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63-550: The majority of the paleolake deposits are compression fossils in lake bed sediments spanning a 1,000 km (620 mi) transect, which have been grouped informally into "Northern", "Central", and "Southern" sites. The Northern sites are composed of unnamed Ootsa Group formations which outcrop as the "Driftwood shales" near Smithers, British Columbia , and the " Horsefly shales ", of an unnamed formation and unnamed group which outcrop around Horsefly, British Columbia . The Central sites represent Kamloops Group formations with

126-476: A brass band which would play at events such as Fourth of July celebrations which it would host with the baseball club. The Kettle River Journal of Orient reported August 1913 that the Republic Theater had been purchased by a new owner who renovated and remodeled it. On December 4, 1983, around 6pm, fire broke out on north Clarke Ave and raged for over 2 hours before being extinguished. The starting point

189-531: A damselfly, Republicopteron douseae , a katydid -relative, and Ulteramus republicensis a sawfly . At the Ferry County Fairgrounds , located 3 mi (4.8 km) east of town on State Route 20 , is the Ferry County Carousel originally built between 1895 and 1900. Republic is the county seat of Ferry County and the only incorporated municipality in the county. In October 2020,

252-436: A direction perpendicular to the plane of the deposited sediment. Since leaves are basically flat, the resulting distortion is minimal. Plant stems and other three-dimensional plant structures do not preserve as well under compression. Typically, only the basic outline and surface features are preserved in compression fossils; internal anatomy is not preserved. These fossils may be studied while still partially entombed in

315-487: A diverse mix of temperate and tropical paleobiotic elements, with the forests having the first significant proportions of temperate plants in North America. The paleobotanical community was a mixture of plants found in subtropical evergreen and temperate deciduous forests . Included in the forest were a number of important modern temperate flowering plant families such as Betulaceae , Rosaceae , and Sapindaceae , plus

378-640: A low shoulder of Klondike Mountain northwest of the Sanpoil River in a long graben valley . The valley is bordered by the Okanagan Highlands to the west and the Kettle River Range to the east. Republic experiences a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold winters, warm summers and fairly even precipitation year-round, with a drying trend in summer, though there is a secondary uptick in rainfall from April through June, unlike in much of

441-455: A negative impression or mould of the fossil. Comparing slab and counter slab has led to the exposure of a number of fossil forgeries. Differences between the impressions on slab and counterslab led astronomer Fred Hoyle and applied physicist Lee Spetner in 1985 to declare that some Archaeopteryx fossils had been forged , a claim dismissed by most palaeontologists. In its November 1999 edition, National Geographic magazine announced

504-411: A part and counterpart in paleoentomology and paleobotany, are the matching halves of a compression fossil, a fossil-bearing matrix formed in sedimentary deposits. When excavated the matrix may be split along the natural grain or cleavage of the rock. A fossil embedded in the sediment may then also split down the middle, with fossil remains sticking to both surfaces, or the counter slab may simply show

567-441: A population of about 1800. Two separate rail lines granted access to the area, Great Northern Railways Spokane Falls & Northern branch line and the locally owned Republic and Kettle Valley Railway , commonly called the "Hot air line" from Grand Forks, British Columbia . During the summer of 1900, Swedish immigrant Charles E. Anderson first opened Anderson's Grocery . The Spokane and British Columbia Railway , originally

630-690: A small dinosaur Microraptor zhaoianus . In order to increase their profit, fossil hunters and dealers occasionally sell slab and counter slab separately. A reptile fossil also found in Liaoning was described and named Sinohydrosaurus in 1999 by the Beijing Natural History Museum . In the same year the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing described and named Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis , unaware they were working with

693-423: A two-story hotel at the townsite, originally called Eureka. This town site was platted on April 29, 1898, and the post office name changed to Republic, since there was already a post office named Eureka in the state of Washington. On May 8, 1900, a special election was held which approved incorporation of Republic, and J.J. Sullivan was elected mayor. The town was then officially incorporated on May 22, 1900, and had

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756-444: A week were regular. The Republic mining District encompassing Republic and the surrounding areas, had no defined borders as of 1909 when the geologist Joseph B. Umpleby visited, but included six townships with a center "a little west of the south end of Curlew Lake". At the time of the visit Republic was the most important mining camp in the county and the largest with a population of around 1,500. In July 1897, Philip Creasor built

819-685: A whole have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten " based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome, preserved across a large transect of lakes, recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines. The majority of formations in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands preserve compression fossils in sandstone to shale rock deposited from lake environments where seasonal mixing and anoxia were prevalent. Additionally, two important non-compression biotas are present in

882-436: Is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression . While it is uncommon to find animals preserved as good compression fossils, it is very common to find plants preserved this way. The reason for this is that physical compression of the rock often leads to distortion of the fossil. The best fossils of leaves are found preserved in fine layers of sediment that have been compressed in

945-558: Is debate as to the affiliation of the, now lost, Quesnel sites with the Greater Okanagan Highlands. Archibald et al (2018) in the monograph overview of the Highlands Hymenoptera included them as part of the series. However the certainty for the placement was later questioned by Archibald and Cannings (2022) who opted to tentatively exclude Quesnel from the highlands while discussing the history of field collecting in

1008-428: Is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic and Princeton suggest mean annual precipitation amounts of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in) and 114 ± 42 cm (45 ± 17 in) respectively. The warm temperate uplands floras of

1071-610: Is small mountain lake 14 miles (23 km) to the south of Republic and also serves to be a popular lake for local residents and tourists to visit. Republic is surrounded by the Colville National Forest and 13 miles to the south is the Colville Indian Reservation boundary. The oldest operating business in Republic is Anderson's Grocery , founded in the summer of 1900. The Republic Drug Store founded in 1904,

1134-419: The 2020 census , there were 992 people and 478 households living in the city, a decrease from the 2010 census. There were 531 housing units in 2020, down from 536 in 2010. The racial makeup of the city was 80.2% White , 0.3% African American , 2.8% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 3.7% from other races , and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of

1197-639: The Columbia River Basalts . This similarity was again noted by Chester A. Arnold during his review of the conifer flora associated with the Princeton basin. Arnold noted the Allenby sites shared over half of the taxa that had been previously reported from Republic. Starting in the early 1960s and extending through the 1980s were a series of papers on the British Columbian sites combining palynology and

1260-566: The Eocene fossils found in a 49 mya Klondike Mountain Formation lake bed at the north end of Republic is housed on the corner of North Clarke Avenue and Highway 20. A number of extinct plants and animals found in the lake bed have been named in honor of Republic, including Acer republicense , a maple , Rhus republicensis , a sumac , and Republica hickeyi an extinct flowering plant. Insects named for Republic include Republica weatbrooki ,

1323-873: The McAbee Fossil Beds , Tranquille River site and Falkland site , all in the Tranquille Formation , the Quichena site and Stump Lake site in the Coldwater Beds and outcrops of the Chu Chua Formation near Barriere, British Columbia . The Southern sites include the Princeton Group Allenby Formation sites surrounding Princeton, British Columbia , such as "Nine Mile Creek", "One Mile Creek", "Pleasant Valley", "Thomas Ranch", "Vermilian Bluffs", and "Whipsaw Creek". The most southerly of

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1386-546: The Similkameen River , Whipsaw Creek and Nine-Mile Creek, north at around Quilchena, and at several areas near Kamloops. These expeditions resulted in a series of papers on the plants, authored by John William Dawson , later David Pearce Penhallow and Edward Wilber Berry . The insects were first detailed by Samuel Hubbard Scudder , with follow-up papers by Anton Handlirsch . While reporting on additional plant fossils collected from British Columbia, Penhallow (1906) noted

1449-642: The main street of town, including Anderson's Grocery, first established in 1900, the Republic Drug Store, established two years later in 1902, and the Stonerose Interpretive Center. The Ferry County Memorial Hospital is the largest employer in the county. The town is the county seat of Ferry County , and a number of city county and state jobs are located in Republic as a result. Curlew Lake , 7 miles (11 km) long, lies northeast of Republic and has summertime fishing and boating. Swan Lake

1512-501: The British Columbian sites. Report of the plant fossils of the Republic area were first published by Berry (1929) who included the Republic fossils as part of the Latah Formation . The inclusion within an expanded Latah Formation was questioned by Roland W. Brown in 1936, who noted the similarities between Republic and other older fossil sites, combined with the Republic lake bed's overlying basalts then thought to be of similar age to

1575-525: The Canadian border from Kinross Gold Corporation . As of the 2020s, the town of 1,100 is sustained mainly by those people in surrounding farms and ranches, miners who work at the local mine, and tourists looking for a quieter, slower pace of life. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.59 square miles (4.12 km ), all of it land. Republic is located on

1638-492: The Colville Reservation boundary, as well as north to the northern end of Curlew Lake, with boundaries extending east towards Sherman pass and west towards Wauconda along Highway 20. A skate park built in conjunction with Grindline Skateparks of Seattle, Washington was completed in 2024. The park was built on a .73 acres (3,000 m ) lot at the south end of Republic, across from the Republic schools and next to

1701-852: The Eocene Okanagan Highlands: A permineralized chert flora, the Princeton Chert is found along the Similkameen River interbedded with coal deposits of the Ashnola shale unit, Allenby Formation, known for anatomically preserved plants. In the Central sites, subbituminous coal of the Hat Creek Coal Formation around Hat Creek hosts an amber fauna, the Hat Creek amber which preserves many small insects that would likely not be found in

1764-711: The Great Northern land boundaries. On January 2, 1902, the railroad was also approved by the Secretary of the Interior to conduct surveying for a southern line though the Colville Indian Reservation along the Sanpoil River . During the early 1900's, Republic was home to a regional Baseball team which traveled the northeast region playing other city teams such as those from Colville and Orient, Washington , plus Grand Forks, British Columbia . The city also had

1827-573: The Mountain Lion mine in the northwest part of camp and the Republic Mine in the south resulting in a brief period where all of the district's ore was milled in the camp. The Mountain Lion Gold Mining company 100-ton mill used a combination of mercury plate amalgamation followed by MacArthur-Forrest cyanide leaching . However, because of much lower gold and silver recovery rates, combined with

1890-863: The Okanagan Highlands lakes, the Klondike Mountain Formation in Northern Ferry County, Washington , include the "Boot Hill site", "Corner Lot site", "Gold Mountain site", "Knob Hill site", and "Mount Elizabeth site". Closely correlated with the Klondike Mountain Formation are the Penticton groups Kettle River , Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada–United States border. There

1953-527: The Princeton and Republic paleofloras. The CLAMP results, after multiple linear regressions for Republic, gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), while the LMA gave 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). Princeton's multiple linear regression CLAMP results gave a slightly lower 5.1 °C (41.2 °F), and the LMA returned a mean annual temperature of 5.1 ± 2.2 °C (41.2 ± 4.0 °F). This

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2016-548: The Republic City Council voted to switch from a city police department to contract with the Ferry County Sheriff who had been responding to emergency calls since early 2020. The vote eliminated the city police department and its only police officer, then gubernatorial candidate Loren Culp , from the city payroll. Ferry county Sheriff Ray Maycumber had offered a position with the sheriff's department to Culp, but

2079-453: The Republic and Kettle Valley Railway, was a short lived standard-gauge private rail company based out of Republic operating between Republic, Grand Forks and Lynch Creek British Columbia. The line was locally known as the "Hot Air line". The line began operation in 1902 as the Republic and Kettle Valley Railway, before being bought out in 1916. The company was initially incorporated in 1901 with J. Stratton as president, with construction of

2142-462: The Similkameen River fossils. Republic, Washington , area fossils were first reported by Joseph Umpleby (1910), based on fish he collected near the Tom Thumb mine, and given a tentative late Miocene age. Two of the fish were figured and briefly mentioned 7 years later by Charles R. Eastman , who assigned them tentatively to "Amyzon" brevipinne , making one of the early connections between Republic and

2205-410: The average family size was 2.96. In the city, the population age distribution is spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males. The median income for a household in

2268-647: The blaze. Republic's prominence, initially brought on by the gold rush, started to fade as prospectors and those who supported the mining industry moved away. During the years between 1900 and 1910, the town lost over half its population. Despite this, mining has continued to be an important part of life in Republic, as gold is still mined for in the mountains surrounding the town. As of 2022, an estimated 8,000,000 oz (220 long tons; 250 short tons) of gold had been recovered from northern Ferry County, with active gold exploration being conducted by Adamera Minerals Corporation who acquired property on Buckhorn Mountain near

2331-402: The city was $ 25,284, and the median income for a family was $ 30,357. Males had a median income of $ 28,750 versus $ 24,286 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 14,427. About 20.2% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. Republic has a number of businesses that line Clark Avenue,

2394-418: The city. The population density was 602.9 people per square mile (233.1/km ). There were 500 housing units at an average density of 316.0 per square mile (122.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.56% White , 0.84% African American , 2.73% Native American , 0.21% Asian , 0.10% Pacific Islander , 0.73% from other races , and 2.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.99% of

2457-407: The compression biotas. Based on paleobotanical proxies and geochemical data, the highlands are thought to have been between 500–1,500 m (1,600–4,900 ft) in elevation, placing them similar to or higher than the modern sites. Estimates of the mean annual temperature have been derived from climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP) analysis and leaf margin analysis (LMA) of both

2520-473: The conifer family Pinaceae . Study of the deciduous plants from the highlands has documented the occurrence of heteromorphic leaves derived from sun versus shade conditions and long shoot or short shoot buds. The paleobotanical community of the Republic area has been noted as the most diverse floral community of the Okanagan Highlands, with some estimates ranging to over 68 families and 134 genera being present. Compression fossil A compression fossil

2583-545: The counter slab of the same specimen. Hyphalosaurus is now the accepted name. Republic, Washington Republic is a city in Ferry County, Washington , United States. The population was 992 at the 2020 census . It is the county seat of Ferry County . It was the largest mining camp in the Republic Mining District, and home to the "Hot Air Line" railway. Republic was founded by gold prospectors in

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2646-641: The county. On April 18, 1896, the Republic Mining District, originally called the Eureka Mining District, was established. The first ore mill for processing low grade ore in the district was constructed in May, 1898, while highest grade ores were hauled 80 mi (130 km) east to Marcus, Washington partway by cart and then via the Spokane Falls & Northern branch line for the remaining distance. Between 1899 and 1900, stamp mills were constructed at

2709-459: The discovery of Archaeoraptor , a link between dinosaurs and birds, from a 125 million-year-old fossil that had come from Liaoning Province of China. Chinese palaeontologist Xu Xing came into possession of the counter slab through a fossil hunter. On comparing his fossil with images of Archaeoraptor it became evident that it was a composite fake. His note to National Geographic led to consternation and embarrassment. Lewis Simons investigated

2772-618: The highlands, associated with downfaulted lacustrine basins and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents, due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene. However, the highlands have been compared to the upland ecological islands in the Virunga Mountains within the Albertine Rift of the African rift valley . The Eocene Okanagan Highlands hosted

2835-399: The late 19th century. Mining claims were first made along Eureka Creek on March 1, 1896, after the northern half of the Colville Indian Reservation was vacated on February 21. On March 5, 1896, the Republic claim was staked by Thomas Ryan and Philip Creasor along Granite Creek, another branch of the Sanpoil River . The resulting Republic Mine eventually became the highest producer of gold in

2898-540: The likely coeval status of the Princeton basins with many of the sites now considered the Okanagan Highlands. The first brief work on fish from the Highlands occurred with the 1893 report by Edward Drinker Cope on several fish sent to him by George Dawson from the Tranquille and Princeton areas. While Cope deemed the Tranquille specimens too incomplete to identify, he did provide the description for "Amyzon" brevipinne from

2961-510: The line between Republic and Danville, Washington at the United States-Canadian border being contracted to the Republic and Grand Forks Construction Company, itself owned by Stratton. The rail line paralleled the Great Northern spur line from Republic through Malo and Curlew, Washington to Danville. The northern line was initially surveyed by the Republic and Kettle River company, but they were forced to build on higher ground beyond

3024-453: The lower portions of the ore bodies, and the Republic mill did not provide more than a 50% return on assayed ore value, dooming the mill. The Republic mine remained inactive until 1902 when the arrival of railroads in the town made mining profitable again. From 1902 to 1909, ore was freighted north to British Columbia and then west to smelters on the coast for processing, with periods where shipments up to 1,000 st (6,400 kg) of ore

3087-484: The matter on behalf of National Geographic . In October 2000, he reported what he termed: a tale of misguided secrecy and misplaced confidence, of rampant egos clashing, self-aggrandizement, wishful thinking, naïve assumptions, human error , stubbornness, manipulation, backbiting, lying, corruption, and, most of all, abysmal communication. It was eventually determined that Archaeoraptor had been constructed from parts of an Early Cretaceous bird Yanornis martini and

3150-519: The newly devised process of potassium–argon dating to better understand the geochronology of the sites. The first report of K–Ar dating at a group of sites was by Glenn E. Rouse and William H. Mathews (1961) who tested biotite samples from four locations. They sampled volcanic ashes from Princeton and Rock Creek; a Trachyte flow from Savona Mountain and a diabase flow or sill from Tranquille, returning results of 49 to 45 million years ago , then classified as Early Middle Eocene. They noted

3213-409: The offer was not accepted. The city retained all the physical police property and equipment, should there be a decision to reactivate the city police. The Republic School District operates four public schools in the town that enrolled 278 students during the 2022–23 school year. It employs 23 teachers and 27 administration and other staff members. The district primarily serves Republic south to

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3276-570: The population. As of the 2010 census , there were 1,073 people, 493 households, and 263 families living in the city, a 12.5% increase over the 2000 census. The population density was 674.8 inhabitants per square mile (260.5/km ). There were 536 housing units at an average density of 337.1 per square mile (130.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 89.6% White , 0.1% African American , 2.7% Native American , 1.9% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 1.4% from other races , and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of

3339-405: The population. There were 411 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. 36.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and

3402-440: The population. There were 493 households, of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.7% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.7% were non-families. 37.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3465-475: The region was coined by Wesley Wehr and Howard Schorn in a 1992 Washington Geology paper on the conifer research at Republic. The name was derived from the current Okanagan Highlands but applied to the, as then identified, microthermal forests preserved at Republic and Princeton. The term was expanded upon, and by 2005 it was generally understood to encompass all Eocene fossiliferous formations between Republic and Smithers, British Columbia . The highlands as

3528-567: The region. The earliest geological work in south and central British Columbian sites was during exploratory expeditions under the leadership of George Mercer Dawson in the mid-1870s to document the coal and mineral resources of British Columbia. During the 1875 field work, fossil collections were made in the Quesnel region. Two years later, in 1877, the expedition explored the Okanagan, Nicola, and North Thompson valleys with field collecting along areas of

3591-604: The rest of the state. The hot dry summers and valley airflow can result in wildfire smoke and haze shrouding the town and greater Sanpoil valley when large fires are burning in the region. A number of wildfires in the past 50 years have burned close to Republic in both the Okanogan Highlands and the Kettle River Range, including the 1988 White Mountain Fire , 2001 Mount Leona Fire , and the 2015 North Star fire . As of

3654-486: The sedimentary rock matrix where they are preserved, or once lifted out of the matrix by a peel or transfer technique. Compression fossils are formed most commonly in environments where fine sediment is deposited, such as in river deltas , lagoons , along rivers , and in ponds . The best rocks in which to find these fossils preserved are clay and shale , although volcanic ash may sometimes preserve plant fossils as well. A slab and counter slab, more often called

3717-592: The soon to arrive rail lines, the mill was soon shut down. The 200-ton Republic mill processed the ore by first roasting the finely crushed ore, followed by cyanide leaching , with the first loads of ore being processed in October 1900. In July 1901, the Republic mine and mill both shut down because of the milling cost, and a lack of enough profitable ore being recovered. Ores in the Republic District were noted to have increasing percentages of silver concentration in

3780-485: The very distinct similarities with the Republic flora, as Arnold had, and posited that the Republic fossils were of the same age, and not Oligocene as then considered. Based on the estimated age, the sites were noted to be coeval with the Green River Formation but that the floras of the two regions were drastically different, and that more study was needed. The term "Okanagan Highlands" for Eocene formations of

3843-426: Was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.68. The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 20.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.1% male and 53.9% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 954 people, 411 households, and 244 families living in

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3906-534: Was reported to be the oldest continually family run drugstore in the state of Washington as of 2003. The areas history of mining and logging is celebrated during the annual Prospector's Days weekend, held during the second weekend in June. Events are staged across Republic, and people attending can try their hand at competing in mining and logging competitions, panning for gold, and watching an old west gun fight. The Stonerose Interpretive Center and Fossil Site , famous for

3969-458: Was thought to have been an upper back room in the Republic Hotel and cafe. It spread for half a block consuming the hotel, the state liquor store, The Republic News-Miner newspaper offices, and an unoccupied building. A radio shop at the south end of the block and a hardware store at the north end were smoke-damaged but spared. Fire crews from Curlew, Malo, Keller, and Tonasket all responded to

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