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30-625: The city was built in 1974 to exploit Asia's largest deposit of copper ore and is the fourth largest copper mine in the world. The Erdenet Mining Corporation is one of the Mongolian state-owned enterprises and accounts for a majority of Mongolia's hard currency income. Erdenet mines 22.23 million tons of ore a year, producing 126,700 tons of copper and 1954 tons of molybdenum . The mine accounts for 13.5% of Mongolia's GDP and 7% of its tax revenue. The mine employs about 8,000 people. The city Erdenet and its mill were built by Soviet technology with

60-487: A deeper intelligence work necessary for the operation of the field within 20 months. By the autumn of 1972 the estimated size of the Erdenetiyn ovoo deposit was 2,000 m long, 500-1,500 m wide and 400 m deep. Copper ore (Redirected from Copper ore ) Materials with copper content to be processed to recover copper Following is a list of minerals that serve as copper ores in

90-405: A geological map of 1:25000 scale of the site, and dug several pits and trenches. Their work produced an estimate for the probable reserves of copper ore of 150 million tons. In the same year a geological expedition led by geologist Өlzy Mongolian-UTAS conducted geological work based on the report of the old established manufacturers and the laboratory that there were reserves of copper. In 1964-68

120-447: A joint Mongolian-Czechoslovak geological party at the field-Erdenetiyn ovoo conducted geological prospecting and prospect evaluation, including mid-and large-scale geological and geochemical surveying, and mining and drilling operations. These studies estimated reserves of copper-molybdenum ores at 612 million tons {C2 category). After completion of the joint Mongolian-Czechoslovak exploration, Mongolian exploration work has continued under

150-797: A knife. However, chalcopyrite is harder than gold, which, if pure, can be scratched by copper . Chalcopyrite has a distinctive black streak with green flecks in it. Pyrite has a black streak and gold has a yellow streak. Natural chalcopyrite has no solid solution series with any other sulfide minerals. There is limited substitution of zinc with copper despite chalcopyrite having the same crystal structure as sphalerite . Minor amounts of elements such as silver, gold, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, tin, and zinc can be measured (at parts per million levels), likely substituting for copper and iron. Selenium, bismuth, tellurium, and arsenic may substitute for sulfur in minor amounts. Chalcopyrite can be oxidized to form malachite , azurite , and cuprite . Chalcopyrite

180-787: A professor of geology at the University of Prague M.Kuzhvart, head of the Mongol-Czechoslovak geological expedition in Mongolia, and M.Krauter, engineer-geologist and head of geology st the Central Geological Survey of the Council of Ministers of the MPR Dugersuren. They agreed to start geological investigations at the site in 1964. In 1963, a Erdenetiyn ovoo geological inspection team led by Soviet geologists Agamolyana and Ushakov made

210-404: Is a member of the tetragonal crystal system. Crystallographically the structure of chalcopyrite is closely related to that of zinc blende ZnS ( sphalerite ). The unit cell is twice as large, reflecting an alternation of Cu and Fe ions replacing Zn ions in adjacent cells. In contrast to the pyrite structure chalcopyrite has single S sulfide anions rather than disulfide pairs. Another difference

240-438: Is as follows: 2FeS (l) +3O 2(g) +SiO 2(s) -> Fe 2 SiO 4(l) + 2SO 2(g) + heat In the copper forming stage, the matte produced from the slag stage undergoes charging (inputting the matte in the converter), blowing (blasting more oxygen), and skimming (retrieving impure molten copper known as blister copper). The reaction is as follows: Cu 2 S (l) + O 2(g) -> 2Cu (l) + SO 2(g) + heat Finally,

270-418: Is because of the extracting challenges which arise from the 1:1 presence of iron to copper, resulting in slow leaching kinetics. Elevated temperatures and pressures create an abundance of oxygen in solution, which facilitates faster reaction speeds in terms of breaking down chalcopyrite's crystal lattice. A hydrometallurgical process which elevates temperature with oxidizing conditions required for chalcopyrite

300-412: Is because the ore is primarily composed of non-economically valuable material, or waste rock, with low concentrations of copper. The abundance of waste material results in a lot of hydrocarbon fuel being required to heat and melt the ore. Alternatively, copper is isolated from the ore first using a technique called froth flotation . Essentially, reagents are used to make the copper water-repellent, thus

330-548: Is concentrated in this environment via fluid transport. Porphyry copper ore deposits are formed by concentration of copper within a granitic stock during the ascent and crystallisation of a magma. Chalcopyrite in this environment is produced by concentration within a magmatic system. Chalcopyrite is an accessory mineral in Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits , formed from an immiscible sulfide liquid in sulfide-saturated ultramafic lavas. In this environment chalcopyrite

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360-414: Is different from Wikidata Chalcopyrite Chalcopyrite ( / ˌ k æ l k ə ˈ p aɪ ˌ r aɪ t , - k oʊ -/ KAL -kə- PY -ryte, -⁠koh- ) is a copper iron sulfide mineral and the most abundant copper ore mineral. It has the chemical formula CuFeS 2 and crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on

390-598: Is formed by a sulfide liquid stripping copper from an immiscible silicate liquid. Chalcopyrite has been the most important ore of copper since the Bronze Age. Even though Chalcopyrite does not contain the most copper in its structure relative to other minerals, it is the most important copper ore since it can be found in many localities. Chalcopyrite ore occurs in a variety of ore types, from huge masses as at Timmins, Ontario , to irregular veins and disseminations associated with granitic to dioritic intrusives as in

420-478: Is known as pressure oxidation leaching . A typical reaction series of chalcopyrite under oxidizing, high temperature conditions is as follows: i) 2CuFeS 2 + 4Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -> 2Cu + 2SO 4 + 10FeSO 4 +4S ii) 4FeSO 4 + O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 -> 2Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 +2H 2 O iii) 2S + 3O 2 +2H 2 O -> 2H 2 SO 4 (overall) 4CuFeS 2 + 17O 2 + 4H 2 O -> 4Cu + 2Fe 2 O 3 + 4H 2 SO 4 Pressure oxidation leaching

450-473: Is particularly useful for low grade chalcopyrite. This is because it can "process concentrate product from flotation " rather than having to process whole ore. Additionally, it can be used as an alternative method to pyrometallurgy for variable ore. Other advantages hydrometallurgical processes have in regards to copper extraction over pyrometallurgical processes ( smelting ) include: Although hydrometallurgy has its advantages, it continues to face challenges in

480-410: Is practiced. The most important method for copper extraction from chalcopyrite is pyrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is commonly used for large scale, copper rich operations with high-grade ores. This is because Cu-Fe-S ores, such as chalcopyrite, are difficult to dissolve in aqueous solutions. The extraction process using this method undergoes four stages: Chalcopyrite ore is not directly smelted. This

510-444: Is predominantly extracted from chalcopyrite ore using two methods: pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy . The most common and commercially viable method, pyrometallurgy, involves "crushing, grinding, flotation, smelting, refining, and electro-refining" techniques. Crushing, leaching, solvent extraction, and electrowinning are techniques used in hydrometallurgy. Specifically in the case of chalcopyrite, pressure oxidation leaching

540-471: Is rarely found in association with native copper . Chalcopyrite is a conductor of electricity. Copper can be extracted from chalcopyrite ore using various methods. The two predominant methods are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy , the former being the most commercially viable. The name chalcopyrite comes from the Greek words chalkos , which means copper, and pyrites ', which means striking fire. It

570-577: Is that the iron cation is not diamagnetic low spin Fe(II) as in pyrite. In the crystal structure, each metal ion is tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 sulfur anions. Each sulfur anion is bonded to two copper atoms and two iron atoms. Chalcopyrite is present with many ore-bearing environments via a variety of ore forming processes. Chalcopyrite is present in volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits and sedimentary exhalative deposits , formed by deposition of copper during hydrothermal circulation . Chalcopyrite

600-437: Is typically done in flash furnaces. To reduce the amount of copper in the slag material, the slag is kept molten with an addition of SiO 2 flux to promote immiscibility between concentration and slag. In terms of byproducts, matte smelting copper can produce SO 2 gas which is harmful to the environment, thus it is captured in the form of sulfuric acid . Example reactions are as follows: Converting involves oxidizing

630-455: The Mohs scale . Its streak is diagnostic as green-tinged black. On exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ), chalcocite (Cu 2 S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu 9 S 5 ); carbonates such as malachite and azurite , and rarely oxides such as cuprite (Cu 2 O). It

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660-1441: The copper mining process: Image Name Formula % Copper when pure [REDACTED] Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 34.5 [REDACTED] Chalcocite Cu 2 S 79.8 [REDACTED] Covellite CuS 66.5 [REDACTED] Bornite 2Cu 2 S·CuS·FeS 63.3 [REDACTED] Tetrahedrite Cu 3 Sb S 3 + x(Fe,Zn) 6 Sb 2 S 9 32–45 [REDACTED] Digenite Cu 9 S 5 78.1 [REDACTED] Malachite CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2 57.7 [REDACTED] Azurite 2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 55.1 [REDACTED] Cuprite Cu 2 O 88.8 [REDACTED] Chrysocolla (Cu,Al) 2 H 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ·n(H 2 O) 37.9 [REDACTED] Tennantite Cu 12 As 4 S 13 51.6 [REDACTED] Dioptase CuSiO 2 (OH) 2 45.3 [REDACTED] Enargite Cu 3 AsS 4 48.4 References [ edit ] ^ Samans, Carl H. Engineering Metals and their Alloys MacMillan 1949 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_copper_ores&oldid=1224655584 " Categories : Copper ores Mining-related lists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

690-809: The porphyry copper deposits of Broken Hill , the American Cordillera and the Andes . The largest deposit of nearly pure chalcopyrite ever discovered in Canada was at the southern end of the Temagami Greenstone Belt where Copperfields Mine extracted the high-grade copper. Chalcopyrite is present in the supergiant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit in South Australia . Chalcopyrite may also be found in coal seams associated with pyrite nodules, and as disseminations in carbonate sedimentary rocks. Copper metal

720-506: The Cu is able to concentrate in a flotation cell by floating on air bubbles. In contrast to the 0.5–2% copper in chalcopyrite ore, froth flotation results in a concentrate containing about 30% copper. The concentrate then undergoes a process called matte smelting . Matte smelting oxidizes the sulfur and iron by melting the flotation concentrate in a 1250   °C furnace to create a new concentrate (matte) with about 45–75% copper. This process

750-484: The blister copper undergoes refinement through fire, electrorefining or both. In this stage, copper is refined to a high-purity cathode . Chalcopyrite is an exception to most copper bearing minerals. In contrast to the majority of copper minerals which can be leached at atmospheric conditions, such as through heap leaching , chalcopyrite is a refractory mineral that requires elevated temperatures as well as oxidizing conditions to release its copper into solution. This

780-572: The direction of the party chief and chief engineer, Tumenbayara geologist G.Sanduyzhava. This party conducted preliminary exploration of the field, continued to conduct mining and drilling operations, and technological studies of copper-molybdenum ores. As a result, reserves were calculated copper ores in the amount of 670 million tons of C1 and C2. Then a geological reconnaissance group in Bulgar aimag, headed by Soviet geologists E.I.Martovitskim and V.S.Kalininym, and Mongolian geologist Tumenbayarom, spent here

810-531: The help of Soviet specialists. The discovery of copper ore at Erdenetiyn-ovoo has its own history. According to legend, Chinese miners extracted copper there in earlier times, but during a storm, they were struck by lightning. Since then, the mountain Erdenetiyn-ovoo has been considered sacred, and the locals performed rituals to the mountain so it would allow them to climb it. This climb was forbidden to women. Geological field studies at Erdenetiyn-ovoo began in

840-596: The late 1950s. In the years 1958-59 a geological survey under the guidance of geologists for the first time examined Erdenetiyn-ovoo, but rated it as not having practical value. In the early 1960s the Mongolian national geological organization began to actively cooperate with the geological institutions of European socialist countries, including Czechoslovakia. The first joint Czech-Mongolian geological expedition in 1962 carried out this mission in Bulgan aimag Khubsugul and in particular on Erdenetiyn-ovoo. This expedition included

870-446: The matte once more to further remove sulfur and iron; however, the product is 99% molten copper. Converting occurs in two stages: the slag forming stage and the copper forming stage. In the slag forming stage, iron and sulfur are reduced to concentrations of less than 1% and 0.02%, respectively. The concentrate from matte smelting is poured into a converter that is then rotated, supplying the slag with oxygen through tuyeres . The reaction

900-411: Was sometimes historically referred to as "yellow copper". Chalcopyrite is often confused with pyrite and gold since all three of these minerals have a yellowish color and a metallic luster. Some important mineral characteristics that help distinguish these minerals are hardness and streak. Chalcopyrite is much softer than pyrite and can be scratched with a knife, whereas pyrite cannot be scratched by

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