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23-514: The name and subject have been used since 1861 by the German physics teacher J. Frick in his publications. It is notable that in many languages and countries, the term for "Engineering physics" would be directly translated into English as "Technical physics". In some countries, both what would be translated as "engineering physics" and what would be translated as "technical physics" are disciplines leading to academic degrees. In China, for example, with

46-633: A bomb based on nuclear fission. (The earliest known nuclear reaction on Earth occurred naturally , 1.7 billion years ago, in Oklo, Gabon, Africa.) The second artificial nuclear reactor, the X-10 Graphite Reactor , was also a part of the Manhattan Project , as were the plutonium -producing reactors of the Hanford Engineer Works . The first nuclear bomb was code named Gadget which was used in

69-470: A company named Transis-tronics released a solid-state amplifier, the TEC S-15. The replacement of bulky, fragile, energy-hungry vacuum tubes by transistors in the 1960s and 1970s created a revolution not just in technology but in people's habits, making possible the first truly portable consumer electronics such as the transistor radio , cassette tape player , walkie-talkie and quartz watch , as well as

92-526: A particular branch of science, engineering or physics. Instead, engineering science/physics is meant to provide a more thorough grounding in applied physics for a selected specialty such as optics , quantum physics , materials science , applied mechanics , electronics , nanotechnology , microfabrication , microelectronics , computing , photonics , mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , nuclear engineering , biophysics , control theory , aerodynamics , energy , solid-state physics , etc. It

115-439: A sealed tube. Although the first solid-state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector , a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid-state electronics started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes , because vacuum tubes were the only electronic components that could amplify —an essential capability in all electronics. The transistor, which

138-458: Is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay , in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay , or the solid-state drive (SSD), a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives , which store data on a rotating disk. The term solid-state became popular at

161-557: Is awarded annually to the graduating senior with the best record. Since 2002, the German Physical Society has awarded the Georg-Simon-Ohm-Preis for outstanding research in this field. Nuclear engineering Nuclear engineering is the engineering discipline concerned with designing and applying systems that utilize the energy released by nuclear processes. The most prominent application of nuclear engineering

184-435: Is given by the binding energy curve , and the amount generated is much greater than that generated through chemical reactions. Fission of 1 gram of uranium yields as much energy as burning 3 tons of coal or 600 gallons of fuel oil, without adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Nuclear engineers work in such areas as the following: Many chemical , electrical and mechanical and other types of engineers also work in

207-687: Is the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant , which began operation in 1954. The second appears to be the Shippingport Atomic Power Station , which produced electricity in 1957. For a brief chronology, from the discovery of uranium to the current era, see Outline History of Nuclear Energy or History of Nuclear Power . See List of Commercial Nuclear Reactors for a comprehensive listing of nuclear power reactors and IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) for worldwide and country-level statistics on nuclear power generation. In

230-467: Is the discipline devoted to creating and optimizing engineering solutions through enhanced understanding and integrated application of mathematical, scientific, statistical, and engineering principles. The discipline is also meant for cross-functionality and bridges the gap between theoretical science and practical engineering with emphasis in research and development, design, and analysis. In many universities, engineering science programs may be offered at

253-434: Is the generation of electricity. Worldwide, some 440 nuclear reactors in 32 countries generate 10 percent of the world's energy through nuclear fission . In the future, it is expected that nuclear fusion will add another nuclear means of generating energy. Both reactions make use of the nuclear binding energy released when atomic nucleons are either separated (fission) or brought together (fusion). The energy available

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276-606: The Trinity Nuclear Test . The weapon was believed to have a yield of around 20 kilotons of TNT. The first nuclear reactor to generate electricity was Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I), which did so near Arco , Idaho, in 1951. EBR-I was a standalone facility, not connected to a grid, but a later Idaho research reactor in the BORAX series did briefly supply power to the town of Arco in 1955. The first commercial nuclear power plant, built to be connected to an electrical grid,

299-1990: The Republic of Austria. Nuclear Power in Canada . Organizations that provide study and training in nuclear engineering include the following: North China Electric Power University and North China Electric Power University . Tsinghua University and Tsinghua University . National Polytechnic University of Armenia Republic of Armenia Baku State University , Republic of Azerbaijan Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics , Republic of Belarus Belarusian National Technical University , Republic of Belarus Belarusian State University , Republic of Belarus L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University , Republic of Kazakhstan Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University , Republic of Kazakhstan D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University (EKTU), Republic of Kazakhstan AGH University of Science and Technology (Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie), Republic of Poland National Research Nuclear University «MEPhI», Russian Federation Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Russian Federation The National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University , Russian Federation Odessa National Polytechnic University (OPNU), Ukraine Samarkand State University , Republic of Uzbekistan The IAEA also provides guidance for nuclear engineering curricula: https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1626web-52229977.pdf https://www.nuclear.sci.waseda.ac.jp/index_en.html https://tpu.ru/en/about/department_links_and_administration/department/view/?id=7863 http://nukbilimler.ankara.edu.tr/en/nuclear-research-and-technologies-department/ http://www.nuce.boun.edu.tr/ University of Birmingham University of Bristol University of Cambridge University of Central Lancashire University of Cumbria Defence Academy of

322-642: The United Kingdom University of Dundee Imperial College London Lancaster University University of Leeds University of Liverpool The University of Manchester Nottingham Trent University Nuclear Technology Education Consortium (NTEC) The Open University University of Sheffield University of Surrey Solid state (electronics) Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors , diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term

345-619: The United States, nuclear engineers are employed as follows: Worldwide, job prospects for nuclear engineers are likely best in those countries that are active in or exploring nuclear technologies : Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf GmbH (NES) for pre-disposal management including treatment, conditioning and interim storage of low- and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW)." Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf GmbH (NES) collects, processes, conditions, and stores radioactive waste and does decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear facilities for

368-400: The beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon , while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of electrons or ions in a vacuum within

391-507: The design and layout (routing) in CAE, specifically in ASIC /FPGA design. This role could be performed by a person trained in engineering physics if the person has received training in integrated electronics design, but this does not necessarily mean that an engineering physicist is an IC design engineer. Unlike traditional engineering disciplines, engineering science/physics is not necessarily confined to

414-413: The first practical computers and mobile phones . Other examples of solid state electronic devices are the microprocessor chip, LED lamp, solar cell , charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor used in cameras, and semiconductor laser . Also during the 1960s and 1970s, television set manufacturers switched from vacuum tubes to semiconductors, and advertised sets as "100% solid state" even though

437-458: The former specializing in nuclear power research (i.e. nuclear engineering ), and the latter closer to engineering physics. In some universities and their institutions, an engineering (or applied) physics major is a discipline or specialization within the scope of engineering science, or applied science. Several related names have existed since the inception of the interdisciplinary field. For example, some university courses are called or contain

460-812: The levels of B.Tech., B.Sc. , M.Sc. and Ph.D. Usually, a core of basic and advanced courses in mathematics , physics , chemistry , and biology forms the foundation of the curriculum , while typical elective areas may include fluid dynamics , quantum physics , economics , plasma physics , relativity , solid mechanics , operations research , quantitative finance , information technology and engineering, dynamical systems , bioengineering , environmental engineering , computational engineering, engineering mathematics and statistics , solid-state devices , materials science , electromagnetism , nanoscience , nanotechnology , energy , and optics . There are awards for excellence in engineering physics. For example, Princeton University 's Jeffrey O. Kephart '80 Prize

483-478: The nuclear industry, as do many scientists and support staff. In the U.S., nearly 100,000 people directly work in the nuclear industry. Including secondary sector jobs, the number of people supported by the U.S. nuclear industry is 475,000. Nuclear engineering was born in 1938, with the discovery of nuclear fission. The first artificial nuclear reactor, CP-1, was designed by a team of physicists who were concerned that Nazi Germany might also be seeking to build

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506-404: The phrase "physical technologies" or "physical engineering sciences" or "physical technics". In some cases, a program formerly called "physical engineering" has been renamed "applied physics" or has evolved into specialized fields such as " photonics engineering". A "Physical Design Engineer" or improperly called as "Physical Engineer" is the role of an electrical engineer who is responsible for

529-503: Was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1947, could also amplify, and replaced vacuum tubes. The first transistor hi-fi system was developed by engineers at GE and demonstrated at the University of Philadelphia in 1955. In terms of commercial production, The Fisher TR-1 was the first "all transistor" preamplifier , which became available mid-1956. In 1961,

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