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56-759: The Epilepsy Foundation came into existence as the result of a merger of the Epilepsy Association of America and the Epilepsy Foundation in 1967. It has since been joined by the National Epilepsy League. In December 2012, it merged with The Epilepsy Therapy Project. The mission of the Foundation in 2012 was to "stop seizures and SUDEP , find a cure and overcome the challenges created by epilepsy through efforts including education, advocacy and research to accelerate ideas into therapies". The new mission of

112-592: A market capitalisation of £69 billion, the eighth largest on the London Stock Exchange. The company developed the first malaria vaccine , RTS,S , which it said in 2014, it would make available for five per cent above cost. Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , such as amoxicillin , mercaptopurine , pyrimethamine and zidovudine . In 2012, under prosecution by

168-456: A 10% stake in German biotech company CureVac . In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with Novartis to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for US$ 13   billion (£9.2   billion). In December 2018, GSK announced that it, along with Pfizer , had reached an agreement to merge and combine their consumer healthcare divisions into

224-570: A German biotech company, for US$ 98   million, and in June, worldwide rights to alitretinoin (Toctino), an eczema drug, for US$ 302   million. In 2013, GSK acquired Human Genome Sciences (HGS) for US$ 3   billion; the companies had collaborated on developing the lupus drug Belimumab (Benlysta), albiglutide for type 2 diabetes , and darapladib for atherosclerosis , and in September, sold its beverage division to Suntory . This included

280-507: A Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage , Hertfordshire . Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California -based Affymax, a leader in the field of combinatorial chemistry . By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind Novartis and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent. Its products included Imigran (for

336-678: A Swiss pharmaceutical company, for US$ 190   million, and in June that year that it would sell two meningitis drugs to Pfizer , Nimenrix and Mencevax for around US$ 130   million. Philip Hampton , at that time chair of the Royal Bank of Scotland , became GSK chairman in September 2015. On 31 March 2017, Emma Walmsley became CEO . She is the first female CEO of the company. In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49%) taking over control from its Saudi partner Banaja KSA Holding Company. With respect to rare diseases ,

392-541: A US$ 3   billion (£1.9bn) settlement. It was the largest health-care fraud case to date in the US and the largest settlement in the pharmaceutical industry . Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in Wellington , New Zealand, by a Londoner, Joseph Edward Nathan . In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near Bunnythorpe . The resulting product

448-505: A US$ 660-million deal, Prestige Brands Holdings took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$ 210   million, including BC Powder , Beano , Ecotrin , Fiber Choice, Goody's Powder , Sominex and Tagamet . In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500   million in manufacturing facilities in Ulverston , northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant. In May that year it acquired CellZome,

504-755: A business doing research into animal health, and Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques in Belgium in 1963, to focus on vaccines. The company began to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the United States in 1969. In 1982, it bought Allergan , a manufacturer of eye and skincare products. Smith Kline & French merged with Beckman Inc. in 1982, and changed its name to SmithKline Beckman . In 1988, it bought International Clinical Laboratories. In 1989, SmithKline Beckman merged with Beecham Group to form SmithKline Beecham P.L.C. . The headquarters moved from

560-425: A demerger and subsequent listing of the joint venture. This will create two publicly traded companies, one focusing on pharmaceuticals and research & development, the other on consumer healthcare. On 22 February 2022, GSK announced that the spin-off consumer healthcare company will be called Haleon . In January 2022, the company announced that they had received three unsolicited offers from Unilever to acquire

616-511: A number of tranches. The same day, the company also announced it would acquire oncology specialist, Tesaro , for US$ 5.1   billion. The deal will give GSK control of ovarian cancer treatment, Zejula - a member of the class of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its rabies vaccine, RabAvert , and its tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, Encepur , to Bavarian Nordic for US$ 1.06   billion (€955   million). In July 2020, GSK acquired

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672-803: A person's risk for SUDEP (some are discussed below), but ultimately their genetic risk is determined by the function of multiple genes that is not yet well understood. Overlap is seen between these ion channel genes and the different sudden death disorders, including SUDEP, SIDS , sudden unexpected death (SUD), and sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC). Many of the genes are involved in long QT syndrome . The mechanisms underlying SUDEP are not well understood but probably involve several pathophysiological mechanisms and circumstances. The most commonly involved are seizure-induced hypoventilation and cardiac arrhythmias , but different mechanisms may be involved in different individuals, and more than one mechanism may be involved in any one individual. Currently,

728-643: A single entity. The combined entity would have sales of around £9.8   billion ($ 12.7   billion), with GSK maintaining a 68% controlling stake in the joint venture. Pfizer would own the remaining 32% shareholding. The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business. The culmination of the Consumer Healthcare string of deals will result in GSK splitting into two separate companies, via

784-614: Is equivalent to the branded drug. The Epilepsy Foundation received anecdotal reports of patients experiencing seizures and side effects after switching drugs, and tried to convince the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999 that there was a problem, but the FDA decided there was no evidence. In 2006, foundation leaders convened a committee of medical experts, and its own experts also found no evidence. Nonetheless, they recommended that doctors be required to give permission to switch their patients' prescriptions to generic drugs. Gary Buehler, at

840-663: Is the United States. Its US headquarters are in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Durham, North Carolina; its consumer-products division is in Moon Township, Pennsylvania . In July 2020, the UK government signed up for 60 million doses of a COVID-19 vaccine developed by GSK and Sanofi . It uses a recombinant protein –based technology from Sanofi and GSK's pandemic technology. The companies claimed to be able to produce one billion doses, subject to successful trials and regulatory approval, during

896-525: Is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and No. 294 on the 2022 Fortune Global 500 , ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies China Resources , Sinopharm , Johnson & Johnson , Pfizer , Roche , AbbVie , Novartis , Bayer , and Merck Sharp & Dohme . The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . As of February 2024, it had

952-729: The Beecham Group . In 1859, Beecham opened its first factory in St Helens , Lancashire . By the 1960s, Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as Macleans toothpaste , Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research. John K. Smith opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891, it merged with French, Richard and Company, and in 1929, changed its name to Smith Kline & French Laboratories as it focused more on research. Years later it bought Norden Laboratories,

1008-734: The Lucozade and Ribena brands of soft drinks, but they were sold in 2013, to Suntory for £1.35bn. Other products include Abreva to treat cold sores; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right nasal strips ; and Nicoderm and Nicorette nicotine replacements. In March 2014, it recalled Alli , an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering, following customer complaints. As of 2013 , GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in R&;D . The company's single largest market

1064-525: The United States Department of Justice (DoJ) based on combined investigations of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS-OIG), FDA and FBI , primarily concerning sales and marketing of the drugs Avandia , Paxil and Wellbutrin , GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses, failure to report safety data and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay

1120-427: The post-mortem examination . While the mechanisms underlying SUDEP are still poorly understood, it is possibly the most common cause of death as a result of complications from epilepsy, accounting for between 7.5 and 17% of all epilepsy-related deaths and 50% of all deaths in refractory epilepsy. The causes of SUDEP seem to be multifactorial and include respiratory , cardiac , and cerebral factors as well as

1176-724: The Consumer Healthcare business unit, with the final proposal valuing the business unit at £50 billion (£41.7 billion in cash, plus £8.3 billion in Unilever shares). Subsequently, GSK declined all outside offers/attempts to acquire its consumer healthcare business and moved forward with its plan to complete the demerger from the main biopharmaceutical business. In April 2022, the business announced it would acquire Sierra Oncology Inc for $ 1.9 billion ($ 55 per share). In May 2022, GSK announced it would acquire Affinivax and its phase II 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine candidate for up to $ 3.3 billion, strengthening its vaccine business. On 16 May 2022,

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1232-409: The Epilepsy Foundation of America. JavaScript code and flashing computer animations were posted to trigger migraine headaches and seizures in people with photosensitive or pattern-sensitive epilepsy . According to Wired News , circumstantial evidence suggested that the attack was perpetrated by Anonymous users, with the initial attack posts on the epilepsy forum blaming eBaum's World . Members of

1288-567: The Epilepsy Foundation's board, as did Billy Tauzin , head of PhRMA , which gave $ 25,000 to $ 49,999. The Foundation denied that pharmaceutical funding had anything to do with its support of the laws. Generic drug substitution is significant, because four major branded drugs, with that generated $ 5 billion revenue, went off-patent in 2010. (At the time the five best-selling drugs were Topamax , Lamictal , Lyrica , Keppra and Depakote .) Pharmacists can substitute generics, because every generic drug, in order to be approved, has to demonstrate that it

1344-627: The FDA approved GSK's vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection, manufactured by the company's ID Biomedical Corp in Canada. Also in November 2009, GSK formed a joint venture with Pfizer to create ViiV Healthcare , which specializes in HIV research. In 2010, the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company, for US$ 253m, and the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition for £162   million (US$ 256   million). In 2011, in

1400-562: The Foundation is "To Lead The Fight To Overcome The Challenges Of Living With Epilepsy And To Accelerate Therapies To Stop Seizures, Find Cures, And Save Lives." Programs included educational, counseling, referral, and employment assistance. In addition the EFA has advisory and youth programs, training grants and programs. On March 28, 2008, Wired News reported that "Internet griefers "—a slang term for people whose only interests are in harassing others—assaulted an epilepsy support forum run by

1456-572: The US headquarters until the company moved to Research Triangle Park in North Carolina in 1971. The Nobel Prize winning scientists Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as mercaptopurine . In 1959, the Wellcome Foundation bought Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc to become more active in animal health. When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters,

1512-696: The US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to Research Triangle Park (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina . Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs . The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in Tuckahoe, New York , which served as

1568-625: The United States to England. To expand R&D in the United States, the company bought a new research center in 1995; another opened in 1997, in England at New Frontiers Science Park , Harlow . Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000. The merger was completed on 27 December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The company's global headquarters were at GSK House, Brentford , London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair . The building

1624-457: The attack to a group named "The Internet Hate Machine" (a reference to the KTTV Fox 11 news report ), who claim to be part of Anonymous, but are not the same faction that are involved in the campaign against Scientology. Some Anonymous participants of Project Chanology suggest that the perpetrators are Internet users who merely remained anonymous in the literal sense, and thus had no affiliation with

1680-518: The brands Lucozade and Ribena ; however, the deal did not include Horlicks . In March 2014, GSK paid US$ 1   billion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals , to 75 per cent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets. In April 2014, Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than US$ 20   billion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business. In February 2015, GSK announced that it would acquire GlycoVaxyn,

1736-635: The business unit as they look to strengthen their presence in India. On 3 December 2018, GSK announced that Unilever would acquire the Indian-listed GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare business for US$ 3.8   billion (£2.98   billion). Unilever will pay the majority of the deal in cash, with the remaining being paid in shares in its Indian operation, Hindustan Unilever Limited . Upon completion, GSK will then own around 5.7% of Hindustan Unilever Limited, selling those shares in

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1792-636: The company aligned with GSK's business. In September 2019, Avalon Ventures announced that it entered into a definitive agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the acquisition of Sitari Pharmaceuticals by GSK. This includes its transglutaminase 2 (TG2) small molecule program for the treatment of celiac disease . Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development. Since 2010, GlaxoSmithKline has several times ranked first among pharmaceutical companies on

1848-1308: The company changed its name from GlaxoSmithKline to GSK. In April 2023, GSK announced it would acquire Bellus Health Inc. for $ 2 billion. In February 2024, the company acquired Aiolos Bio for over $ 1 billion, adding to its existing asthma business through AIO-001 a long-acting monoclonal antibody that targets the thymic stromal lymphopoietin cytokine. In May 2024, GSK sold off its 4.2% shares in Haleon for $ 1.58 billion. In July 2024, GSK moved its headquarters from Brentford to New Oxford Street in central London. GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, and mental health. Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate , ticarcillin-clavulanate , mupirocin , and ceftazidime for bacterial infections, zidovudine for HIV infection , valacyclovir for herpes virus infections, albendazole for parasitic infections, sumatriptan for migraine , lamotrigine for epilepsy, bupropion and paroxetine for major depressive disorder , cimetidine and ranitidine for gastroesophageal reflux disorder , mercaptopurine and thioguanine for

1904-452: The company divested its portfolio of gene therapy drugs to Orchard Therapeutics in April 2018. In November 2018, Reuters reported that Unilever was in prime position to acquire GSK's interest in its Indian unit, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, in a sale that could generate around US$ 4   billion for the company. Nestlé and Coca-Cola have also been reported to be interested in

1960-512: The company selected Paul Rudolph to design its new building. The Elion-Hitchings Building "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of Georgia State University wrote in 2016, that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of

2016-467: The effect of the lawful protests against their virulent organization" under the Church's fair game policy. The church has previously been involved in false flag operations to frame and discredit groups or peoples it disagrees with such as Operation Freakout and Gabe Cazares . The Tech Herald reported that when the attack began, posts referenced multiple groups, including Anonymous. The report attributes

2072-493: The epilepsy forum claimed they had found a thread in which the attack was being planned at 7chan.org, an imageboard that has been described as a stronghold for Anonymous. The thread, like all old threads eventually do on these types of imageboards, has since cycled to deletion. RealTechNews reported that the forum at the United Kingdom-based National Society for Epilepsy , now called Epilepsy Society

2128-589: The first malaria vaccine . Malaria is responsible for over 650,000 deaths annually, mainly in Africa. Known as RTS,S , the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the PATH vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five per cent above the cost of production. As of 2013 , RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary AS01 adjuvant,

2184-496: The first half of 2021. The company also agreed to a $ 2.1 billion deal with the United States to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine. SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further. As of 2003 , SR One tended to invest only if

2240-530: The following may be relevant: GlaxoSmithKline GSK plc (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc ) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with headquarters in London . It was established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, which was itself a merger of a number of pharmaceutical companies around the Smith, Kline & French firm. GSK

2296-457: The group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent and obtained a listing on the London Stock Exchange . Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist David Jack was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's research and development (R&D) until 1987. After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in

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2352-510: The history of both architecture and Research Triangle Park ." United Therapeutics , which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020, to tear it down. Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc. The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history. Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening

2408-533: The larger anti-Scientology efforts attributed to Anonymous. During an interview with CNN, Scientologist Tommy Davis accused Anonymous of hacking into the Epilepsy Foundation website to make it display imagery intended to cause epileptic seizures. Interviewer John Roberts contended the FBI said that it "found nothing to connect this group Anonymous (with these actions)," and that it also has "no reason to believe that these charges will be leveled against this group." The response

2464-403: The most effective strategy to protect against SUDEP in childhood epilepsy is seizure control, but this approach is not completely effective and is particularly challenging in cases of intractable epilepsy. The lack of generally recognized clinical recommendations available are a reflection of the dearth of data on the effectiveness of any particular clinical strategy, but based on present evidence,

2520-553: The severity of epilepsy and seizures . Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include seizure-induced cardiac and respiratory arrests. Among epileptics, SUDEP occurs in about 1 in 1,000 adults and 1 in 4,500 children annually. Rates of death as a result of prolonged seizures ( status epilepticus ) are not classified as SUDEP. The overarching term SUDEP can be subdivided into four different categories: Definite, Probably, Possible, and Unlikely. Consistent risk factors include: Genetic mutations have been identified that increase

2576-424: The time the director of the FDA's office of generic drugs, said, "The only way you can somehow pin this down is to do a good study." SUDEP Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy ( SUDEP ) is a fatal complication of epilepsy . It is defined as the sudden and unexpected, non-traumatic and non-drowning death of a person with epilepsy , without a toxicological or anatomical cause of death detected during

2632-421: The treatment of leukemia, allopurinol for gout , pyrimethamine for malaria , and the antibacterial trimethoprim . Among these, albendazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, allopurinol, mercaptopurine, mupirocin, pyrimethamine, ranitidine, thioguanine, trimethoprim, and zidovudine are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2014, GSK applied for regulatory approval for

2688-455: The treatment of migraine), salbutamol (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), Zovirax (for the treatment of coldsores), and Retrovir and Epivir (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS. It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among

2744-562: The world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, Kent , London and Verona (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East. In 1848, Thomas Beecham launched his Beecham's Pills laxative in England, giving birth to

2800-460: Was also lobbying state legislatures for the change, and working with the foundation. The pharmaceutical industry spent $ 8.8 million in state campaign contributions in 2006. In its annual report, the Epilepsy Foundation reported that it got $ 500,000 to $ 999,999 from GlaxoSmithKline , and $ 100,000 to $ 499,999 from each of Abbott Laboratories and Johnson & Johnson . At the time of publication, representatives of four pharmaceutical companies sat on

2856-424: Was also subjected to an identical attack. It stated that "apparent members of Anonymous" had denied responsibility for both attacks and posted that it had been the Church of Scientology who carried them out. News.com.au reported that the administrators of 7chan.org had posted an open letter claiming that the attacks had been carried out by the Church of Scientology "to ruin the public opinion of Anonymous, to lessen

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2912-569: Was appointed chairman of the board in 2005. GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in 2007, in Shanghai, initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases. Andrew Witty became the chief executive officer in 2008. Witty joined Glaxo in 1985, and had been president of GSK's Pharmaceuticals Europe since 2003. In 2009, GSK acquired Stiefel Laboratories , then the world's largest independent dermatology drug company, for US$ 3.6 billion . In November 2009,

2968-756: Was being examined in a Phase 3 trial in eight African countries. PATH reported that "[i]n the 12-month period following vaccination, RTS,S conferred approximately 50% protection from clinical Plasmodium falciparum disease in children aged 5-17 months, and approximately 30% protection in children aged 6-12 weeks when administered in conjunction with Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) vaccines." In 2014, Glaxo said it had spent more than US$ 350   million and expected to spend an additional US$ 260   million before seeking regulatory approval. GSK's consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2   billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, including Aquafresh , Macleans and Sensodyne toothpastes. GSK also previously owned

3024-493: Was erected at a cost of £300   million and as of 2002 was home to 3,000 administrative staff. GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey–based Block Drug in 2001, for US$ 1.24 billion . In 2006, GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary supplements, for US$ 566   million in cash. Chris Gent , previously CEO of Vodafone ,

3080-441: Was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from lacto ), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies." The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D. Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935. Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised

3136-440: Was that the matter was on the hands of local law enforcement and that there were ongoing investigations. According to a Wall Street Journal report in 2006, the foundation, with its local affiliates, was lobbying for state laws in 25 states that would prevent pharmacists from substituting generic epilepsy drugs for brand-name drugs unless the pharmacist had written consent of the physician or patient. The pharmaceutical industry

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