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79-592: Enwaang is an Oron Town and the Capital of Mbo local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria . This Akwa Ibom State , Nigeria location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oron people The Oron people (or Örö people) are a multi-ethnic tribal grouping that make up the Akpakip Oro or Oron Nation . The Oron people (Örö) are located primarily in southern Nigeria in

158-419: A king's portrayal was about the idea of the office of kingship, which were dependent on the time period. The Old Kingdom was considered a golden age for Egypt, a grandiose height to which all future kingdoms aspired. As such, the king was portrayed as young and vital, with features that agreed with the standards of beauty of the time. The musculature seen in male figures was also applied to kings. A royal rite,

237-733: A monument to his father Khufu. Alternatively, the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work of Khafre and Khufu himself. There were military expeditions into Canaan and Nubia , with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into what is today Sudan . The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were Menkaure (2532–2504 BC), who built the smallest of the three great pyramids in Giza; Shepseskaf (2504–2498 BC); and, perhaps, Djedefptah (2498–2496 BC). The Fifth Dynasty (2494–2345 BC) began with Userkaf (2494–2487 BC) and

316-593: A mud skipper helped the Enwang cross the Mbo river to Uba where a new settlement was established, the advanced party sent words to others who were behind to join them as days went by the population grew. As pointed earlier, the tradition of origin and migration is accepted as among every Enwang family. It is no little fact that the Enwang are more related in origin to the Efiks than their Oron neighbours, as they agree to their relationship with

395-549: A new fishing ground, secondly the Idua were drawn into conflicts between one man name Okpo of Atebi-Eket who was accused of witchcraft but decide to find refuge among the Idua. Subsequently, Ntekim left Ikot Use Ekong with some of his children namely, Odiong, Ntekim, Mba, Abia, Essang, Nta and Uyi and arrived today Oron territory at a place called Anaisong , located between Oruko and Mbukpo-Uko-Akai . Further movement took them to Eyo Ekung Inyang with his followers between Udung Uko and

474-571: A piece to a particular time frame. Proportions of the human figure are one of the most distinctive, as they vary between kingdoms. Old Kingdom male figures have characteristically broad shoulders and a long torso, with obvious musculature. On the other hand, females are narrower in the shoulders and waist, with longer legs and a shorter torso. However, in the Sixth Dynasty, the male figures lose their muscularity and their shoulders narrow. The eyes also tend to get much larger. In order to help maintain

553-625: A question put to Mr Udoma Asuquo by Chief Nyong Essien , an Ibibio, The Chief Secretary to the government said "They Ukpabang are not of Ibibio Origin, and are not accepted as such by the Ibibios". Similarly in the Local Government Reform in the Calabar province (1949) Mr R.M Stevens pointed out that "They Oron are extremely unwilling to be dragged into the predominantly Ibibio unit, in which they feared they will be swamped". This of course,

632-570: A result of the war of the Pygmies (a dwarfish people of Equatorial Africa) which had scattered most of the Africans – known to Oro people as: Old Kingdom of Egypt The concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen , and its definition evolved significantly throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries. Not only

711-625: Is evidence that Merenre was not only active in Nubia like Pepi I but also sent officials to maintain Egyptian rule over Nubia from the northern border to the area south of the third cataract. During the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2181 BC) the power of the pharaoh gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs (regional governors). These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary, thus creating local dynasties largely independent from

790-569: Is from 24th century BC, around 2370 BC, according to evidence from ancient Oron ancestral carvings, the Ekpu Oro found today in the Oron Museum and other museum specifically National Museum of China around the world. Some of the finest wooden statuary attributed to Oron peoples are beautifully carved ekpu (ancestral figures). Many of these were destroyed and removed from Nigeria during the Biafran war in

869-579: Is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Information from the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties of Egypt is scarce, and historians regard the history of the era as literally "written in stone" and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history. Egyptologists also include

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948-567: Is not to deny that the two groups have interacted over the years and in the process influenced each other. Secondly Oron tradition maintain that Abang Okpo the putative father of the Oron and his followers came from Ancient Kemet before the advent of the Moslems and Arabs in that region according to evidences from ancient Oron ancestral cravings Ekpu Oro . In support of the Mediterranean origin of

1027-457: Is usually called by its members as Oro Ukpabang ; Akpakip Oro ; or Oro Ukpabang Okpo . These names are derived from their ancestral father Abang Okpo . The Akpakip Oro are made up of nine clans known as Afaha . Akpakip Oro is a multi-ethnic nation which is made up of six groups: scroll down for further reading about the several groups. The earliest known reference to the Oron Nation

1106-843: The Balondo-ba-Konja in the Congo . The geopolitical restructuring of states and local government within Nigeria has seen the egalitarian society of the Oron Nation being fragmented politically in the Niger Delta . They have been divided across two separate Nigerian states, the Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state , and then into five local government areas (LGAs) within the Akwa Ibom state namely Oron LGA (Oron Central), Okobo,Udung Uko, Mbo and Urue Ofong Oruko Local Government Areas. The Oron Nation

1185-913: The riverine area of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State and in Cameroon . Akpakip Oro are regarded as an ancient warrior people, speaking the Oron ( Oro) language which is in the Cross River language family of the Benue–Congo languages . They are ancestrally related to the Efik people of the Cross River State, the Ibeno and Eastern Obolo (ie Adoni East) in Akwa Ibom, the Andoni people in Rivers State , Ohafia in Abia State and

1264-518: The Cross River and Atlantic coast namely Ube Usukpong also known as Ine Nsesiri, Akpando, Esit Akpa Edok, Ine Ekoi, Abana Community and Ine Odiong. The last village to be established was Esit Edik which was to serve as a hideout in times of trouble. Okobo group formed another distinct group of the Oron people, bounded in the North and West by Uruan and Nsit clan of Ibibio, on the south by Oron Ukpabang and on

1343-437: The Efiks and accept brotherly relationship with the Oron. The Oron Ukpabang Group are as far the largest group in Oron, and it is in the recognition of this that the area is named after them, the population os concentrated in the hinterland with Udung Uko , Eyo Abasi , Nsie, Oruko , Mbukpo-Eyakan and Oyubia having large concentration. Oron tradition of Origin and migration are on four important points, first contrary to

1422-549: The Eket region. Here war broke out which force the followers of Otong to migrate further. This later movement brought the Ebughu to their present abode. The last version of Ebughu origin and migration is that the putative ancestor of the Ebughu, Otong migrated from the Cameroons and first settle at Obutong, near Calabar, later they left Calabar and migrated to Akani Obio, where they settled with

1501-506: The Europeans 'Mbátáng', meaning Stealers of men , a description summarising the most prominent feature of the Oron's early contact with Europeans: The newcomers enslaving Africans and taking them to unknown destinations. This name is still in use today. Neither the Bantu's attire nor any other cultural equivalent anywhere portrays that of Oron language or names. None of Oron Nation culture or names

1580-530: The Idua Oron". At Idua Eket 'Ntekim' rise as an accepted leader. Tradition as it that at Eket the two migrants broke into two group one heading towards Calabar and the other towards Oron where they founded Esuk Akpa and among others. Since then, till now the Eket and the Idua chiefs always come together in meeting to raise issues that is affecting them". It is said that three things made the Idua to move from Eket, apparently Ntekim and his followers move in other to find

1659-471: The Idua people but due to quarrel they left to their present abode. All version is considered by different segment of the Ebughu people but acknowledge Otong as their Putative ancestor. Enwang group is one of the Oron people groups that inhabit the Mbo littoral called Effiat Mbo. Today they live principally in the village called Eyo Ukut , Eyo Efai , Uba, Ubotong , Uko Akpan , Ekiebong , Udombo , Ibete and Udini , except from Ibuet Ikot and Udung Eyo

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1738-469: The Idua people of Oron trace their migration to their present abode from the Andoni, which is also regarded as the main dispersal for some Oron Ukpabang groups. From tradition after their arrival from Usangale now in Cameroons, Idua people settled at Anyangala in present-day Andoni which was at that time occupied with several groups. In a subsequent dispute over land which broke out and erupted into open war between

1817-688: The Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration, centralized at Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period . During the Old Kingdom, the King of Egypt (not called the Pharaoh until

1896-493: The Middle Kingdom ensured that art was axial, symmetrical, proportional, and most importantly reproducible and therefore recognizable. Composite composition, the second principle, also contributes to the goal of identification. Multiple perspectives were used in order to ensure that the onlooker could determine precisely what they saw. Though Egyptian art almost always includes descriptive text, literacy rates were not high, so

1975-511: The New Kingdom) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects. Under King Djoser , the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign. King Djoser's architect, Imhotep , is credited with

2054-611: The Obodom and Okrika people, the Okrika are said to hired Nkwo warriors to fight on their behalf, repulsed on the 'eat your victim tactics' used by the Nkwo warriors, the Idua people under by the leadership of their ancestral father Mbaba left where they settled to settle among the group known as Idua Eket. It is generally accepted that it was at Eket that the Idua evolved a separate identity of their own. According to Jefferys: "From Idua Eket sprang

2133-565: The Obolo clan who decide to settle among their Oron kinsmen during their migration. Another was 'Ataobong', founded by 'Antai Ema' a fugitive from Adabio. As the story goes Antai Ema and his family who specializes in shell fishing were constantly attacked by crocodile in his vicinity at Adabio. Frighten by this menace Antai Ema led his people and family to a place where the Okobo called 'Ataw Obong' (place where cane grows plentifully). Yet another non-Okobo group

2212-681: The Oron is E1b1a1-M2 . The ancestors of the Oron originally came from Northeast Africa and moved around the Green Sahara . The gradual movement of the Proto Oron to the Cross River Region may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE . Generally, most historians believe that Otong

2291-562: The Oron people, references are made to certain ancient customs and traditions among the Oron people which is of the same to their Mediterranean counterparts which include: the existence of such semitic names in Oron such as Samu, Sama, Abia, Bieto, Zedeke and Nehema etc; the widespread and fundamental practice of circumcision which was not practice in the ancient times by their neighbours; as well as funeral rites for deceased old people in Oron Traditional society. None of Oron culture or names

2370-610: The Uruan society as they were known to them as being troublesome, they first lived at Nsidung. This claim of the prior settlement of Enwang in Calabar before the arrival of the Efiks was basis of 1916 court judgement of A. F Webber "It is probably" he wrote, "As far as Calabar land is concerned the Efik when they came from Creek Town met the Kwas and the Enwang, the Enwangs an Efik tribe must have come before

2449-668: The accolade `Oron Ukpabang`. Oron people complexion is not reflecting of other ethnic nationalities or immigrant in other settlements of the Oron Nation apart from the Obolo people . Their complexion are not as fair as the Palestinians or Israelis Arab nor are they as dark as the people of the Cameroon mountain from when the Oron Nation came into being. Abang Okpo was said to have wandered with his children and followers through he Sudanic belt possibly presently into present Uganda, Zaire Congo Basin as

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2528-421: The art gave another method for communicating the same information. One of the best examples of composite composition is the human form. In most two-dimensional relief, the head, legs, and feet are seen in profile, while the torso faces directly front. Another common example is an aerial view of a building or location. The third principle, the hierarchy of scale, illustrates relative importance in society. The larger

2607-636: The central authority of the Pharaoh. However, Nile flood control was still the subject of very large works, including especially the canal to Lake Moeris around 2300 BC, which was likely also the source of water to the Giza pyramid complex centuries earlier. Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II (2278–2184 BC) towards the end of the dynasty. His death, certainly well past that of his intended heirs, might have created succession struggles. The country slipped into civil wars mere decades after

2686-462: The close of Pepi II's reign. The final blow was the 22nd century BC drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation. For at least some years between 2200 and 2150 BC, this prevented the normal flooding of the Nile . Whatever its cause, the collapse of the Old Kingdom was followed by decades of famine and strife. An important inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi , a nomarch during

2765-463: The consistency of these proportions, the Egyptians used a series of eight guidelines to divide the body. They occurred at the following locations: the top of the head, the hairline, the base of the neck, the underarms, the tip of the elbow or the bottom of the ribcage, the top of the thigh at the bottom of the buttocks, the knee, and the middle of the lower leg. From the soles of the feet to the hairline

2844-578: The development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form , the step pyramid . The Old Kingdom is best known for a large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt's kings. The first King of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (sometime between 2691 and 2625 BC) of the Third Dynasty , who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid ) in Memphis' necropolis, Saqqara . An important person during

2923-507: The dispersal postdated that of the Ukpabang people and not the Idua people. Where they sail out from the Usahadit in raft and landed in Ebughu, they were compelled to move out over dispute over land, they sailed up to Uya Oron creek and landed in present-day Odutin. Okobo stay in the location was briefed as they were forced to leave the area by bands of raiders from the warrior tribe of Ukpabang. It

3002-480: The dynasties. The three primary principles of that style, frontality, composite composition, and hierarchy scale, illustrate this quite well. These characteristics, initiated in the Early Dynastic Period and solidified during the Old Kingdom, persisted with some adaptability throughout the entirety of ancient Egyptian history as the foundation of its art. Frontality, the first principle, indicates that art

3081-487: The dynasty sent expeditions to the stone quarries and gold mines of Nubia and the mines of Sinai. there are references and depictions of military campaigns in Nubia and Asia. The sixth dynasty peaked during the reigns of Pepi I and Merenre I with flourishing trade, several mining and quarrying expeditions and major military campaigns. Militarily, aggressive expansion into Nubia marked Pepi I's reign. At least five military expeditions were sent into Canaan. There

3160-516: The dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu (2421–2414 BC), Djedkare Isesi (2414–2375 BC), and Unas (2375–2345), the earliest ruler to have the Pyramid Texts inscribed in his pyramid. Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony , incense such as myrrh and frankincense , gold, copper, and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for cedar and travelled

3239-429: The early First Intermediate Period , describes the pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land. The most defining feature of ancient Egyptian art is its function, as that was the entire purpose of creation. Art was not made for enjoyment in the strictest sense, but rather served a role of some kind in Egyptian religion and ideology. This fact manifests itself in the artistic style, even as it evolved over

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3318-419: The early Europeans as "Tom Shott people", a term used most commonly in a metaphorical sense to describe something that is resilient and stubborn. The Oron people were against the enslavement of Africans and never sold their kinsmen to the Europeans, so the Oron Nation was named Tom Shotts Town , as seen in several ancient maps dating from the 19th century, drawn by Portuguese and Spanish explorers. The Oron dubbed

3397-436: The east by the western channel of the Cross River. Okobo are divided into two clans 'Eta' and 'Odu', the former consisting of Villages of Ebighi Okobo, Ebighi Edu, Ekeya, Ube community, Nda, Akaba community, Esuk Inwang and Atabong and the later Ebighi Eta, Okopedi, Nung Atai Odobo, Amamong, Obufi and Atipa Odobo. The most credible and popular history of the Okobo people traces Okobo people to Usahadit in Cameroon, apparently

3476-468: The estuary of the Cross River where they settled at 'Mkpang Utong' so called because from there they can listen to news and hear the movement of the Efiks who still pursuing them. Mkpang Utong prove inhospitable, so they moved along the Mbo river to Ebughu. Apparently the rulers of Ebughu refused to give them land to settle rather they directed them to other side of the Mbo river where Uba Mbe, swamp land suitable for settlement existed. According to tradition

3555-402: The estuary of the Cross River. Here he established a settlement namely Ukpa Ita (now known as Ukpata) after three mahogany trees standing together. History has it that Ntekim and his followers didn't find anyone in the land. Ukpata became the last center of the Idua Oron to their present Villages of Idua Afaha Eduok and Idua Asang. From this centers fishing villages were later established around

3634-478: The figure, the more important the individual. The king is usually the largest, aside from deities. The similarity in size equated to similarity in position. However, this is not to say that physical differences were not shown as well. Women, for example, are usually shown as smaller than men. Children retain adult features and proportions but are substantially smaller in size. Aside from the three primary conventions, there are several characteristics that can help date

3713-404: The first suggest that Ebughu are part of the Obodom group and the putative ancestor of the Ebughu, Otong migrated from the Andoni, in respond to the pressure asserted by the southward moving Igbo. The Ebughu reportedly move southeasterly cross the creeks with raft and land at today Ibuno ( Ibeno ) but did not find the location suitable for farming. So, Otong and his followers left and brought them to

3792-405: The house of an Nsidung woman, knock down a door which fell on a sleeping baby who was killed instantly. War broke out between Enwang and Nsidung, after an initiate victory, the Enwang were being defeated and forced to migrate once again. The movement took them to Oron where they landed at present day Esuk Oron, feeling still threatened by possible Efik pursuers, Enwangs left Esuk Oron and moved into

3871-400: The jubilee run which was established during the Old Kingdom, involved the king running around a group of markers that symbolized the geographic borders of Egypt. This was meant to be a demonstration of the king's physical vigor, which determined his capacity to continue his reign. This idea of kingly youth and strength were pervasive in the Old Kingdom and thus shown in the art. The sculpture

3950-430: The late 1960s. Ekpu Oro ancestral figures existed as summaries of the personal and social experiences of the Oron people of Southeastern Nigeria - they embodied Oron spiritual beliefs and cultural history; hence, they were vessels for the spirits of the dead that instilled great influence over the daily, religious, and social lives of the living. As an art form, Ekpu held the key to understanding Oron past tradition that

4029-520: The length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt - modern-day Eritrea —for ebony, ivory, and aromatic resins. Shipbuilders of that era did not use pegs ( treenails ) or metal fasteners, but relied on the rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together. This period also witnessed direct trade between Egypt and its Aegean neighbors and Anatolia. The rulers of

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4108-458: The nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles, and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles. They also perceived themselves as specially selected people. The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty (2613–2494 BC). King Sneferu, the first king of the Fourth Dynasty, held territory from ancient Libya in

4187-622: The other Efiks. This is traditional history as given by the Henshaws, the Enwangs and the Kwas". Another evidence is the Enwang powerful deity 'Anantigha' which is still located at the Efut beach. And in the past and present Enwang chief have to be present in the installation and burial of the Obong of Efikland. Matters came to head when at Calabar in Nsidung the Enwang masquerade 'Etok Udo Ekang' drove an initiate into

4266-506: The other villages are regarded as 'Ata Enwang' (real Enwang). Enwang traditions and origin is unanimous in linking the Enwang with the Efik of Calabar with 'Ating Anua' as the father of Enwang. Enwang is regarded as one of the four Eburutu clans that arrived Uruan from Ibom which are Abayen, Usuk-Akpa, Enwang and Iboku. Some historians regard the Enwang as one of the ten children of Iboku, who all settled at Ibom in today Arochukwu then Uruan before they left to Calabar to avoid being absorbed into

4345-470: The putative ancestor of the Ebughu group, 'Ntekim' the putative ancestor of Idua (Asang) group, 'Okobo' the putative ancestor of the Okobo group who is of Obolo ancestry and Oron Ukpabang group are from the stock of Abang , the Enwangs are of Iboku ancestry, meanwhile the Efiat group is a mixture of Oron, Efik, Ibibio and the Cameroons ancestry. Oron being in existence in the pre-colonial period of Nigeria and

4424-639: The pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above-ground burial chamber. Using more stones than any other Pharaoh, he built the three pyramids: a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum , the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur , and the Red Pyramid , at North Dahshur. However, the full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara, but during the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza. Sneferu

4503-405: The reign of Djoser was his vizier , Imhotep . It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes , under the rule of the king. The former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection. Egyptians in this era believed the king to be the incarnation of Horus , linking the human and spiritual worlds. Egyptian views on

4582-455: The relationship of Oron with Ekid is said to have gone sour when the Eket under the regime of Brigadier General U.J. Esuene declared and agreed to be called a subgroup of the Ibibio nation to gain political relevance and advantage. U.J. Esuene was also said to have denied the Oron people of the opportunity to site the Exxon Mobile's first terminal in Mbo, Akwa Ibom and Effiat Oron areas of Oron Nation. Another common controversy that describes

4661-471: The six multi-ethnic groups that make up Oron Nation are known from oral histories. Idua (Asang) group is one of the distinct groups that made up Oron Nation. The Idua are a coastal settlement comprising the main four villages of Idua Esit Edik, Idua Asang, Idua Afaha Eduok and Idua Ukpata. Idua is the first established community in Oron Nation existing around the 2370 BC according to evidence from ancestral craven. Oral and most popular historical tradition of

4740-453: The solar aspect of their religion and the inundations of the Nile. Though the above concepts apply to most, if not all, figures in Egyptian art, there are additional characteristics that applied to the representations of the king. Their appearance was not an exact rendering of the king's visage, though kings are somewhat identifiable through looks alone. Identification could be supplied by inscriptions or context. A huge, more important part of

4819-466: The speculation of the European anthropologists and administrators, the people of Oron categorically reject the notion that they are the sub tribe of the ibibio. As indicated earlier, this denial is not a recent phenomenon to be explained away by post Nigerian independence political agitation. Indeed, even at the early age of colonial rule, the Ibibio never disputed the fact that the Oron is a distinct ethnic group in Nigeria. On December 4, 1939, In answer to

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4898-428: The west bank of the Mbo river. The Ebughu established a relationship of intermarriage and others with the Andoni even till today. The second migration links the movement of Ebughu to the dispersal of the children of Otong Iboku from Ibom now in Arochukwu. Ebughu Otong Iboku is said to have left Ibom before the dispersal of the Eburutu from Ibom. Later movement is said to brought the group to Ntak Inim and later to Idua in

4977-410: The west to the Sinai Peninsula in the east, to Nubia in the south. An Egyptian settlement was founded at Buhen in Nubia which endured for 200 years. After Djoser, Sneferu was the next great pyramid builder. He commissioned the building of not one, but three pyramids. The first is called the Meidum Pyramid , named for its location in Egypt . Sneferu abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of

5056-472: The worsened relationship between Oron and Eket is the accusation that General Esuene was the one who ordered the bombing of Urue Oruko (Oruko Market), a region at the heart of Oron where several hundred of Oron people (mostly traders and women) were killed during the Nigerian Civil War in the late 1960s. This unfortunate event has been observed in Oron to be the most tragic in the history of the Nigerian Civil War. The traditional origin and migration pattern of

5135-454: Was Esuk Inwang Ekeya between the border of Ekeya and Ndonebom, which was an Efik trading post made up of Efik, Ibibio and Okobo traders over time it became a major settlement. Ebughu Otong group Mainly coastal North of the Mbo river bounded in the North and Northwest by Udung Uko and Udesi respectively, Meanwhile, Nsie and Oduting are found in the hinterland part of Oron. The Ebughu group have three competing traditions of origin and migration,

5214-417: Was Sahure's son. Neferirkare introduced the prenomen in the royal titulary. He was followed by two short-lived kings, his son Neferefre (2455–2453 BC) and Shepseskare , the latter of uncertain parentage. Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre's brother Nyuserre Ini (2445–2421 BC), a long-lived pharaoh who built extensively in Abusir and restarted royal activity in Giza. The last pharaohs of

5293-447: Was a major product of the Old Kingdom. The position of the figures in this period was mostly limited to sitting or standing, either with feet together or in the striding pose. Group statues of the king with either gods or family members, typically his wife and children, were also common. It was not just the subject of sculpture that was important, but also the material: The use of hard stone, such as gneiss, graywacke, schist, and granite,

5372-665: Was a powerful warrior and the Chief wrestler of the art-form known as `Mbok' whose father was Okpo the son of Nyuserre Ini . The wrestling known as (Mbok) has been part and parcel of the Oron people and the date of its origin is unknown. It is said that Abang Okpo and his followers made it popular in the Mediterranean. This is perhaps why it may be more than a mere coincidence that the only two nations on earth with places named "Oron" are Israel and Nigeria, today there are Oron, Vaud municipality of Switzerland established 2012 and Oron, Moselle in France. The Orons are peculiar people, strong contenders in nature wherever they are found, with

5451-442: Was also divided into thirds, one-third between the soles and the knee, another third between the knee and the elbow, and the final third from the elbow to the hairline. The broad shoulders that appeared in the Fifth Dynasty constituted roughly that one-third length as well. These proportions not only help with the identification of representations and the reproduction of art but also tie into the Egyptian ideal of order, which tied into

5530-431: Was derived from Bantu or any language elsewhere as immigrant and their clothing was made from loins gown and skirts with beads known as 'Ngwa', their men were clean shaved with an artificial Beard with cap just like the ancient Kemet people which is seen in several ancient cravings known as (Ekpu) and as describe by Percy Amaury Talbot in 1897. Their women plaited hair naturally. Oron folklore tells of Abang Okpo who

5609-423: Was derived from Bantu or any language elsewhere as immigrant but their clothing was made from loin skirts and gown with beads known as 'Ngwa', their men were clean shaved with an artificial Beard with cap just like the ancient Kemet people which is seen in several ancient cravings known as (Ekpu) and as describe by Percy Talbot in 1897. Their women plaited hair naturally. The predominant paternal haplogroup among

5688-583: Was formerly a part of the province called the South-Eastern state , they were later part of Cross River State and now part of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria. Oron people own up to the fact that the Ibeno, who dwell among the Ekids share similar ancestral history with them. The Oron people recognises the Efik people , Obolo people , Ibeno and Ekid people as part of their ancestral family but many controversy states that

5767-455: Was largely destroyed by colonial and Christian presence in Oron society. Natives of this area speak the dialect also known as Oro language. Most Oron people also speak and understand the Efik language fluently. The Oron also has some dialectical similarities with the Ibibio and Annang people, hence their communication in Ibibio and Annang languages is very proficient. The Oron people were known to

5846-454: Was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra . Consequently, fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the Fourth Dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in Abusir . Userkaf was succeeded by his son Sahure (2487–2475 BC), who commanded an expedition to Punt . Sahure was in turn succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai (2475–2455 BC), who

5925-460: Was relatively common in the Old Kingdom. The color of the stone had a great deal of symbolism and was chosen deliberately. Four colors were distinguished in the ancient Egyptian language: black, green, red, and white. Black was associated with Egypt due to the color of the soil after the Nile flood, green with vegetation and rebirth, red with the sun and its regenerative cycle, and white with purity. The statue of Menkaure with Hathor and Anput

6004-519: Was succeeded by his son, Khufu (2589–2566 BC), who built the Great Pyramid of Giza . After Khufu's death, his sons Djedefre (2566–2558 BC) and Khafre (2558–2532 BC) may have quarrelled. The latter built the second pyramid and (in traditional thinking) the Great Sphinx of Giza . Recent re-examination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx was built by Djedefre as

6083-464: Was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the "capital", the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedj , the Egyptian name for Memphis . The basic justification for separating the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and the economy of large-scale building projects. The Old Kingdom

6162-466: Was this later movement that brought them to Ebighi, name after the first son of Okobo who was a great warrior who led them from Ebughu. From Ebighi, the Okobo began to sprang over their present location, Odu another son of Okobo founded Ube, Ekeya, Nda, Obo and Akaba. Similarly, Eta and his sons founded Ebighi Eta, Okopedi, Odobo, Nung Atai and Ammamong. Some other settlements in there were founded independently which os Obufi formed by group of refugees from

6241-409: Was viewed directly from the front. One was meant to approach a piece as they would a living individual, for it was meant to be a place of manifestation. The act of interaction would bring forth the divine entity represented in the art. It was therefore imperative that whoever was represented be as identifiable as possible. The guidelines developed in the Old Kingdom and the later grid system developed in

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