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21-799: The name was invented and embraced in the early 1860s by a handful of breeders anxious to create a new breed from a prick-eared version of the small white working terriers that were later developed into the Fox Terrier , the Jack Russell Terrier , the Sealyham Terrier and later, in the United States, the Boston Terrier and the Rat Terrier . In the end, however, the Kennel Club hierarchy decided

42-462: A new home. In 1935 they settled in Paris where he had been known to her as "Benn", and their arrest in 1939. By August 1942 Albert Benjamin was being held at a labour camp at Chanac in central southern France. That was the month in which he managed to escape. The escape appeared timely because during the later summer of 1942 German and Polish Jews still held in southern France were being separated from

63-522: A really so-called pure English White Terrier up to 20 lbs, the maximum allowed by the club." Lee describes the English White Terrier as "the most fragile and delicate of all our terriers," noting that "he is not a sportsman's companion," but that he "makes a nice house dog" but "requires a considerable amount of cuddling and care." Lee notes that at some of the early dog shows "some of the specimens were shaped more like an Italian greyhound than as

84-444: A rounded skull, or so-called 'apple head," which so persists in making its appearance in lilliputian specimens of the dog – an effect of inbreeding." Though Lee included a club description of the dog claiming the dog could be found as heavy as 20 lbs in weight, Lee (a noted Kennel Club judge and Kennel Editor of The Field sport hunting magazine) took the trouble to note that "As a matter of fact, I do not ever remember seeing

105-463: A terrier" and that the dog "is particularly subject to total or partial deafness." Though the dog still existed as a breed in 1894, Briggs could see the writing on the wall and did not bemoan the possible extinction of this show-ring failure: "While regretting extremely the decay of the White English Terrier, I am afraid they must bow to the inevitable, and give place to dogs better suited to

126-519: The (German language) Communist Party news-sheet "Frage und Antwort" ( "Questions and answers" ). In September 1939 both France and Britain declared war on Germany . It would be some months before it became clear what this would mean for Germany, but in the meantime, in both Paris and London , a large number of German political exiles who had emigrated to escape the Nazi government at home were identified as enemy aliens and arrested. Albert Benjamin

147-580: The German socialist Alfred Kayser, who had recently been sentenced to death. It was only with difficulty that Benjamin avoided deportation to Spain following this incident. He nevertheless remained in France, and in 1936 started producing the news-sheet "Trait d’Union" , which he used to inform French workers about the situation in Germany and the anti-Fascist resistance struggle. As well as this he worked as an editor for

168-635: The new government termed Protective custody ( "Schutzhaft" ) and interned in the "Ulmer Höhe" concentration camp , transferred later to the camp at Esterwegen , where he was held till October 1933. He was then detained in the Camp at Lichtenburg bei Torgau till December 1933 or December 1934 after which he was encouraged by the Gestapo to emigrate to Palestine . He initially rejected police requirements that he should emigrate and instead made contact with his comrades, to resume his political activities on behalf of

189-673: The "English White Terrier" was a distinction without a difference, while the dog's genetic problems made it unpopular with the public. Within 30 years of appearing on the Kennel Club scene, the English White Terrier had slipped into extinction. However, in Britain it was crossbred with the Old English Bulldog to give rise to the Boston Terrier and Bull and Terriers . Small bred working terriers have existed in Great Britain since at least

210-422: The 1860s and 1870s, a small group of dog show enthusiasts tried to claim that prick-eared versions of white working terriers were an entirely different breed from those same dogs with dropped ears. The problems with this claim were legion, however. For one thing, prick and drop-eared dogs were often found in the same litter, while entirely white dogs had a propensity for deafness and were therefore nearly useless in

231-565: The Communist Party in the Düsseldorf, targeting employees of the larger manufacturing businesses and distribution companies. He also founded a cabaret group called "Kolonne Stehkragen" , himself writing the lyrics for most of their songs. In 1932 he received a prison sentence for distributing leaflets. Two months after Germany's 1933 regime change , in March 1933 Alfred Benjamin was taken into what

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252-656: The Fox terrier, the Jack Russell terrier, the Parson Russell terrier, and the Sealyham terrier. In the rush to create and claim new breeds, competing groups of dog breeders sometimes came up with different names for the same dog, and it was common for entirely fictional breed histories to be cobbled up as part of a campaign to declare a new breed and create a bit of personal distinction for a dog's originator (to say nothing of sales). In

273-465: The dogs were presented in two classes: "one being for dogs and bitches under six or seven pounds weight, as the case may be; the other for dogs and bitches over that standard." In 1894, about the time that English White Terriers finally disappeared from the Kennel Club scene (it was always a pet and show dog, and never a working dog), Lee noted that "The most recent London-bred specimens I have seen have been comparative toys, under 10lb. in weight, and with

294-463: The field. (Briggs, 1894) In 1894, Rawdon Briggs Lee wondered, in his book Modern Dogs , about the relatively recent origin of the "English White Terrier" and noted that, "It has been surmised that the original English White Terrier had been a fox terrier crossed with a white Italian greyhound " (i.e. a toy breed). Lee noted that at the London dog shows where the breed first appeared in 1863–1864,

315-551: The following measurements: Working terriers Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 391853112 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:47:32 GMT Alfred Benjamin Alfred Benjamin (8 January 1911 – September 1942)

336-449: The late 18th century. These dogs have always been variable in size and shape, with dogs ranging in size from 10 to 15 inches, and with both drop ears and prick ears, smooth, broken, and rough coats.(Burns, 2005) With the rise of dog shows in the 1860s, breed-fancy enthusiasts raced to name and "improve" every type of dog they could find, and terriers were at the very top of their list. From the long-extant white-bodied working terriers came

357-569: The now illegal Communist Party. Threatened with further arrest, however, during or before Summer 1935, he was instructed by the party to emigrate to France where the German Communist Party had already established its exiled headquarters in Paris . In September 1935 he was arrested by the French police after he had made an appearance at a trades union meeting in order to call for solidarity with

378-499: The wants and conveniences of the present day than they unfortunately are." From Modern Dogs by Rawdon Briggs Lee (1894): point, and not carried higher than the back. Alfred Benjamin owned a male Old English terrier, named 'Silvio' (born 1876). It was well-shown and considered a prime specimen of the breed. In 1877, Silvio won conformation shows at Bath , Royal Agricultural Hall , Darlington , Alexandra Palace and in 1878 at Wolverhampton . Silvio weighed nineteen pounds with

399-583: Was a German bank employee who became a Communist activist . He was obliged to emigrate and in 1935 was in France where after 1940 he joined the French Resistance . He died in an accident during the late summer of 1942 while attempting to escape from collaborationist France to Switzerland . Alfred Benjamin was born in Elberfeld , then a rapidly growing industrial town, today part of Wuppertal . His father

420-725: Was an ironmonger . The family identified as Jewish . Benjamin trained for work as a bank clerk. As a young man he studied Marxist texts and became aligned with the Labour movement , and in 1930, by which time he lived in Düsseldorf , he joined the Communist Party and the Federation of Independent Employees ( Allgemeiner freier Angestelltenbund / AfA-Bund) . In the aftermath of the World Economic Crisis he lost his job. However, he took on responsibility for political communication on behalf of

441-576: Was arrested and in October 1939 interned in the camp at Rieucros , close to the border with Spain. In February 1942 all the detainees who had been held at Riecros were transferred to a recently converted camp at Brens , near to Albi . By this time, on 22 February 1941, he had married Dora Davidsohn (following her second marriage known as Dora Schaul) . The two had met in 1934, probably in Amsterdam , as two of many Jewish German Communist exiles looking for

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