Emperor Guangzong of Song (30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200), personal name Zhao Dun , was the 12th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the third emperor of the Southern Song dynasty .
63-439: He was the third son of his predecessor, Emperor Xiaozong . His mother was Emperor Xiaozong's first wife, Lady Guo (郭氏; 1126–1156), who was posthumously honoured as "Empress Chengmu" (成穆皇后). His reign was relatively peaceful, but his lack of filial piety eventually made officials replace him with his son Emperor Ningzong . During his childhood, Guangzong either suffered from bipolar or severe neurosis . Despite this, Guangzong
126-520: A Jurchen general, crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and then captured the city. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou on January 22 and then Shaoxing further south on February 4 where Emperor Gaozong was almost captured by Wuzhu at Mingzhou near Lin'an but Zhang Jun , another general who briefly halted the Jin advance, giving Emperor Gaozong
189-654: A Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign. They initially had success as Xiangyang and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the Han River gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. However, their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei . In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. But later that year, Qi and Jin initiated
252-527: A battle at Outang ( 藕塘 ), in modern Anhui , against a Song army led by Yang Qizhong ( 楊沂中 ). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner Zhang Jun convinced Emperor Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Emperor Gaozong initially agreed, but he quickly abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong ( 酈瓊 ) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with tens of thousands of soldiers. Meanwhile, Emperor Xizong inherited
315-519: A brief deposition in 1129, Emperor Gaozong consolidated his political position and presided over the continued military conflict with Jin. Prior to 1141, military commanders including Han Shizhong and Yue Fei reconquered portions of the Central Plains while chancellors like Lü Yihao, Zhao Ding, Zhang Jun , and Qin Hui managed the civil bureaucracy. In 1141, Gaozong collaborated with Qin to pursue
378-517: A convenient way in achieving this to limit ministerial tenure of office so they could not build a base in court. The Emperor also controlled his ministers by curtailing their authority. Early in 1167 the Emperor finally filled every vacancy in the Council of State by appointing chief councilors of the left and right and two assistant councilors. The bureaucracy was generally pleased with the appointments, but
441-469: A month later on April 20, 1129, when Miao and Liu were defeated by Gaozong's loyal army, led by Han Shizhong, and were both executed for treason. Gaozong's son later died from illness after an unofficial reign of three months. After being restored to the throne, Gaozong himself was pursued by Jin forces and was not in full control of southern China until the late 1130s. The mutiny would cause Emperor Gaozong to move his capital to Jiankang . In 1130, Wuzhu ,
504-701: A new offensive further east along the Huai River. For the first time, Emperor Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai Valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou ( 廬州 , modern Hefei ). In 1135, the Jin Emperor Taizong died. This caused the Da Qi to suddenly withdraw, giving the Song time to regroup. The Da Qi lost
567-568: A peace settlement with Jin. Although the resulting Treaty of Shaoxing ceded the Central Plains and formally established Song as a Jin tributary , it ensured two decades of uninterrupted peace, allowing the Southern Song state to achieve internal stability and open a lucrative trade with Jin. Furthermore, it served to preclude the return of Emperor Qinzong, who remained in captivity in Jin and whose release could have jeopardized Gaozong's claim to
630-569: A shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129, Liu Yu ( 劉豫 ; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin Emperor Taizong. Da Qi had more autonomy than the previous Da Chu although Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng,
693-402: A year, Emperor Xiaozong followed in his predecessor's footsteps and abdicated in favour of his third son Zhao Dun (Emperor Guangzong) , while he became Taishang Huang and still remained in power until his death in 1194. He was the first descendant of Emperor Taizu to become emperor and remembered as an effective ruler as the Song enjoyed prosperity during his reign. Zhao Shen's birth name
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#1732841224534756-432: A yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin. The negotiation allowed the emperor's mother and other selected members of the imperial clan (including a woman claimed to be his half-sister Princess Roufu (Zhao Duofu), whom he later sentenced to death under suspicion of impersonating an imperial princess) to return to Song; Empress Wei was then named Empress Dowager in Southern Song. However,
819-554: A younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong , Zhao Gou was not present in the capital of Bianjing (the modern day Kaifeng ) when it fell to the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty in 1127 during the beginning of the Jin-Song Wars . Narrowly avoiding capture by Jin forces, he escaped first to Yangzhou and then Lin'an (the modern day Hangzhou ), assuming the throne and reestablishing the Song court. Despite initial setbacks, including Jin invasions and
882-564: The Battle of Caishi with Wanyan Liang may also have contributed to his decision to retire. In retirement he assumed the title of Taishang Huang ("Retired Emperor") and retained some power until his death in 1187. His death saddened Emperor Xiaozong and caused him to abdicate only two years after Gaozong's death. In 1180, Gaozong, when cruising on the West Lake , came across an elderly woman known as Fifth Sister Song, who escaped to Hangzhou after
945-570: The Censorate , Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations. After years of fighting and significant military success, Emperor Gaozong settled on a pacifist stance. One of the major reasons behind this was that Emperor Gaozong and the chancellor Qin Hui did not want the Song army to defeat the Jurchens and destroy the Jin Dynasty, as this might result in Gaozong's half-brother - the last emperor of
1008-553: The Jurchen -led Jin Empire . As Emperor Gaozong's only son, Zhao Fu (趙旉), died prematurely around the age of two, the emperor ordered his officials to start searching for other living descendants of the imperial family . Zhao Shen was discovered and adopted by Emperor Gaozong in April 1160 as a son. Another relative, Zhao Qu was also adopted. In July 1162, Emperor Gaozong officially designated Zhao Shen as his crown prince and heir apparent. One of
1071-568: The Military College in 1162 during Emperor Xiaozong's reign. In 1165, he reached peace with the Jin Dynasty . In 1187, the retired Emperor Gaozong died. Xiaozong was stricken with grief and retreated from governing, insisting on mourning Gaozong and stating that he would only rule for two more years. Xiaozong turned all government affairs to his son Zhao Dun . In 1189, Emperor Xiaozong abdicated in favour of his son, Zhao Dun who took
1134-504: The Retired Emperor Xiaozong became sick, Guangzong refused to visit him, upsetting Xiaozong and making Xiaozong 's illness worsen. He was forced to give up his throne to Zhao Kuo , his only surviving son and child in 1194 by his officials and his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Wu under the reason that he was "too ill" to perform the mourning rites. In reality, they had forced him to abdicate because he refused to attend
1197-691: The Secretariat and Imperial Councilors and went straight to the Imperial Chancellery . After requests to the Emperor that orders go through regular bureaucratic streams he promised to rectify this, but instead to continued to issue direct dispatches as "confidential orders" ( mi-pai ). Xiaozong began to directly issue palace orders ( nei-pi ) and imperial decrees ( yu-pi ) without prior consultation with councilors to enhance his power in other areas. According to Dieter Kuhn, Emperor Xiaozong "is said to have spent ten sleepless years after issuing huizi " and
1260-571: The Chinese increased the number of trade missions that would dock at ports throughout the Indian Ocean, where Arab and Hindu influence was once predominant. Xiaozong also was responsible for Yue Fei 's posthumous rehabilitation, clearing out the remnants of Qin Hui 's faction in court, and stabilizing the economy making his reign the most powerful era of the Southern Song Dynasty and it's said he
1323-532: The Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. These conditions caused the Jin to officially abolish Da Qi in late 1137 and the Jin and Song began negotiations towards peace. When Emperor Gaozong was eventually told of the death of Huizong and Empress Zheng in 1137, he reportedly reacted quite severely, ordering an extended period of mourning. In 1138, Gaozong officially declared Lin'an
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#17328412245341386-586: The Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Qinzong, who was living in Jin-imposed exile in Manchuria - being recalled to the throne. If this happened, Gaozong would lose power. At the time, Yue Fei and Han Shizhong were preparing to attack Kaifeng and recapture it. Fearing that a victory at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchens to release Emperor Qinzong, Emperor Gaozong followed their advice, sending 12 orders back in
1449-634: The Song Empire to its former glory. However, when one of Li Gang's guerrilla forces, the Red Scarf Army, scored a major victory against the Jin troops and almost captured their commander-in-chief, the emperor dismissed the minister on a trumped-up charge, implying that he did not want to win this battle, because if Song won, Emperor Qinzong might be restored. Owing to the vulnerability of Yingtianfu, Emperor Gaozong moved to Yangzhou in late 1127 or early 1128. However, Yangzhou proved to be no safe haven for
1512-543: The Song Southern Capital at Jiankang , the first of many temporary capitals. After proving himself to be a more competent administrator than his predecessors, he won support from imperial court's remnants of his ascension to the throne; he reestablished the Song Empire (historically known as the Southern Song dynasty) and was proclaimed as Emperor Gaozong with the era name Jianyan in Jiankang (present Nanjing) which at
1575-401: The Song dynasty's decline. Gaozong's only biological son, Zhao Fu , died in childhood. In 1160, he adopted his distant relative Zhao Yuan and elevated him to crown prince in 1162, shortly before abdicating in his favor. Despite his abdication, Gaozong retained de facto control of state affairs as retired emperor, continuing to oversee the dynasty until dying of natural causes in 1187, at
1638-412: The Song either, as barely a year later the Jurchens advanced to the point where they were threatening to capture Yangzhou. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to Lin'an (modern Hangzhou ) in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops. On March 26, 1129, Gaozong lost his throne to a mutiny that
1701-502: The Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. The Da Chu , a puppet state established by the Jin Empire, was abolished in 1127 when Zhang Bangchang and the regent of Da Chu , the former Empress Meng , submitted to Emperor Gaozong, who then ordered Zhang's execution under pressure from Li Gang . Emperor Gaozong's early reign
1764-473: The age of 80. Emperor Gaozong was the ninth son of Emperor Huizong and a younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong. His mother, whose maiden family name was Wei ( 韋 ), was a concubine of Huizong. She was honoured as Empress Xianren (顯仁皇后; 1080–1159) after his ascension to the throne. Emperor Gaozong was originally a prince named Zhao Gou during the reigns of his father and brother. After Huizong abdicated, his older brother Qinzong became emperor. During this time,
1827-501: The capital of Bianjing was under siege by the Jurchens. He was ordered to the Jurchen camp to negotiate peace by Qinzong in an effort to end the siege early but Zhao Gou was held for ransom. He later came back after being ransomed due to the Jurchens' doubts of his identity. After his half-brother and father and the capital were captured by forces of the Jurchen -led Jin Empire in the Jingkang Incident in 1127 along with majority of
1890-443: The capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Despite this, Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center. Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of
1953-423: The chance to flee the city by ship. Soon, the Jurchens gave up the pursuit and retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and Suzhou , they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by Yue Fei and Han Shizhong . In 1130, during the Battle of Huangtiandang , when fleeing to the south, he had the newly appointed commander-in-chief, Yue Fei, who was only 27 years old at
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2016-580: The deceased retired emperor's grandson Emperor Ningzong . Consorts and Issue: Emperor Gaozong of Song Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou , courtesy name Deji , was the tenth emperor of the Chinese Song dynasty and the first of the Southern Song dynasty , ruling between 1127 and 1162 and retaining power as retired emperor from 1162 until his death in 1187. The ninth son of Emperor Huizong and
2079-429: The dynasty's founding, the regime had lost more capital on military defenses than on annual payments to their neighbors, about three-quarters of state revenue. Thus, even if Gaozong wanted to recover the lost territories, he could not afford it financially; the cost of rebuilding the Song's northern territories would have risked bankrupting the south. In addition, with the southern part of China remaining under Song control,
2142-409: The emperor from seeing his father. On one occasion, at the sickbed of the emperor, her father-in-law threatened to have her executed for not taking proper care of the monarch. Retired Emperor Xiaozong fell ill in 1194 and was made worse when Emperor Guangzong refused to visit him. Xiaozong soon died. Emperor Guangzong refused to attend his funeral and as a result, was forced to give his throne to
2205-438: The form of 12 gold plaques to Yue Fei, recalling him to the capital. There, Yue Fei said, in tears, "Thirty years of effort now is wasted." Emperor Gaozong also recalled every soldier under threats to kill their families. After Yue Fei's return to the capital, Emperor Gaozong and Qin Hui imprisoned him on a trumped-up charge under "groundless" ( Chinese : 莫須有 ; pinyin : mò xū yǒu ) and had him put to death. Han Shizhong
2268-513: The funeral procession of his father, Emperor Xiaozong due to the influence of his wife Empress Li Fengniang , and that he refused to wear mourning clothes making the officials angry about his lack of filial piety. He died in 1200 near Shaoxing , Zhejiang possibly from melancholy as he was mentally ill or he became sick and died. Consorts and Issue: Emperor Xiaozong of Song Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen , courtesy name Yuanyong ,
2331-476: The future Empress Wu in 1140, and the other one in 1142. Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi") in 1130, their second attempt at a puppet state in Northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from
2394-543: The imperial clan members due to his predecessors' incompetence and the imperial court's corruption, he escaped to Southern China due to being in Cizhou for a diplomatic mission and therefore, not in Bianjing. In order to escape, Zhao Gou had to move province to province in order to escape the Jin troops. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Bianjing where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in
2457-445: The importance of treating his councilors with dignity and granting them executive authority, however in reality his participation in all major decisions greatly limited their authority. In 1163 chief councilors were appointed to positions of Commissioners of military affairs, and in 1167 they were also granted financial authority with the titles of controller of national finance ( Zhi Guoyongshi ). Later in Southern Song this contributed to
2520-541: The lesser lord of agricultural supervision, Mo Chi remonstrated to the emperor, criticizing him for dismissing councilors and other officials only having served for a few months. The emperor commended Mo Chi for his criticism, but ignored it. One of the reasons behind Xiaozongs policy could have been to avoid the amassing of great power in the person of individual officials, such as the great power wielded by Qin Gui in Gaozong's era, with
2583-426: The main reasons Gaozong chose Shen over Qu was of Shen's virtue. It is said that Gaozong gave ten maids to Shen and Qu. In the end, Qu had touched every maid but Shen had not even touched one winning Gaozong's favor over Qu. In 24 July 1162, Emperor Gaozong abdicated in favor of Emperor Xiaozong who became emperor although Emperor Gaozong retained power as Taishang Huang . During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong,
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2646-453: The power of the chief councilors, however during Xiaozongs reign this was not the case. Xiaozong intended for his ministers to exercise their powers in ordinary administrative affairs, however the emperor was in the habit of guarding his imperial prerogatives and frequently exercised them especially in military matters. As in 1167 when Imperial orders issued to the Bureau of Military affairs bypassed
2709-450: The remarks of the vice-minister for war, Chen Yanxiao, contained both jubilations over the appointments but skepticism over the reduced powers of the councilors. Although Xiaozong is said to have listened to Chen, he never put his advice into practice. Throughout the Xiaozong reign the chief complaint of officials was his is tendency to infringe on their authority. Xiaozong in principle realized
2772-614: The state through her husband, who became known a "henpecked weakling" dominated by his wife. Eventually, Guangzong made up excuses in order to avoid his father. According to Xu Wei , the Nanxi style of theatre began in Emperor Guangzong's reign. Guangzong listened to some treacherous officials and dismissed the popular military leader Xin Qiji . Furthermore, Guangzong gave into drinking in his middle years which deteriorated his mental state. When
2835-476: The succession of Emperor Guangzong in 1189, it was actually suggested that Empress Dowager Wu would act as his regent, because of his poor health. However, during his reign, it was the spouse of Guangzong who de facto ruled the Song Empire. Guangzong constantly accompanied his father in tours and banquets. This changed due to the enormous influence of his wife Empress Li Fengniang became notorious in Chinese history for being ruthless and shrewd, and for ruling
2898-450: The throne as Emperor Guangzong . He then granted himself the title Taishang Huang and remained as the de facto ruler. Xiaozong is also said to have been suffering from mental illness in the last two years of his reign, which encouraged him to follow the example of his stepfather Gaozong and retire. His daughter-in-law Empress Li reportedly attempted to keep Emperor Guangzong and his father (Xiaozong) separate, and often stopped
2961-483: The throne. Gaozong and Qin then secured court control over the military, forcing Han Shizhong and the general Zhang Jun into retirement and executing Yue Fei on trumped-up charges. Despite his successes as emperor, Gaozong's treatment of Yue, who was remembered as a culture hero , and his surrender of over half of Song China to the enemy, marred his reputation in both traditional historiography and popular memory. Gaozong, along his father and half-brother, were blamed for
3024-542: The time was a temporary residence for the remnants of the Song. The new reign name Jianyan 建炎, literally meaning "Establishing the Fire," suggests the Southern Song's continuation to the Northern Song (Fire was the dynastic element of the Song as decided in the early years of the dynasty). He would later move to Yingtianfu ( 應天府 ; modern Shangqiu ) due to the historical significance to Emperor Taizu of Song . From 1127 to 1129,
3087-463: The time, to help with the defense, and Yue scored a major victory against the Jin armies neared Nanjing. After the Song forces defeated the Jin, they stayed north of the Yangzi River, and Emperor Gaozong declared the city of Lin'an as the dynasty's new temporary capital, replacing Kaifeng in 1133. Having no surviving sons of his own, he adopted two boys in 1133: one of them became the foster son of
3150-436: The transport of goods became more cost-effective by boat via the streams and camels criss-crossing the region. It also eliminated obstacles to trades, allowing traders to import goods between Song and Jin territories. Qin Hui, in a reply to Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement
3213-405: The treaty designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". People would later blame the emperor for Yue Fei's death and vilify him as a hypocritical tyrant who sought to solidify power at the expense of greater danger to Song. However, although the treaty's terms resulted in Song becoming a vassal state to the Jin, it saved Song's economy: since
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#17328412245343276-486: The value of huizi . In 1178 Huang Chouruo stated in a report to the throne: “If [huizi] are few, they are expensive, if there are many, they are cheap.” In 1186 there were around 20 million strings of cash in issue. He closely supervised the court and central government to make sure power remained balance among high officials and tried in earnest to live up to Confucian standards of moral behavior. Archery and equestrianism were required for non-military officials at
3339-508: Was Zhao Bocong (趙伯琮). In March 1133, after Zhao Bocong entered the imperial palace, his name was changed to Zhao Yuan (趙瑗). In April 1160, after Zhao Yuan was adopted by Emperor Gaozong , his name was changed to Zhao Wei (趙瑋). In July 1162, when Zhao Wei became crown prince, his name was changed again to Zhao Shen (趙眘). Zhao Shen was given the courtesy name Yuangui (元瑰) in May 1160. In July 1162, when he became crown prince, his courtesy name
3402-544: Was also dismissed from his military duties. On October 11, 1142, the Song and Jin empires signed the Treaty of Shaoxing , which recognised the Jurchens' claims to the former Song territories they had already conquered. This meant that Emperor Gaozong had to give up all land north of the Huai River , in exchange for peace between the two empires. Aside from two incidents, this peace would last for seventy years. The Song also had to pay
3465-405: Was changed to Yuanyong (元永). Zhao Shen was a seventh-generation descendant of Emperor Taizu , the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty. He was the second son of Zhao Zicheng (趙子偁; died 1143), a sixth cousin of Emperor Gaozong , the 10th Song emperor. After the Jingkang Incident in 1127, Emperor Gaozong's father , eldest brother and most of his close relatives were taken prisoner by
3528-462: Was filled with Jurchen raids and attacks on his realm. This can be traced to Zhang's execution and the submission of Da Chu to Song, which ultimately caused the Jin to renew their attacks and quickly conquer Northern China. Initially, he employed military leaders such as Li Gang, Zong Ze , Yue Fei , Han Shizhong , and Yu Yunwen to lead the Song forces to hold off the Jurchens, as well as to improve his public image through his declaration to restore
3591-510: Was instigated by the palace guards led by Miao Fu ( 苗傅 ) and Liu Zhengyan ( 劉正彥 ). They were unsatisfied with Gaozong's decision to appoint their adversary Wang Yuan to an important imperial post hence would outrank them. Banding together with at least ten thousand palace guards under the pretense that Wang and the court eunuchs were plotting, Miao and Liu mutinied and murdered Wang. They then forced Gaozong to abdicate in favor of his two-year-old son, Zhao Fu. The plot came to an abrupt end less than
3654-423: Was reportedly filial to his father even though his father kept on delaying the succession. In 1194, he was promoted from the ruler of a Zhou to Fu. Emperor Xiaozong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Guangzong in 1194, which Emperor Guangzong later described his crowning as king or heir apparent as a "double celebration", which gave the city of Chongqing its present-day name in honour of Guangzong. Upon
3717-519: Was the 11th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty . He started his reign in 1162 when his adoptive father and predecessor, Emperor Gaozong , abdicated and passed the throne to him. Even though Emperor Gaozong became a Taishang Huang ("Retired Emperor") after his abdication, he remained the de facto ruler, so Emperor Xiaozong only took full power in 1187 after Emperor Gaozong's death. After ruling for about
3780-399: Was the best ruler of the Southern Song dynasty. Xiaozong's reign was one of the few times in Southern Song that was not dominated by powerful officials, as he held power supreme and unchallenged. He was also a demanding emperor who frequently dismissed ministers without hesitation if they failed to meet his expectations. This led to many criticisms of the emperors personnel policy. In 1166,
3843-481: Was the main driving power behind attempts to stabilize the monetary system . In 1166 the Emperor bought back two million silver ounces worth of circulating huizi and had them burned, as well as decreeing that paper notes could be accepted for payment of taxes and fees. Xiaozong in these policies tried to regulate the market value of paper currency by limiting the quantity in circulation. These policies to curb inflation proved effective, and in 1175 he managed to stabilize
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#17328412245343906-474: Was there in this for me?" Emperor Gaozong was also a notable poet and had significant influence on other Chinese poets . Among his surviving works is the Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain . In 1161, the ruler of the Jin Dynasty, Wanyan Liang , wishing to unify China under his regime, declared war on the Song in the Battle of Tangdao and the Battle of Caishi . The Jin lost the war. An important consequence of this
3969-552: Was to remove Song's status as a vassal state, although it still had to pay tribute. Wanyan Liang was assassinated shortly afterwards, when many Jin officers rebelled as a result of the Jin defeat. In 1162, after reigning for more than 35 years, Emperor Gaozong abdicated. Because his only son, Zhao Fu , had died of illness around the age of two, Emperor Gaozong passed the throne to his adopted son and distant cousin Zhao Shen , who then became Emperor Xiaozong . Emperor Gaozong's handling of
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