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45-456: In the Tigrinya language enda (እንዳ) means "the place of, the habitat of (an object, a person, etc)". Thus, when combined with another noun, indicates a structure associated with that other thing. Thus enda bani (bread) means a bakery, enda afras (horses) means a stable, enda dewel (bell) means a church tower or belfry, enda tseba (milk) means a dairy. Mariam (ማርያም) means Mary . The church

90-525: A Tigrayan , that is a native of Tigray , who also speaks the Tigrinya language, is referred to in Tigrinya as təgraway (male), təgrawäyti (female), tägaru (plural). Bəher roughly means "nation" in the ethnic sense of the word in Tigrinya, Tigre , Amharic and Ge'ez. The Jeberti in Eritrea also speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see Demographics of Eritrea ), and

135-528: A political union of the two sides of the spectrum. In an attempt to provide Eritrea with ultimate autonomy under an Eritrean curated constitution and governmental elections, UN Resolution 390 (A) was devised to implement such welfare to the individuals it was to be imposed upon. Eritrea was placed under the decree of the British Military Administration (BMA) in April 1941 which was soon to be called

180-601: A standard. Even though the most spread and used in, for example books, movies and news is the Asmara dialect. For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages , but differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there

225-635: A unanimous popular vote. From 1941 until 1952, the British Administration acted as an intermediate governing appointment as the political interest and socioeconomic well-being of the Eritrean people was being assessed to form a more autonomous predication. The emergence of political parties was initiated with Haile Selassie ’s return to the Ethiopian throne in May of 1941, where to immediate effect he set out on

270-512: A word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an epenthetic vowel -ə- , and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel -i appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) -ə- is introduced before the suffix. For example, Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated. Grammatically, Tigrinya

315-405: Is ä, the first column in the table. However, since the pharyngeal and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) cannot be followed by this vowel, the symbols in the first column for those consonants are pronounced with the vowel a, exactly as in the fourth column. These redundant symbols are falling into disuse in Tigrinya and are shown with a dark gray background in

360-488: Is a set of ejective consonants and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants which were apparently part of the ancient Geʽez language and which, along with [ xʼ ] , voiceless velar ejective fricative or voiceless uvular ejective fricative , make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained

405-510: Is a typical Ethiopian Semitic (ES) language in most ways: Tigrinya grammar is unique within the Ethiopian Semitic language family in several ways: Tigrinya is written in the Geʽez script , originally developed for Geʽez. The Ethiopic script is an abugida : each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both

450-476: Is also called Kidisti Mariam (Saint Mary). The church (in a simple wooden structure) was present in Asmara since the late 19th century. In the early 1930s, the Italian governor of Asmara ordered to create an improved structure with modern building materials and under the supervision of Italian architects. In its present rationalist/modernist style, the church dates from 1938, when an unknown Italian architect, added

495-462: Is an Ethio-Semitic language commonly spoken in Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia 's Tigray Region by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions. Although it differs markedly from the Geʽez (Classical Ethiopic) language, for instance in having phrasal verbs, and in using a word order that places the main verb last instead of first in

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540-525: Is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning ' cry ' , which has the triconsonantal root √b-k-y, there are forms such as ምብካይ /məbkaj/ ( ' to cry ' ) and በኸየ /bɐxɐjɐ/ ( ' he cried ' ), and for the verb meaning ' steal ' , which has the triconsonantal root √s-r-kʼ, there are forms such as ይሰርቁ /jəsɐrkʼu/ ( ' they steal ' ) and ይሰርቕ /jəsɐrrəxʼ/ ( ' he steals ' ). What

585-453: Is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within

630-464: Is indicated in brackets. Gemination , the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. /kʼɐrrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he brought forth ' ); /kʼɐrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he came closer ' ). All

675-426: Is now considered old-fashioned. These less-used series are shown with a dark gray background in the chart. The orthography does not mark gemination, so the pair of words qärräbä 'he approached', qäräbä 'he was near' are both written ቀረበ . Since such minimal pairs are very rare, this presents no problem to readers of the language. Ethiopian%E2%80%93Eritrean Federation The Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation

720-597: Is one of three prominent religious landmarks in the city, the others being the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Kulafah Al Rashidan Great Mosque . The church's Nigdet (religious feast) of Saint Mary is celebrated on 30 November (1 December if the following Gregorian calendar year is a leap year ). [REDACTED] Media related to Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara at Wikimedia Commons Tigrinya language Tigrinya ( ትግርኛ , Təgrəñña ), sometimes spelled Tigrigna ,

765-459: The pharyngeal consonants . The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography

810-425: The uvular place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as [xʼ] ). All of these possible realizations – velar ejective fricative , uvular ejective fricative , velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate – are cross-linguistically very rare sounds. Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered allophones of /k/ and /kʼ/ . This

855-622: The 13th century. In Eritrea, during British administration , the Ministry of Information put out a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya that cost 5 cents and sold 5,000 copies weekly. At the time, it was reported to be the first of its kind. Tigrinya (along with Arabic) was one of Eritrea's official languages during its short-lived federation with Ethiopia . In 1958, it was replaced by the Southern Ethiopic language Amharic prior to its annexation. Upon Eritrea's independence in 1991, Tigrinya retained

900-613: The British Administration in 1949 - continuing until the discharge of the federation on 15 September 1952, concurrent with the signing of the Termination of Powers Proclamation. Following the implementation of the Treaty of Peace with Italy which came into effect on 15 September 1947, the Four Power Commission of Investigation were tasked with making internal inquiries in Eritrea to determine the most effective method of governance following

945-597: The Ethiopian state. Eritrean students were disadvantaged by the need to learn Amharic as well as English to achieve secondary-level education, rather than Tigrinya and Arabic. In 1956, Idris Mohammed Adem, a Muslim Eritrean was elected as President of the Assembly generating confrontational Eritrean and Ethiopian relations. The unwillingness of the Unionist Party and the Muslim League to compromise caused Adem to resign in

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990-693: The New Eritrean Pro-Italy Party maintaining a large Italian community supporting the ideology that if Rome desired to reacquire Eritrea, Italy would assist in obtaining its independence. A predominantly Christian party was also incurred in February 1948 known as the Eritrean Liberal Progressive Party, opposing any union with Ethiopia. On 25 July 1949, the Independence Bloc was devised and consisted of all major parties except

1035-534: The Unionist. Political parties continued to branch off from their original predecessors to represent more refined interests and many secluded to form singular parties representing the dominant political aspiration. Affiliation with political parties was no more strictly determinate on religious alliance as it was with geographical locale. However, parties often shared common interests, such as regional - highland versus lowland - and faith - Muslim versus Christian. Most of

1080-498: The acquisition of Eritrea and Somaliland into the Ethiopian state. This political perspective was synonymous with the organization known as 'Mahbar Feqri Hagar Eretra’ (Society for the Love of the Land of Eritrea) which would then become the Unionist Party in 1944. Most Eritreans during this time did not favor the alignment of the Ethiopian crown and Eritrea. The emanation of the Unionist Party

1125-452: The consonant and the vowel. In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels of Tigrinya; they appear in the traditional order. The rows are assigned to the consonants, again in the traditional order. For each consonant in an abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing that consonant followed by a canonical or inherent vowel . For the Ethiopic abugida, this canonical vowel

1170-432: The consonants, with the exception of the pharyngeal and glottal , can be geminated. The velar consonants /k/ and /kʼ/ are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not geminated . In these circumstances, /k/ is pronounced as a velar fricative . /kʼ/ is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an affricate . This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in

1215-478: The constituency. Tedla Bairu of the Unionist Party became the first Chief Executive of Eritrea along with Ali Radai of the Muslim League of the Western Province (MLWP) whom became president of the new Eritrean Assembly. The Eritrean Assembly passed constitutional amendments that instated a unicameral, four-year assembly, the granting of Eritrean citizenship to federal nationals in accordance with Eritrean laws,

1260-490: The construction of the federation immensely disadvantaged ethnic Eritreans by maintaining their economic liberalization . The leadership style of Bairu drew rising opposition from the Eritrean people and opposing political parties which forced his resignation in July 1955. In 1954, Amharanisation of the population ensued. Tigrayan and Amhara governors and other political office holders were appointed to administrative posts. Freedom of

1305-645: The consultation and advice of international governments regarding the status of Eritrea, the report was presented at the Fifth Session of the United Nations , of which the General Assembly favored the resolution set by the Burma and South African schools of thought in accordance to a federation between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Following this session, a draft of the Eritrean constitution based on democratic pretensions

1350-425: The denial of the Ethiopian imperial representative’s right to comment on draft legislation, the establishment of Tigrinya and Arabic , along with English, as the official languages- and the creation of an Eritrean flag. These amendments came to be ratified on July 12, 1952. Taxes and custom duties were raised, and Eritreans were to procure identity cards costing an enormous sum. Economic policies established after

1395-653: The disbandment with its Italian colonizers. The commission was devised of the major powers of the time, namely the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , the United States , and France , in which if a single conclusion could not be made within the constraints of a year, the matter was to be referred elsewhere. The General Assembly formulated a United Nations Commission for Eritrea for further consideration in November 1949. Using

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1440-576: The fall of 1957. As Eritrean mobilization ensued the prevalence of the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) was established gaining support of Christians and Muslims alike, as well as those left behind by Ethiopia’s economic liberalization policies. By May 1960, the Eritrean flag was expelled from the Assembly and the seal and name of the government replaced by, “Eritrean Administration under Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia. The judicial system formulated under central control and decisive power

1485-690: The fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic , Oromo , and Somali . It is also spoken by large immigrant communities around the world, in countries including Sudan , Saudi Arabia , Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages broadcast on public radio via the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service . Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically. No dialect appears to be accepted as

1530-471: The layers of wood and stone of Aksumite architecture , a technique that has been for centuries in use in the Eritrean Highlands . The protruding wooden support beams in these structures have been named "monkey heads". In his account of the visit to Eritrea in 1891 by a Royal Commission sent by the Italian government, Ferdinando Martini, in line with his derogatory attitude towards all matters concerning

1575-500: The native "Abyssinians", described the then church at Asmara as less decent than the huts for hay in Italian farmyards. The illustrated fourth (1896) edition of his book includes a photograph of the church, some seven metres long, with traditional "monkey head" walls and a thatched roof whose projection beyond the walls was supported by rough poles. A 1922 photograph of the church and its two towers in their 1920 form shows that it then had no trace of more contemporary, European styles. It

1620-469: The parties sustained an anti-union sentiment which was met with intimidation and interference by the Ethiopian crown. In March 1952, elections were conducted by secret ballot. The right to vote was limited to males over the age of twenty-one, of Eritrean descent, who had maintained residency for at least a year’s time. Conversely, Italo-Eritreans and Eritreans of mixed ethnicity were denied the vote. The Unionist Party won thirty-two out of sixty-eight seats of

1665-517: The press was diminished, and central administrators sought to hire Tigrinya-speaking Christian Eritreans over Muslims, since the country was majority Christian. Asfaha Woldemicheal, whom obtained pro-unionist sentiment was elected following Bairu’s resignation. Woldemichael proposed the installation of an Eritrean administration, the adoption of the Ethiopian flag and the introduction of Ethiopian administrators and teachers in Eritrea. Educated Eritreans open to mobility were incentivized to mobilize against

1710-531: The sentence, there is a strong influence of Geʽez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms relating to Christian life, Biblical names, and so on. Ge'ez, because of its status in Eritrean and Ethiopian culture, and possibly also its simple structure, acted as a literary medium until relatively recent times. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, Debub Region in Southern Eritrea, which dates from

1755-468: The status of working language in the country. Eritrea was the only state in the world to officially recognize Tigrinya until 2020, when Ethiopia made changes to recognize Tigrinya on a national level. There is no general name for the people who speak Tigrinya. In Eritrea, Tigrinya speakers are officially known as the Bəher-Təgrəñña ( ' nation of Tigrinya speakers ' ) or Tigrinya people . In Ethiopia,

1800-549: The table. When it is necessary to represent a consonant with no following vowel, the consonant + ə form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word ʼǝntay 'what?' is written እንታይ , literally ʼǝ-nǝ-ta-yǝ. Since some of the distinctions that were apparently made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two rows of symbols each for the consonants ‹ḥ›, ‹s›, and ‹sʼ›. In Eritrea, for ‹s› and ‹sʼ›, at least, one of these has fallen into disuse in Tigrinya and

1845-469: The upper portions of the two flanking towers and the modernistic treatment of the façade to the 1920 form designed by Ernesto Gallo. The 1920 form has also been attributed to Odoardo Cavagnari, who designed Asmara Theatre and Asmara's futuristic Fiat Tagliero service station , and who was Asmara's Chief of Public Works. Both the central block and the two large freestanding square towers that flank it are built in alternate layers of brick and stone, emulating

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1890-692: Was a coalition between the former Italian colony of Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire . It was established as a result of the renunciation of Italy ’s rights and titles to territorial possessions in Africa, inclusive of all its established territories or colonies made effective by the Treaty of Paris of 1947. The fate of Eritrea was contingent on numerous political, social, and economic ideals of Eritreans that ranged from leftists favoring independence, conservatives favoring Ethiopian crown rule, and Eritreans who favored

1935-644: Was challenged two years later with the materialization of the Moslem League in 1946 which incurred enormous following from the mostly-Muslim western part of the country, and a small portion from the Christian Highlands. A segmentation from the Moslem League was erected in 1947 and came to be known as the National Moslem Party of Massawa. Following was another predominantly Muslim organization known as

1980-521: Was granted to Addis Ababa. In the last election held in Eritrea in 1960, the Unionist Party enacted a pro-Ethiopian executive. On 14 November 1962, the Ethiopian government breached the terms of the UN Resolution 390 (A) and of its own volition annexed Eritrea determining it a province . Protest against the Ethiopian government was imminently provoked and a movement seeking the complete and utter independence of Eritrea ensued. This movement became known as

2025-686: Was to be drafted and studied and adopted by the Eritrean Assembly as well as the Federal Act to be included as a sort of federal constitution. The final stage of implementation was to obtain the ratification of the Emperor of Ethiopia of both the constitution and Federal Act. The Commissioner, Mr. Eduardo Anze Matienzo, reported back to the General Assembly in its Seventh Session in December 1952, receiving

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