39-625: Bellis perennis ( / ˈ b ɛ l ə s p ə ˈ r ɛ n ə s / ), the daisy , is a European species of the family Asteraceae , often considered the archetypal species of the name daisy . To distinguish this species from other plants known as daisies, it is sometimes qualified or known as common daisy , lawn daisy or English daisy . Bellis perennis is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 20 centimetres (8 inches) in height. It has short creeping rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are from 2 to 5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –2 in) long and grow flat to
78-622: A hot dog or open sandwich can be categorized as such. Other items, like hamburger and burrito , were also considered. In the United States, the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration are the responsible agencies for protecting the definition of sandwich . The USDA uses the definition, "at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread" for closed sandwiches, and "at least 50% cooked meat" for open sandwiches. However,
117-607: A nickname for people named Margaret, after the French name for the oxeye daisy , marguerite . The daisy is the national flower of the Netherlands . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between
156-470: A pseudanthium , consisting of many sessile flowers with white ray florets (often tipped red) and yellow disc florets. Each inflorescence is borne on a single leafless stem 2 to 10 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –4 in), rarely 15 cm (6 in) tall. The capitulum , or disc of florets, is surrounded by two rows of green bracts known as "phyllaries". The achenes are without pappus. Bellis may come from bellus , Latin for "pretty", and perennis
195-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time
234-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching
273-490: A filling between slices of bread , or placed atop a slice of bread; or, more generally, any dish in which bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type, and allows it to be a finger food . The sandwich began as a portable, convenient food in the Western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide. There has been social media debate over the precise definition of sandwich , specifically whether
312-462: A late-night meal among the aristocracy . The sandwich is named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich , an eighteenth-century English aristocrat . It is commonly said that Lord Sandwich, during long sessions of cribbage and other card games at public gambling houses , would order his valet to bring him roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. He was fond of this form of food because it allowed him to continue gambling while eating, without
351-442: A popular type of lunch food, taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch . The bread is frequently coated with condiments such as mayonnaise or mustard to enhance its flavour and texture, but may be served plain ("dry"). As well as being homemade, sandwiches are also widely sold in various retail outlets and can be served hot or cold. Although savoury sandwiches—such as deli meat sandwiches—are in
390-436: A range of sizes ( 1 to 6 cm or 3 ⁄ 8 to 2 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) and colours (red, pink and white). They are generally grown from seed as biennial bedding plants. They can also be purchased as plugs in spring. It has been reported to be mostly self-fertilizing, but some plants may be self-sterile. Bellis perennis may be used as a potherb . Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads, or cooked, though
429-478: A soft matzah —flat, unleavened bread—during Passover in the manner of a modern wrap made with flatbread . Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India , bread is usually baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition. During
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#1732859492022468-454: A soft filling between the baked layers. In corporate finance, Dutch Sandwich and Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich refer to schemes for tax evasion. The word butty , originally referring to a buttered slice of bread, is common in some northern and southern parts of England and Wales as a slang synonym for "sandwich," particularly to refer to certain kinds of sandwiches including the chip butty , bacon butty , or sausage butty . Sarnie
507-422: A very long flowering season and will even produce a few flowers in the middle of mild winters. It can generally be grown where minimum temperatures are above −35 °C (−30 °F), in full sun to partial shade conditions, and requires little or no maintenance. It has no known serious insect or disease problems and can generally be grown in most well-drained soils. The plant may be propagated either by seed after
546-510: Is Latin for "everlasting". The name "daisy", possibly originating with this plant, is considered a corruption of "day's eye", because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. Geoffrey Chaucer called it "eye of the day". In Medieval times, Bellis perennis or the English Daisy was commonly known as "Mary's Rose". Historically, the plant has also been widely known as bruisewort , and occasionally woundwort (although this name
585-557: Is a similar colloquialism. Likewise, the word sanger is used for sandwich in Australian slang . The colloquial Scottish word piece may refer either to a sandwich or to a light meal, especially one that includes a sandwich. For example, the phrase jeely piece refers to a jam sandwich . The colloquial form "sammich" (alternatively, "sammidge") is used in the Southeastern United States. In Japanese, sando or sandoichi
624-499: Is found in many cultures historically. Before being known as a "sandwich", this food combination seems to have been known as "bread and meat" or "bread and cheese". These two phrases are found throughout English drama from the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first century BCE, the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs in
663-569: Is now more closely associated with the genus Stachys ). It is also known as bone flower . Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, including remote islands such as the Faroe Islands , but has become widely naturalised in most temperate regions, including the Americas and Australasia. It prefers field-like habitats. The species generally blooms from early to midsummer, although when grown under ideal conditions, it has
702-779: Is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger , who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the Navy, and to politics and the arts, mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk. The sandwich's popularity in Spain and England increased dramatically during the nineteenth century, when the rise of industrial society and the working classes made fast, portable, and inexpensive meals essential. In London, for example, at least seventy street vendors were selling ham sandwiches by 1850; during that decade sandwich bars also became an important form of eating establishment in western Holland, typically serving liver and salt beef sandwiches. In
741-461: Is used. Sandwiches have been widely sold in cafes, railway stations, pubs and diners since the invention of sliced bread in the 1920s. Sandwiches kept unwrapped, drying up and edges curling, until they were sold, were widely found in Britain until the 1970s. Cafes and buffets in railway stations and on trains were notorious, and the term " British Rail sandwich " was often used satirically. In 1979,
780-504: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Sandwich A sandwich is a dish typically consisting of meat, cheese or vegetables used as
819-574: The Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread , called " trenchers ," were used as plates. After a meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, where
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#1732859492022858-558: The British store chain Marks & Spencer introduced a small range of chilled, pre-made sandwiches sold in wedge-shaped boxes, sealed to keep them fresh. As they proved popular, a small experiment involving five stores rapidly grew to cover more than one hundred stores. Within a year, the store was looking for ways to manufacture sandwiches at an industrial scale. By the end of the decade, the British sandwich industry had become worth £1bn. In 2017,
897-616: The US, a court in Indiana ruled in 2024 that tacos and burritos are sandwiches, specifically that "The Court agrees with Quintana that tacos and burritos are Mexican-style sandwiches". The court further ruled that such a definition of sandwich would also apply to a "restaurant that serves made-to-order Greek gyros, Indian naan wraps, or Vietnamese banh mi". The state of New York has a definition of "sandwich" that explicitly includes burritos, gyros , hot dogs, and wraps and pita sandwiches. In Spain, where
936-500: The US: it usually refers to an item that uses sliced bread from a loaf. An item with similar fillings but using an entire bread roll cut horizontally in half, is generally referred to as a roll , or with certain hot fillings, a burger . However, in Australia hot sliced (not ground) beef between two slices of toasted bread is referred to as a steak sandwich : the sliced loaf bread distinguishes
975-590: The United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean . In the US, a court in Boston , Massachusetts , ruled in 2006 that a sandwich includes at least two slices of bread and "under this definition, this court finds that
1014-457: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
1053-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
1092-403: The ground. The species habitually colonises lawns, and is difficult to eradicate by mowing, hence the term 'lawn daisy'. It blooms from March to September and exhibits the phenomenon of heliotropism , in which the flowers follow the position of the sun in the sky. The flowerheads are composite, about 2 to 3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) in diameter, in the form of
1131-530: The last frost, or by division after flowering. Though not native to the United States, the species is still considered a valuable ground cover in certain garden settings (e.g., as part of English or cottage inspired gardens, as well as spring meadows where low growth and some colour is desired in parallel with minimal care and maintenance while helping to crowd out noxious weeds once established and naturalised). Numerous single- and double-flowered varieties are in cultivation, producing flat or spherical blooms in
1170-405: The leaves become increasingly astringent with age. Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches , soups and salads. It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement. B. perennis has astringent properties and has been used in herbal medicine . Daisies have traditionally been used for making daisy chains in children's games. Daisy is used as a feminine name, and sometimes as
1209-469: The majority, sweet sandwiches—such as jam sandwiches and fluffernutters —form their own category. The sandwich is named after the inventor of a certain roast beef sandwich in 18th century England, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . The Wall Street Journal has described it as Britain's "biggest contribution to gastronomy ". The use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under some other food, or to scoop it up and enclose or wrap it,
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1248-543: The naturalist John Ray observed that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters "which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter"—explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje , open-faced sandwich , was as yet unfamiliar in England. Initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as
1287-525: The need for a fork, and without getting his cards greasy from eating meat with his bare hands. The dish then grew in popularity in London, and Sandwich's name became associated with it. The rumour in its familiar form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosley 's Londres ( Neuchâtel , 1770), translated as A Tour to London in 1772; Grosley's impressions had been formed during a year in London in 1765. An alternative
1326-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging
1365-506: The same USDA manual determines that burritos and fajitas are "sandwich-like", and frankfurters are "sandwich type", while stromboli is explicitly excluded. In Britain, the British Sandwich Association defines a sandwich as "any form of bread with a filling, generally assembled cold"; a definition which includes wraps and bagels , but potentially excludes dishes assembled and served hot, such as burgers. Sandwiches are
1404-536: The steak sandwich from a burger. The verb to sandwich has the meaning "to position anything between two other things of a different character, or to place different elements alternately," and the noun sandwich has related meanings derived from this more general definition. For example, an ice cream sandwich consists of a layer of ice cream between two layers of cake or biscuit. Similarly, Oreos and Custard creams are described as sandwich biscuits (UK/Commonwealth) or sandwich cookies (US) because they consist of
1443-432: The term 'sandwich' is not commonly understood to include burritos , tacos , and quesadillas , which are typically made with a single tortilla and stuffed with a choice filling of meat, rice, and beans." The issue stemmed from the question of whether a restaurant that sold burritos could move into a shopping centre where another restaurant had a no-compete clause in its lease prohibiting other "sandwich" shops. Also in
1482-447: The word sandwich is borrowed from the English language, it refers to a food item made with English sandwich bread . It is otherwise known as a bocadillo . Similar usage applies in other Spanish-speaking cultures, such as Mexico, where the word torta is also used for a popular variety of roll-type sandwiches. In the UK and Australia, the term sandwich is more narrowly defined than in
1521-480: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within
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