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28-617: After the death of her husband, she proved an inexperienced regent unable to effectively assert her power and secure loyal allies. In Germany, she is still remembered as a sympathetic historical figure, even if a flawed politician. Agnes was the daughter of the Ramnulfid Duke William V of Aquitaine (d. 1030) and Agnes of Burgundy and as such a member of the Ramnulfid family. Agnes married King Henry III of Germany in November 1043 at

56-547: Is buried at St. Peter's Basilica . Agnes was a reserved and gentle woman, lacking the sternness and imposing qualities that characterized successful Ottonian and Salian queen-empresses like Matilda , Adelaide , Theophanu , Kunigunde and Gisela . Agnes is a featured figure on Judy Chicago 's installation piece The Dinner Party , being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor . Agnes and Henry's children were: Ramnulfid The Ramnulfids , or

84-672: The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore . Since 24th June 2024 Archbishop Gherardo Gambelli has been the Archbishop of Florence. On 29 July 1322, Pope John XXII reserved to the pope the right to nominate as well as confirm the bishops of Florence. Due to heavy rains in the autumn and winter of 1346–1347, the crops were a failure, in wheat as well as in grapes and olives. By May 1347 the price of wheat in Florence had doubled. Arrangements were made to import grain from south Italy, Sicily and Africa, but

112-680: The Antipope Felix V . The faction that settled at Ferrara had to leave soon, however, due to an appearance of the plague. They were reconstituted at Florence by Pope Eugenius IV , and became the Council of Florence , which was transferred to Rome in 1443. The current cathedral of Florence is dedicated to the Assumption of the Body of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The cathedral was originally dedicated to S. John

140-462: The Decameron , Giovanni Boccaccio repeats the number 100,000 and provides harrowing details of the breakdown of social connections and human feelings. Other episodes of pestilence in Florence occurred in 1325, 1340, 1344, 1363, 1509, 1522–1528, and 1630. In 1438, the Council of Basel was moved to Ferrara, and, in doing so, split into two factions, one remaining at Basel and electing their own pope,

168-546: The Duchy of Bavaria to Count Otto of Nordheim . He reached a settlement with Hungary by enforcing the coronation of Andrew's son Solomon but later became a bitter rival of her son Henry IV. Though initially a follower of the Cluniac Reforms , Agnes opposed the contemporary papal reform movement, and took the side of Italian anti-reform party. Things had worsened after the death of Pope Victor II in 1057: his successor Stephen IX

196-534: The House of Poitiers , were a French dynasty of Frankish origin ruling the County of Poitou and Duchy of Aquitaine in the 9th through 12th centuries. Their power base shifted from Toulouse to Poitou . In the early 10th century, they contested the dominance of northern Aquitaine and the ducal title to the whole with the House of Auvergne . In 1032, they inherited the Duchy of Gascony , thus uniting it with Aquitaine. By

224-629: The Imperial Palace Ingelheim . She was his second wife after Gunhilda of Denmark , who had died, possibly from malaria , in 1038. This marriage helped to solidify the Empire's relationships with the princely houses in the west. King Henry was able to improve his position versus the French royal dynasty and to exert his influence in the Duchy of Burgundy . Agnes, like her husband, was of profound piety; her family had founded Cluny Abbey and Abbot Hugh

252-491: The Salian dynasty . However, despite being related to kings of Italy and Burgundy, she gained little respect as a leader. The loss of some of her family's ancestral lands later weakened her son's position tremendously. After Henry's death, Agnes was placed in a difficult position between secular and religious powers. She had support from her retinue and territories she had brought from France upon her marriage, and she wanted to follow

280-474: The princes . In 1062, young Henry IV was abducted by a group including Archbishop Anno II of Cologne and Otto of Nordheim, in a conspiracy to remove Agnes from the throne, referred to as the Coup of Kaiserswerth . Henry was brought to Cologne , and despite jumping overboard to escape, he was recaptured. From this point, the power shifted to Rome, as the pope elected the emperor. Defeated, Agnes resigned as regent and

308-610: The Baptist, and occupied the former temple of Mars. When it became too small for the clergy and necessary rituals, a new cathedral, dedicated to S. Reparata, was built. In 816, the Emperor Louis the Pious held a council at Aix , at which it was ordered that Canons and Canonesses live together according to a set of rules (canons, regulae ). In the Roman synod of Pope Eugene II of November 826, it

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336-503: The Great was godfather of her son Henry IV. After her husband's death on 5 October 1056, Empress Agnes served as regent on behalf of her young son Henry IV. Henry III had secured the election of his son as King of the Romans on his deathbed. Aided by Abbott Hugh of Cluny and Pope Victor II , also bishop of Eichstätt , Agnes tried to continue her husband's politics and to strengthen the rule of

364-474: The Holy See (Papacy) until 1420. Florence was elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese on 10 May 1419, by Pope Martin V . The ecclesiastical province of Florence, of which the Archbishop of Florence in the metropolitan , includes the suffragan dioceses of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro , Fiesole , Pistoia , Prato , and San Miniato . The seat of the Archbishop of Florence is Florence Cathedral , otherwise

392-624: The House of Poitiers became extinct in 1487 with the death of Queen Charlotte of Cyprus . Bishop of Florence The Archdiocese of Florence ( Latin : Archidioecesis Florentina ) is a Latin Church metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It was traditionally founded in the 1st century, according to the 14th century chronicler Giovanni Villani . The diocese was directly subordinate to

420-459: The House of Poitiers settled in the Holy Land, founded by Raymond of Poitiers (1115–1149), a younger son of William IX of Aquitaine, from whom descended the last princes of Antioch and counts of Tripoli. Henry of Antioch (d. 1276), son of Bohemond IV of Antioch, married Isabella of Lusignan (d. 1264), heiress of the kingdom of Cyprus, and thus founded the second House of Lusignan. The lineage of

448-486: The Roman Curia; in consequence, Agnes retired from politics, leaving the regency to her confidant Bishop Henry II of Augsburg . Bishop Henry did not receive wide acceptance due to his awkward and haughty manners, as well as scandalous rumours about his relationship with the empress, as recorded by Lambert of Hersfeld . Moreover, the fact that the heir to the throne was raised by common ministeriales provoked anger among

476-540: The antipope and to replace him by the bishop of Florence , Nicholas II . Thereafter, on Easter 1059 Nicholas issued the momentous papal bull In nomine Domini establishing the cardinals as the sole electors of the pope, denying this power to the emperor and all temporal rulers, including Agnes herself. When Pope Alexander II was elected on 30 September 1061, Empress Agnes refused to acknowledge him and had Honorius II elected. This schism did not end until Pentecost 1064. The empress' candidate could not prevail against

504-403: The end of the 11th century, they were the dominant power in the southwestern third of France. The founder of the family was Ramnulf I , who became count in 835. Ramnulf's son, Ramnulf II , claimed the title of King of Aquitaine in 888, but it did not survive him. Through his illegitimate son Ebalus he fathered the line of dukes of Aquitaine that would rule continuously from 927 to 1204, from

532-527: The example of Empress Adelheid . She was however more restricted than the Ottonian queen-empresses. To win allies, she gave away three German duchies : already on Christmas 1056, the Ezzonid scion Conrad III , a nephew of Count palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia , received the Duchy of Carinthia . The next year she enfeoffed Rudolf of Rheinfelden with Swabia , appointed him administrator of Burgundy and offered him

560-512: The hand of her daughter Matilda. According to the medieval chronicler Frutolf of Michelsberg , Rudolf had possibly abducted Matilda and extorted the betrothal. However, Agnes' late husband had promised the Swabian duchy to Berthold of Zähringen , who in turn had to be compensated with Carinthia upon Conrad's death in 1061. At the same time, while German forces interfered in the fratricidal struggle of King Andrew I and Béla I of Hungary , Agnes ceded

588-669: The merchants of Siena and Genoa, who were contracted to transport the foodstuffs, kept half for their own cities. 94,000 inhabitants of Florence were dependent upon municipal charity, and some 4,000 were said to have died of starvation. Then, in April 1348, the pestilence known as the Black Death , struck Florence. By July nearly 100,000 people were dead. The historian Giovanni Villani estimated that nearly three out of every five persons in Florence and its neighborhood had been struck down. Ultimately he himself succumbed. In his famous introduction to

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616-519: The succession of William III to the death of Eleanor , who brought the Ramnulfid inheritance first to Louis VII of France and then to Henry II of England . Several daughters of this house achieved high status. Adelaide married Hugh Capet and was thus the first Queen of France in the era of the Direct Capetians . Agnes married Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor , and ruled as regent for her son,

644-494: The vernacular; the troubadour tradition was born and raised there. The Peace and Truce of God were fostered and the ideal of courtly love invented. The House of Poitiers produced many Dukes of Aquitaine , who were officially titled Counts of Poitiers . This line became extinct in the male-line in 1137, and in the female-line in 1204 with the death of Eleanor of Aquitaine , who was by her first marriage Queen of France, and by her second marriage, Queen of England. A branch of

672-461: The young Henry IV . The most illustrious woman was certainly Aquitaine's ruler Eleanor, whose marriage to Henry II of England crafted the Angevin Empire which was to cause so much discord between France and England . The Ramnulfid house did much to encourage art, literature, and piety. Under William V , William IX , and William X , Aquitaine became the centre for the art of poetry and song in

700-613: Was administered by a Chapter, composed of five dignities and thirty-seven Canons. The dignities were: the Provost, the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, and the Dean. The diocese also had twelve collegiate churches, the most important of which is San Lorenzo. A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally

728-562: Was ordered that Canons live together in a cloister next to the church. In 876, the Council of Pavia decreed in Canon X that the bishops should enclose the Canons: uti episcopi in civitatibus suis proximum ecclesiae claustrum instituant, in quo ipsi cum clero secundum canonicam regulam Deo militent, et sacerdotes suos ad hoc constringant, ut ecclesiam non relinquant et alibi habitare praesumant. The cathedral

756-481: Was replaced by Anno together with the archbishops Siegfried of Mainz and Adalbert of Bremen . According to Frutolf of Michelsberg, Agnes retired to Fruttuaria Abbey after the coup. When Henry IV reached the age of majority, Agnes moved to Rome, where her arrival in 1065 is documented by Peter Damian . Agnes went on to act as a mediator and peacemaker between her son and the papacy. She died in Rome on 14 December 1077 and

784-401: Was unable to take actual possession of Rome due to the Roman aristocracy's election of antipope Benedict X , and Stephen sent Anselm of Lucca (future Pope Alexander II ) and Hildebrand of Sovana (future Pope Gregory VII ) to Germany to obtain the support of Agnes as regent. Though Stephen died before being able to return to Rome, Agnes' help was instrumental in enabling Hildebrand to depose

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