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56-535: (Redirected from Erectum ) [REDACTED] Look up erect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Erect may refer to: Erect (position) , something having an essentially upright position or vertical habit Erect, North Carolina , an unincorporated community in Randolph County, United States Erect image , an image that appears right-side up in optics Erect

112-641: A ditto machine or photocopier . WYSIWYG word processors made it possible for general office users and consumers to make more sophisticated page layouts, use text justification, and use more fonts than were possible with typewriters. Early dot matrix printing was sufficient for office documents but was of too low a quality for professional typesetting. Inkjet printing and laser printing did produce sufficient quality type, and so computers with these types of printers quickly replaced phototypesetting machines. With modern desktop publishing software such as flagship software Adobe InDesign and cloud-based Marq ,

168-453: A typewriter , or to achieve professional results comparable to letterpress, a specialized typesetting machine. The IBM Selectric Composer , for example, could produce type of different size, different fonts (including proportional fonts ), and with text justification . With photoengraving and halftone , physical photographs could be transferred into print directly, rather than relying on hand-made engravings. The layout process then became

224-439: A video projector , computer monitor , or large-screen television . Laying out a presentation presents slightly different challenges than a print document, especially because a person will typically be speaking and referring to the projected pages. Consideration might be given to: Grids and templates are page layout design patterns used in advertising campaigns and multiple-page publications, including websites. A grid

280-404: A caption or title that describes its contents and a number that is used to refer to the figure from the main text. A common system divides floating block into two separately numbered series, labeled figure (for pictures, diagrams, plots , etc.) and table . An alternative name for figure is image or graphic . Floating blocks are said to be floating because they are not fixed in position on

336-593: A certain " handedness ", but it was widely assumed that nature did not distinguish the two possibilities. This changed with the discovery of parity violations in particle physics . If a sample of cobalt-60 atoms is magnetized so that they spin counterclockwise around some axis , the beta radiation resulting from their nuclear decay will be preferentially directed opposite that axis. Since counter-clockwise may be defined in terms of up, forward, and right, this experiment unambiguously differentiates left from right using only natural elements: if they were reversed, or

392-426: A figure's "own" right or "proper right" hand is on the left hand as the viewer sees it from the front. Forward and backward may be defined by referring to an object's or organism's motion . Forward is defined as the direction in which the object is moving. Backward is then defined as the opposite direction to forward. Alternatively, 'forward' may be the direction pointed by the observer's nose , defining 'backward' as

448-518: A finished document using these technologies, but a separate web designer may be responsible for establishing the layout. A given web designer might be a fluent web developer as well, or may merely be familiar with the general capabilities of the technologies and merely visualize the desired result for the development team. Projected slides used in presentations or entertainment often have similar layout considerations to printed pages. The magic lantern and opaque projector were used during lectures in

504-597: A function on the back-end is to automate the retrieval and arrangement of content on the front end. Page layout might be prescribed to a greater or lesser degree by a house style which might be implemented in a specific desktop publishing template. There might also be relatively little layout to do in comparison to the amount of pagination (as in novels and other books with no figures). Typical page layout decisions include: Specific elements to be laid out might include: In newspaper production, final selection and cropping of photographs accompanying stories might be left to

560-484: A hand-written manuscript; if the typesetting was performed by someone other than the layout artist, markup would be added to the manuscript with instructions as to typeface, font size, and so on. (Even after authors began to use typewriters in the 1860s, originals were still called "manuscripts" and the markup process was the same.) After the first round of typesetting, a galley proof might be printed in order for proofreading to be performed, either to correct errors in

616-537: A masculine Latin word meaning erect List of plant morphology terms Glossary of botanical terms Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Erect . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erect&oldid=1220982808 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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672-418: A new magazine might show placeholders for text and images, but demonstrate placement, typographic style, and other idioms intended to set the pattern for actual issues or a particular unfinished issue. A website wireframe is a low-cost way to show layout without doing all the work of creating the final HTML and CSS, and without writing the copy or creating any images. Lorem ipsum text is often used to avoid

728-415: A page layout for use in a "What You See Is What You Get" ( WYSIWYG ) editor or features to export graphics for desktop publishing software. WYSIWYG editors and desktop publishing software allow front-end design prior to back-end coding in most cases. Interface design and database publishing may involve more technical knowledge or collaboration with information technology engineering in the front-end. Sometimes,

784-430: A page other than the main text and images, such as headlines , bylines or image captions . With manuscripts , all of the elements are added by hand, so the creator can determine the layout directly as they create the work, perhaps with an advanced sketch as a guide. With ancient woodblock printing , all elements of the page were carved directly into the wood, though later layout decisions might need to be made if

840-564: A person to "look out for that big ant just north of your foot". Other peoples "from Polynesia to Mexico and from Namibia to Bali " similarly have predominantly "geographic languages". American Sign Language makes heavy use of geographical direction through absolute orientation. Page layout In graphic design , page layout is the arrangement of visual elements on a page . It generally involves organizational principles of composition to achieve specific communication objectives. The high-level page layout involves deciding on

896-712: A pre-supplied set. In addition to being used as display devices for computer operators, cathode ray tubes were used to render text for phototypesetting. The curved nature of the CRT display, however, led to distortions of text and art on the screen towards the outer edges of the screens. The advent of "flat screen" monitors (LCD, LED, and more recently OLED) in 1997 eliminated the distortion problems caused by older CRT displays. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays. Printers attached directly to computers allowed them to print documents directly, in multiple copies, or as an original which could be copied on

952-410: A straightforward way. Until desktop publishing became dominant, these processes were still done by people, but in modern publishing, they are almost always automated . The result might be published as-is (as for a residential phone book interior) or might be tweaked by a graphic designer (as for a highly polished, expensive publication). Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-copied books of

1008-456: A table of figures—in addition to the table of contents —that lists centrally all the figures appearing in the work. Other kinds of floating blocks may be differentiated as well, for example: A mockup of a layout might be created to get early feedback, usually before all the content is actually ready. Whether for paper or electronic media, the first draft of a layout might be simply a rough paper and pencil sketch. A comprehensive layout for

1064-441: A template data file, or with master page features in a multiple-page document. Master pages may include both grid elements and template elements such as header and footer elements, automatic page numbering, and automatic table of contents features. Static layouts allow for more control over the aesthetics , and thorough optimization of space around and overlapping irregular-shaped content than dynamic layouts. In web design , this

1120-439: Is a set of guidelines, able to be seen in the design process and invisible to the end-user/audience, for aligning and repeating elements on a page. A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for. Grids are meant to be flexible. Using a grid to layout elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which

1176-571: Is better known as a graphical user interface (GUI). Modern web pages are typically produced using HTML for content and general structure, cascading style sheets to control presentation details such as typography and spacing, and JavaScript for interactivity. Since these languages are all text-based, this work can be done in a text editor , or a special HTML editor which may have WYSIWYG features or other aids. Additional technologies such as Macromedia Flash may be used for multimedia content. Web developers are responsible for actually creating

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1232-486: Is defined as the direction from feet to head, perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. In most cases, up is a directionally oriented position generally opposite to that of the pull of gravity. In situations where a common frame of reference is needed, it is most common to use an egocentric view. A simple example is road signage. Another example is stage blocking , where "stage left" "stage right" are, by convention, defined from

1288-406: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Erect (position) Since definitions of left and right based on the geometry of the natural environment are unwieldy, in practice, the meaning of relative direction words is conveyed through tradition , acculturation , education , and direct reference. One common definition of up and down uses

1344-841: Is sometimes referred to as a fixed width layout; but the entire layout may be scalable in size while still maintaining the original proportions, static placement, and style of the content. All raster image formats are static layouts in effect, but a static layout may include searchable text by separating the text from the graphics. In contrast, electronic pages allow for dynamic layouts with swapping content, personalization of styles, text scaling, image scaling , or reflowable content with variable page sizes often referred to as fluid or liquid layout. Dynamic layouts are more likely to separate presentation from content , which comes with its own advantages. A dynamic layout lays out all text and images into rectangular areas of rows and columns. As these areas' widths and heights are defined to be percentages of

1400-499: The Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalog layouts, proper page design has long been a consideration in printed material. With print media, elements usually consist of type (text), images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such as die / laser cutting , foil stamping or blind embossing . The term page furniture may be used for items on

1456-437: The gravity of Earth as a frame of reference. Since there is a very noticeable force of gravity acting between the Earth and any other nearby object, down is defined as that direction which an object moves in reference to the Earth when the object is allowed to fall freely . Up is then defined as the opposite direction of down. Another common definition uses a human body, standing upright, as a frame of reference. In that case, up

1512-463: The magnetic poles , one can figure which hand is which using a magnetic compass and the sun . Facing the sun, before noon, the north pointer of the compass points to the "left" hand. After noon, it points to the "right". A right-hand rule is one common way to relate three principal directions. For many years a fundamental question in physics was whether a left-hand rule would be equivalent. Many natural structures , including human bodies, follow

1568-560: The 1800s, using printed, typed, photographed, or hand-drawn originals. Two sets of photographic film (one negative and one positive) or one reversal film can be used to create positive images that can be projected with light passing through. Intertitles were used extensively in the earliest motion pictures when sound was not available; they are still used occasionally in addition to the ubiquitous vanity cards and credits . It became popular to use transparent film for presentations (with opaque text and images) using overhead projectors in

1624-477: The 1940s, and slide projectors in the 1950s. Transparencies for overhead projectors could be printed by some photocopiers. Computer presentation programs became available in the 1980s, making it possible to layout a presentation digitally. Computer-developed presentations could be printed to a transparency with some laser printers, transferred to slides, or projected directly using LCD overhead projectors. Modern presentations are often displayed digitally using

1680-465: The Youth Problem , the only album released by American punk trio Wives Erection , the physiological engorgement with blood of the tissue of a penis. See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing erect Erection (disambiguation) Erecta , a feminine Latin word meaning erect Erectum (disambiguation) , a neuter Latin word meaning erect Erectus (disambiguation) ,

1736-406: The atoms spun clockwise , the radiation would follow the spin axis instead of being opposite to it. Bow , stern , port, starboard , fore and aft are nautical terms that convey an impersonal relative direction in the context of the moving frame of persons aboard a ship. The need for impersonal terms is most clearly seen in a rowing shell where the majority of the crew face aft ("backwards"), hence

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1792-436: The available screen, they are responsive to varying screen dimensions. They will automatically ensure maximized use of available space while always staying adapted optimally both on-screen resizes and hardware-given restrictions. Text may freely be resized to provide users' individual needs on legibility while never disturbing a given layout's proportions. The content's overall arrangement on screen this way may always remain as it

1848-414: The camera-ready version, with no physical assembly required (given a big enough printer). Greyscale images must be either half-toned digitally if being sent to an offset press or sent separately for the print shop to insert into marked areas. Completed works can also be transmitted digitally to the print shop, who may print it themselves, shoot it directly to film, or use computer to plate technology to skip

1904-497: The direction from the nose to the sagittal border in the observer's skull . With respect to a ship 'forward' would indicate the relative position of any object lying in the direction the ship is pointing. For symmetrical objects, it is also necessary to define forward and backward in terms of expected direction. Many mass transit trains are built symmetrically with paired control booths, and definitions of forward, backward, left, and right are temporary. Given significant distance from

1960-406: The egocentric directions; instead, speakers exclusively refer to cardinal directions , even when describing small-scale spaces. For instance, if they wanted someone to move over on the car seat to make room, they might say "move a bit to the east". To tell someone where exactly they left something in their house, they might say, "I left it on the southern edge of the western table." Or they might warn

2016-513: The element of motion makes it a dynamic layout, but one that warrants motion graphic design more than static graphic design or interactive design. Electronic pages may utilize both static and dynamic layout features by dividing the pages or by combining the effects. For example, a section of the page such as a web banner may contain static or motion graphics contained within a swapping content area. Dynamic or live text may be wrapped around irregularly shaped images by using invisible spacers to push

2072-494: The form of a page filled with coloured lines or dots placed at a specified equal horizontal and vertical distance apart. Automatic margins and booklet spine (gutter) lines may be specified for global use throughout the document. Multiple additional horizontal and vertical lines may be placed at any point on the page. Invisible to the end-user/audience shapes may be placed on the page as guidelines for page layout and print processing as well. Software templates are achieved by duplicating

2128-402: The layout editor (since the choice of photo could affect the shape of the area needed, and thus the rest of the layout), or there might be a separate photo editor. Likewise, headlines might be written by the layout editor, a copy editor , or the original author. To make stories fit the final layout, relatively inconsequential copy tweaks might be made (for example, rephrasing for brevity), or

2184-456: The layout editor might make slight adjustments to typography elements like font size or leading. A floating block in writing and publishing is any graphic, text, table, or other representation that is unaligned from the main flow of text. The use of floating blocks to present pictures and tables is a typical feature of academic writing and technical writing , including scientific articles and books. Floating blocks are normally labeled with

2240-427: The layout process can occur entirely on-screen. (Similar layout options that would be available to a professional print shop making a paste-up are supported by desktop publishing software; in contrast, "word processing" software usually has a much more limited set of layout and typography choices available, trading off flexibility for ease of use for more common applications.) A finished document can be directly printed as

2296-556: The metadata ( meta tags ) must be hand-coded or specified during the page layout process. This divides the task of page layout between artists and engineers, or tasks the artist/engineer to do both. More complex projects may require two separate designs: page layout design as the front-end , and function coding as the back-end. In this case, the front-end may be designed using an alternative page layout technology such as image editing software or on paper with hand rendering methods. Most image editing software includes features for converting

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2352-501: The oars to their right are actually on the port side of the boat. Rowers eschew the terms left, right, port and starboard in favor of stroke-side and bow-side. The usage derives from the tradition of having the stroke (the rower closest to the stern of the boat) oar on the port side of the boat. Most human cultures use relative directions for reference, but there are exceptions. Some Australian Aboriginal languages like Guugu Yimithirr , Kayardild and Kuuk Thaayorre have no words denoting

2408-466: The original, or to make sure that the typesetter had copied the manuscript properly, and correctly interpreted the markup. The final layout would be constructed in a "form" or "forme" using pieces of wood or metal (" furniture ") to space out the text and images as desired, a frame known as a chase , and objects which lock down the frame known as quoins . This process is called imposition , and potentially includes arranging multiple pages to be printed on

2464-462: The overall arrangement of text and images, and possibly on the size or shape of the medium. It requires intelligence, sentience, and creativity, and is informed by culture, psychology, and what the document authors and editors wish to communicate and emphasize. Low-level pagination and typesetting are more mechanical processes. Given certain parameters such as boundaries of text areas, the typeface, and font size, justification preference can be done in

2520-508: The page at the place, but rather drift to the side of the page. By placing pictures or other large items on the sides of pages rather than embedding them in the middle of the main flow of text, typesetting is more flexible and interruption to the flow of the narrative is avoided. For example, an article on geography might have "Figure 1: Map of the world", "Figure 2: Map of Europe", "Table 1: Population of continents", "Table 2: Population of European countries", and so on. Some books will have

2576-547: The physical original entirely. PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) have become standard file formats for digital transmission. Since the advent of personal computing , page layout skills have expanded to electronic media as well as print media. E-books , PDF documents, and static web pages mirror paper documents relatively closely, but computers can also add multimedia animation, and interactivity. Page layout for interactive media overlaps with interface design and user experience design; an interactive "page"

2632-491: The point of view of actors facing the audience. "Upstage" and "downstage" do not follow gravity but by convention mean away from and towards the audience. An example of a non-egocentric view is page layout , where the relative terms "upper half" "left margin," etc. are defined in terms of the observer but employed in reverse for a type compositor , returning to an egocentric view. In medicine and science, where precise definitions are crucial, relative directions (left and right) are

2688-400: The print shop directly, or shot onto photographic paper for paste-up. These machines became increasingly sophisticated, with computer-driven models able to store text on magnetic tape. As the graphics capabilities of computers matured, they began to be used to render characters, columns, pages, and even multi-page signatures directly, rather than simply summoning a photographic template from

2744-469: The printing was transferred onto a larger work, such as a large piece of fabric, potentially with multiple block impressions. With the Renaissance invention of letterpress printing and cold-metal moveable type , typesetting was accomplished by physically assembling characters using a composing stick into a galley—a long tray. Any images would be created by engraving . The original document would be

2800-434: The same sheet of paper which will later be folded and possibly trimmed. An "imposition proof" (essentially a short run of the press) might be created to check the final placement. The invention of hot metal typesetting in 1884 sped up the typesetting process by allowing workers to produce slugs —entire lines of text—using a keyboard. The slugs were the result of molten metal being poured into molds temporarily assembled by

2856-403: The sides of the organism, not those of the observer. The same is true in heraldry, where left and right in a coat of arms is treated as if the shield were being held by the armiger. To avoid confusion, Latin terminology is employed: dexter and sinister for right and left. Proper right and proper left are terms mainly used to describe artistic images, and overcome the potential confusion that

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2912-416: The task of creating the paste up , so named because rubber cement or another adhesive would be used to physically paste images and columns of text onto a rigid sheet of paper. Completed pages become known as camera-ready , "mechanical" or "mechanical art". Phototypesetting was invented in 1945; after keyboard input, characters were shot one-by-one onto a photographic negative, which could then be sent to

2968-575: The text away from the edges. Some computer algorithms can detect the edges of an object that contain transparency and flow content around contours. With modern media content retrieval and output technology, there is much overlap between visual communications ( front-end ) and information technology ( back-end ). Large print publications (thick books, especially instructional in nature) and electronic pages (web pages) require meta data for automatic indexing, automatic reformatting, database publishing, dynamic page display, and end-user interactivity. Much of

3024-429: The typesetting machine. The layout process remained the same as with cold metal type, however: assembly into physical galleys. Offset lithography allows the bright and dark areas of an image (at first captured on film) to control ink placement on the printing press. This means that if a single copy of the page can be created on paper and photographed, then any number of copies could be printed. The type could be set with

3080-418: Was originally designed. Static layout design may involve more graphic design and visual art skills, whereas dynamic layout design may involve more interactive design and content management skills to thoroughly anticipate content variation. Motion graphics do not fit neatly into either category, but may involve layout skills or careful consideration of how the motion may affect the layout. In either case,

3136-472: Was required to design the grid. In contrast, a template is more rigid. A template involves repeated elements mostly visible to the end-user/audience. Using a template to layout elements usually involves less graphic design skill than that which was required to design the template. Templates are used for minimal modification of background elements and frequent modification (or swapping) of foreground content. Most desktop publishing software allows for grids in

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