid claim to

5916-408: The passing of the Ottoman army from the Ararat plain to Nakhchivan: On the twenty-seventh day they reached the plain of Nakhichevan. Out of fear of the victorious army, the people deserted the cities, villages, houses, and places of dwelling, which were so desolate that they were occupied by owls and crows and struck the onlooker with terror. Moreover, they [the Ottomans] ruined and laid waste all of

6003-410: The presence of Russia's military warded off any possibility that Turkey might play a military role in the conflict. After a period of political instability, the Parliament of Azerbaijan turned to Heydar Aliyev and invited him to return from exile in Nakhchivan to lead the country in 1993. Today, Nakhchivan retains its autonomy as the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and is internationally recognized as

6090-406: The province of Goghtan , which corresponds to Nakhchivan's modern Ordubad district. From 640 on, the Arabs invaded Nakhchivan and undertook many campaigns in the area, crushing all resistance and attacking Armenian nobles who remained in contact with the Byzantines or who refused to pay tribute. In 705, after suppressing an Armenian revolt, Arab viceroy Muhammad ibn Marwan decided to eliminate

6177-505: The region and on July 28, declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR . In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks, to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhchivan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. Nariman Narimanov , leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan, issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia" and proclaimed that both Nakhchivan and Zangezur should be awarded to

6264-475: The region was ruled by Vasif Talibov , who is related by marriage to Azerbaijan's ruling family, the Aliyevs. He was known for his authoritarian and largely corrupt rule of the region. Most residents prefer to watch Turkish television as opposed to Nakhchivan television, which one Azerbaijani journalist criticised as "a propaganda vehicle for Talibov and the Aliyevs." Economic hardships and energy shortages plague

6351-498: The region, said that the Armenians lost patience after months of firing by the Azeris. "If they were sitting on our hilltops and harassing us with gunfire, what do you think our response should be?" he asked. The government of Nakhchivan denied these charges and instead asserted that the Armenian assault was unprovoked and specifically targeted the site of a bridge between Turkey and Nakhchivan. "The Armenians do not react to diplomatic pressure," Nakhchivan foreign minister Rza Ibadov told

6438-583: The same time, realizing the vulnerability of the province, King Abbas I ordered for the mass deportation and relocation of the Armenians from his Armenian territories (which thus included the Erivan province), deeper into mainland Iran. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some 19,000 converted Catholic Armenians were living in three towns and twelve villages in the Nakhchivan , Ernjak and Jahuk regions, and had ten Catholic churches to serve them. When

6525-629: The scenes of an uprising against the Arabs led by Persian revolutionary Babak Khorramdin of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("those of the joyous religion" in Persian). Nakhchivan was finally released from Arab rule in the tenth century by Bagratuni King Smbat I and handed over to the princes of Syunik. This region also was taken by Sajids in 895 and between 909 and 929, Sallarid between 942 and 971 and Shaddadid between 971 and 1045. About 1055,

6612-494: The situation in April 1920: You cannot persuade a party of frenzied nationalists that two blacks do not make a white; consequently, no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenians and Tartars [Azeris], of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Specifically, the situation was a series of vicious cycles. By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and

6699-421: The support of Azerbaijan's Musavat Party , Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhchivan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop. The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War. British journalist C. E. Bechhofer Roberts described

6786-552: The tradition connecting the name with the Biblical figure Noah very old, predating Armenia's conversion to Christianity in the early fourth century. The oldest material culture artifacts found in the region date back to the Neolithic Age . On the other hand, Azerbaijani archaeologists have found that the history of Nakhchivan dates back to the Stone Age ( Paleolithic ). As a result of archaeological diggings, archaeologists discovered

6873-493: The treaty stated the following: The Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhchivan, within the limits specified by Annex III to the present Treaty, constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan. Thus, on February 9, 1924, the Soviet Union officially established the Nakhchivan ASSR. Its constitution was adopted on April 18, 1926. As

6960-527: The two administrative territories that made up Iranian Armenia . The alternate name of the province, Chokhur-e Sa'd , had been in use since the fourteenth century. The name is derived from a certain Amir Sa'd, the leader of the Turkic Sa'dlu tribe, who had accompanied Timur from Central Asia. The Sa'dlu's had become prominent under their leader, Amir Sa'd, and settled in the Erivan area, where Amir Sa'd became

7047-458: The villages, towns, fields, and buildings along the road over a distance of four or five days' march so that there was no sign of any buildings or life. In 1604, Shah Abbas I of Iran, concerned that the skilled peoples of Nakhchivan, its natural resources, and the surrounding areas could get in danger due to its relatively close proximity to the Ottoman-Persian frontline, decided to institute

7134-519: The whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, the Armenian administration was ousted from Nakhchivan . Again, more violence erupted leaving some ten thousand Armenians dead and forty-five Armenian villages destroyed. Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over

7221-632: Was an "integral part" of Armenia . However, on March 16, 1921, in accordance with the results of a referendum, the Bolshevik government declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which went on to become an autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924. In January 1990, Nakhchivan declared independence from the USSR to protest against the suppression of

7308-466: Was annexed by Sassanid Persia. In 623, possession of the region passed to the Byzantine Empire but was soon left to its own rule. Sebeos referred to the area as Tachkastan. According to the 5th-century Armenian author Koriun , Nakhchivan was the place where the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots finished the creation of the Armenian alphabet and opened the first Armenian schools. This occurred in

7395-432: Was cemented on March 16, 1921, in the Treaty of Moscow between Soviet Russia and the newly founded Republic of Turkey. The agreement between Soviet Russia and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagezsky Uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhchivan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on October 13, in the Treaty of Kars . Article V of

7482-476: Was later permitted to move back under Shah Abbas II (1642–1666) to repopulate the frontier region of his realm. In the 17th century, Nakhchivan was the scene of a peasant movement led by Köroğlu against foreign invaders and "native exploiters". In 1747, the Nakhchivan Khanate emerged in the region after the death of Nader Shah Afshar. After the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay ,

7569-425: Was to be limited to the governorates of Baku and Elizavetpol . This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhchivan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last. In December 1918, with

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