Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō ) (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . He successfully overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 and established the short-lived Kenmu Restoration to bring the Imperial House back into power. This was to be the last time the emperor had real power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Kenmu restoration was in turn overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, ushering in the Ashikaga shogunate . The overthrow split the imperial family into two opposing factions between the Ashikaga backed Northern Court situated in Kyoto and the Southern Court based in Yoshino . The Southern Court was led by Go-Daigo and his later successors.
51-469: This 14th-century sovereign personally chose his posthumous name after the 9th-century Emperor Daigo and go- (後), translates as "later", and he is thus sometimes called the "Later Emperor Daigo", or, in some older sources, "Daigo, the second" or as "Daigo II". Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne , his personal name ( imina ) was Takaharu -shinnō (尊治親王). He was the second son of
102-468: A memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Go-Daigo's mausoleum . It is formally named Tō-no-o no misasagi . Go-Daigo had some other princesses from some court ladies. Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre- Meiji eras. Even during those years in which
153-568: A betrayal by his close associate Yoshida Sadafusa. He quickly hid the Sacred Treasures in a secluded castle in Kasagiyama (the modern town of Kasagi , Sōraku District , Kyōto Prefecture ) and raised an army, but the castle fell to the shogunate 's army the following year, and they enthroned Emperor Kōgon , exiling Daigo to Oki Province (the Oki Islands in modern-day Shimane Prefecture ),
204-465: A few have three. Some names are given several generations later—this is the case for Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Antoku , for example. Others are provided immediately after death, like that Emperor Monmu . A shigō ( 諡号 ) , or okuri-na ( 諡 ) , name describes the accomplishments and the virtues of the rulers. There are two styles of emperors' shigō : Chinese or Han style ( 漢風諡号 ) and Japanese style ( 和風諡号 ) . Tsuigō names are derived from
255-499: A given name are subjective, repetitive, and highly stereotypical , meaning posthumous names are often chosen arbitrarily. Court historians usually provide such names according to the deceased's notable deeds. When combining an emperor's temple name and posthumous name, the temple name is placed first. For example, the Shunzhi Emperor , whose full posthumous title would be "Shizu, Emperor Zhang" ( 世祖章皇帝 ), combines his temple name and
306-539: A league under his direction, supporting the Southern Court; these included the samurai families of Yūki , Date , Nambu, Soma, and Tamura. The Soma and several other daimyō were convinced to change sides by Takauji, however. Three years later, he led an army nominally under the command of Norinaga to the outskirts of Kyoto to reinforce the forces of Nitta Yoshisada against Ashikaga Takauji . Nitta and Kitabatake were aided by warrior monks from Enryakuji , and
357-453: A posthumous name, one or more adjectives are inserted before the deceased's title. The name of the state or domain of the owner may be added to avoid ambiguity. Early mythological rulers such as Emperor Yao were known to have posthumous names. Archaeological discoveries have shown that the titles of kings as far back as the Zhou dynasty ( c. 1046 to 256 BC) are posthumous names, as in
408-605: Is a Chinese term that means posthumous name and title. The names of living Chinese people may be any combination of characters. Most often, posthumous names are chosen from a relatively small list, with their literal meaning eroding as a result. The Chinese language format for posthumous names is "[ state ] [ adjective ] [ title ]". When translated into English, they take on the format "[ title ] [ adjective ] of [ state ]", such as King Wen of Zhou ('Cultured King of Zhou'), Duke Mu of Qin ('Solemn Duke of Qin'), and King Cheng of Chu ('Accomplished King of Chu'). The literal meaning of
459-516: Is always initial. The number of characters in posthumous names increased over time. The emperors of the Tang dynasty have posthumous names between 7 and 18 characters, while most in the Qing dynasty have more than 20 characters. For instance, the Shunzhi Emperor 's posthumous name has 25 characters. The woman with the longest posthumous name (also 25 characters) is Empress Dowager Cixi ; the shortened version of
510-493: Is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China , Korea , Vietnam , Japan , and Thailand . Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or reputation, the title is assigned after death and essentially replaces the name used during life. Although most posthumous names are given to royalty, some posthumous names are given to honour significant people without hereditary titles , such as courtiers or military generals . To create
561-511: The Eastern Han dynasty , has the character of ' filial ' ( 孝 ; xiào ) at the beginning of his posthumous name. 'Filial' is also used in the full posthumous names of virtually all emperors and empresses of the Tang , Song , Ming and Qing dynasties. For Qing emperors, the character xiào is placed in various positions in the string of characters. For Qing empresses given posthumous names, xiào
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#1732852026850612-686: The Northern Dynasty in Kyoto and the Southern Dynasty in Yoshino faced off against each other. Emperor Go-Daigo ordered Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi to Kyūshū and Nitta Yoshisada and Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi to Hokuriku , and so forth, dispatching his sons all over, so that they could oppose the Northern Court. The actual site of Go-Daigo's grave is settled. This emperor is traditionally venerated at
663-745: The imperial regalia to the Ashikaga side. Takauji enthroned the Jimyōin-tō emperor, Kōmyō , and officially began his shogunate with the enactment of the Kenmu Law Code. Go-Daigo escaped from the capital in January 1337, the regalia that he had handed over to the Ashikaga being counterfeit, and set up the Southern Court among the mountains of Yoshino , beginning the Period of Northern and Southern Courts in which
714-515: The Ashikaga army. Takauji fled to Kyūshū , but the following year, after reassembling his army, he again approached Kyōto. Kusunoki Masashige proposed a reconciliation with Takauji to the emperor, but Go-Daigo rejected this. He ordered Masashige and Yoshisada to destroy Takauji. Kusunoki's army was defeated at the Battle of Minatogawa . When Ashikaga's army entered Kyōto, Emperor Go-Daigo resisted, fleeing to Mount Hiei , but seeking reconciliation, he sent
765-516: The Daikakuji-tō emperor, Emperor Go-Uda . His mother was Fujiwara no Chūshi /Tadako ( 藤原忠子 ), daughter of Fujiwara no Tadatsugu (Itsutsuji Tadatsugu) ( 藤原忠継/五辻忠継 ). She became Nyoin called Dantenmon-in (談天門院). His older brother was Emperor Go-Nijō . Emperor Go-Daigo's ideal was the Engi era (901–923) during the reign of Emperor Daigo , a period of direct imperial rule. An emperor's posthumous name
816-543: The Northern Court in many battles. He was defeated at the Tone River before pushing south and occupying Kamakura , the capital of the Ashikaga shogunate , and making his way to Nara , fighting at Iga and Sekigahara. In Nara, while trying to rest and reorganize his forces, he was set upon by Kō no Moronao and barely escaped to Kawachi Province . He recouped and pushed through enemy forces at Tennōji (near modern-day Osaka ), but
867-556: The Prince became Governor-General of Mutsu and Dewa. These two large provinces constituted much of the north-eastern end of Honshū , the area now known as Tōhoku . In April 1333, he was appointed to the post of Chinjufu-shōgun , or Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North. This was a position that had been held by Minamoto no Yoshiie two hundred years earlier. A number of families formed
918-404: The adjective usually needs to be translated. All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the characters for " emperor ", huángdì ( 皇帝 ), which can be shortened to Dì , except about a dozen less-recognized ones who have had only Dì and not Huáng . Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han (more commonly Emperor Wen), every single Han emperor, except the first of
969-484: The cases of King Wu and King Wen . Posthumous names commonly made tracing linear genealogies simpler and kept a bloodline apparent. In the Zhou dynasty, the posthumous name was usually only one character, such as Wen ('cultured') or Wu ('martial'). Over time, rulers began adding more characters to their ancestors' posthumous names. By the time of the first emperor of Tang , the length had grown to seven characters, which
1020-602: The court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Daigo's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: The years of Go-Daigo's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō . Emperor Go-Daigo's eight era name changes are mirrored in number only in
1071-443: The deceased king was called Daehaeng daewang ( 대행대왕 ; 大行大王 ). The Ministry of Culture and Education ( 예조 ; 禮曹 ) was in charge of the naming. The Ministry of Culture and Education selected three candidates and reported them to the next king, who chose the name he liked best. The deposed kings' names were made up of three parts: the temple name ( 묘호 ), eulogistic names ( 존호 ), and posthumous names ( 시호 ). A deposed king
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#17328520268501122-570: The disfavored monarchs of the Joseon dynasty did not receive posthumous names. Posthumous names can be praises ( 褒字 ) or deprecations ( 貶字 ). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful names ( 尊號 ; zūnhào ) in Chinese. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian extensively outlines the rules behind choosing the names. Most qualifications for
1173-466: The earlier emperor's name: The posthumous name of some emperors was derived from the combination of characters from two previous emperors' posthumous names: Official posthumous names are still used in Japan. This tradition began with Emperor Meiji . Since the death of Emperor Meiji ( 明治天皇 , Meiji Tennō ) in 1912, the posthumous name of an emperor has always been the era name of his reign. In such cases,
1224-481: The emperor and captured the Rokuhara Tandai . Immediately following this, Nitta Yoshisada , who had raised an army in the east, laid siege to Kamakura. When the city finally fell to Nitta, Hōjō Takatoki , the shogunal regent , fled to Tōshō temple , where he and his entire family committed suicide. This ended Hōjō power and paved the way for a new military regime . Upon his triumphal return to Kyoto, Daigo took
1275-562: The fall of the Qin. Posthumous names were used by non- Han rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms , Nanzhao , Liao dynasty , Western Xia , Jin dynasty , Yuan dynasty , Qing dynasty , Silla , Japan, and Vietnam. King names of Hồng Bàng dynasty and Mahan followed the posthumous naming but are considered later works. Some rulers, such as Wu Zetian or rebel leaders, had similarly styled regnal names when they were alive. Most monarchs inherited
1326-514: The king by their unique name or the informal Chula Chom Klao, as it is considered disrespectful. The personal name of King Vajiralongkorn will be regarded as casual until his death, when it will be replaced with the reign name Vajilaklao. The use of posthumous names ceased in Vietnam with the Khải Định Emperor , who died in 1925. Kitabatake Akiie Kitabatake Akiie ( 北畠 顕家 , 1318 – June 10, 1338)
1377-759: The last three characters of his posthumous reputation, which is the form most commonly seen in formal documents. Some monarchs' and royal members' posthumous names were extended, such as Hongwu Emperor , Nurhaci , Crown Prince Hyomyeong , Sunjo of Joseon , and Empress Dowager Cixi . Some monarchs did not follow these guidelines; for example, monarchs of Ju , Chu , and Qi used place names, while some monarchs of Yue had Chinese transliterated posthumous words, and some monarchs of Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje had differently styled posthumous names. Some early Japanese monarchs also had Japanese-style posthumous names ( 和風諡号 ) . Shihao ( traditional Chinese : 諡號 ; simplified Chinese : 谥号 ; pinyin : shì hào )
1428-467: The living name. In the Malay sultanates and other related sultanates and kingdoms of Southeast Asia, the posthumous names of the sultans and rulers always begin with the word Marhum ( Jawi : مرحوم ), an Arabic loanword meaning 'the late ruler'. The word Marhum is followed by either the place of death or the burial site. Mahmud II of Johor , who was killed while being carried on a royal litter in 1699,
1479-458: The middle. The characters used are mainly those used for emperors. For example, Prince Gong of the Qing dynasty was posthumously named Zhong ( 忠 ) and thus is referred to as Prince Gongzhong ( 恭忠親王 ; Gōngzhōng qīnwáng ). Prince Chun was posthumously named Xian ( 賢 ), and is therefore referred to as Prince Chunxian ( 醇賢親王 ; Chúnxián qīnwáng ). The posthumous name could include more than one character. For example, Prince Shuncheng Lekdehun
1530-403: The most commonly used was Zhìshèngxiānshī ( 至聖先師 ). Sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names ( 私諡 ; sīshì ). For example, the sīshì given to Tao Qian was Jìngjié ( 靖節 ). The emperors of China continued to receive posthumous names of increasing length as a matter of ritual long after
1581-408: The name of locations and era names , among others. Those Japanese emperors are also sometimes called teigō ( 帝号 , 'emperor name(s)') . Those who were named after the place where the emperor was born, lived or frequented: Those who were named after an emperor whose admirable characteristics resemble those of an earlier one by adding Go ( 後 , lit. ' later ' ) as a prefix to
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1632-471: The name was 孝欽顯皇后 ('the Distinguished Empress who was Admirably Filial'). According to the noble system since the Zhou dynasty , the immediate family members of the emperor were given the titles like King, Prince, Duke, or Earl, with or without actual control over a region. After their death, they would be referred to by the same title, with the posthumous name (usually one character) inserted in
1683-456: The naming convention had been abandoned in casual speech and writing. The Guangxu Emperor , who died in 1908 and was the last emperor to receive a posthumous name, has a 21-character title: "Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing". Puyi , the last emperor of China, did not receive a posthumous name upon his death in 1967. In Silla , every monarch
1734-487: The posthumous names belong to the category of tsuigō . After his death, Hirohito was formally renamed Emperor Shōwa ( 昭和天皇 , Shōwa Tennō ) after his era ; Japanese people now refer to him by only that name, and not by his given name Hirohito. Most Japanese people never refer to emperors by their given names, as it is considered disrespectful . A non-royal deceased person may be given a posthumous Buddhist name known as kaimyō but is, in practice, still referred to by
1785-440: The recognition the government , to Empress Sunjeonghyo ; Crown Prince Euimin ; and Gu, Prince Imperial Hoeun . In Japan, posthumous names are divided into two types: shigō (Japanese: 諡号 ) and tsuigō ( 追号 ) . In addition to the title, Tennō ( 天皇 , 'heavenly sovereign', usually translated as 'emperor') is a part of all Japanese emperors' posthumous names, most of them consisting of two kanji characters, although
1836-572: The reign of Emperor Go-Hanazono , who also reigned through eight era name changes. Emperor Go-Daigo appears in the alternate history novel Romanitas by Sophia McDougall . Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian culture . It
1887-517: The rulers of Goryeo and Joseon end in two of the characters for Daewang ( 대왕 ; 大王 ; lit. great king). This is a longer name made up of adjectives characteristic of the king's rule. Details of the system of posthumous names were recorded during the Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon dynasty, officials discussed and decided on the king's posthumous name five days after the king's funeral. Before his temple and posthumous names were chosen,
1938-508: The same as those used for emperors. The length, however, was restricted to one or two characters. The posthumous name is sometimes rendered canonization in English, for the scholar-official to Confucianism is considered analogous to the saint in the Catholic Church . However, the process is shorter. Confucius has been given long posthumous names in almost every prominent dynasty; one of
1989-571: The same place to which Emperor Go-Toba had been exiled after the Jōkyū War of 1221. In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki with the help of Nawa Nagatoshi and his family, raising an army at Senjo Mountain in Hōki Province (the modern town of Kotoura in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture ). Ashikaga Takauji , who had been sent by the shogunate to find and destroy this army, sided with
2040-605: The samurai from the political order caused much complaining, and his political order began to fall apart. In 1335, Ashikaga Takauji , who had travelled to eastern Japan without obtaining an imperial edict in order to suppress the Nakasendai Rebellion, became disaffected. Daigo ordered Nitta Yoshisada to track down and destroy Ashikaga. Ashikaga defeated Nitta Yoshisada at the Battle of Takenoshita, Hakone. Kusunoki Masashige and Kitabatake Akiie , in communication with Kyoto, smashed
2091-521: The temple of Miidera , whose monks supported Ashikaga Takauji, was burned to the ground. Traveling to Kyūshū , Kitabatake gathered support for the Southern Court in the absence of Ashikaga Takauji, one of the strongest leaders of the Northern Court . In 1337, despite facing opposition at home in the north, Kitabatake was ordered by Emperor Go-Daigo to come to the aid of his army to the south of Kyoto. Kitabatake led his forces slowly south, fighting
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2142-644: The throne and did not give negative posthumous names to the previous monarch. Later monarchs lengthened or changed some names. Emperor Aizong of Jin and the Chongzhen Emperor were referred to by different names by different people. Qin Hui of the Song dynasty had a name with a positive connotation, was then given a negative one, and later had the positive name restored. After the Song dynasty, few received negative names. In Korea,
2193-514: The throne from Emperor Kōgon and began the Kenmu Restoration . The Restoration was ostensibly a revival of the older ways, but, in fact, the emperor had his eye set on an imperial dictatorship like that of the emperor of China . He wanted to imitate the Chinese in all their ways and become the most powerful ruler in the East. Impatient reforms, litigation over land rights, rewards, and the exclusion of
2244-644: The title of emperor, thus the posthumous names of Gojong and Sunjong end in two of the characters for Hwangje ( 황제 ; 皇帝 ; lit. emperor). Crown Prince Hyomyeong has been given the longest posthumous name in Korea. He was posthumously elevated in status and given the title Emperor Munjo with 117 characters in posthumous names in 1899. In the Republic of Korea, the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association has issued posthumous names, without
2295-492: Was a Japanese court noble , and an important supporter of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō Wars. He also held the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North , and Governor of Mutsu Province . His father was Imperial advisor Kitabatake Chikafusa . In 1333, Akiie was ordered to accompany the six-year-old eighth son of Emperor Go-Daigo , Prince Norinaga (also read as Noriyoshi ) , to Mutsu, where
2346-438: Was given the title of wang ( Korean : 왕 ; Hanja : 王 ; lit. king) with two characters in posthumous names from Jijeung of Silla . On the other hand, all posthumous names for kings of Balhae were restricted to one character. Most of the kings of Goryeo and Joseon were more often given temple names than posthumous names, unlike in the dynasties of ancient Korea. All posthumous names for
2397-584: Was normally chosen after his death, but Emperor Go-Daigo chose his personally during his lifetime, to share it with Emperor Daigo. In 1324, with the discovery of Emperor Go-Daigo's plans to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate , the Rokuhara Tandai disposed of his close associate Hino Suketomo in the Shōchū Incident . In the Genkō Incident of 1331, Emperor Go-Daigo's plans were again discovered, this time by
2448-481: Was not given any posthumous names with temple names unless reinstated. They were degraded to the rank of a gun ( 군 ; 君 ; lit. prince); Yeonsan-gun and Gwanghae-gun are notable examples. Some men did not ascend to the throne in their lifetime but were proclaimed kings after they died by their descendants who became kings. In Joseon, nine men were raised to the status of emeritus kings. Gojong of Joseon proclaimed Korea an empire in 1897, receiving
2499-409: Was posthumously honoured as Prince Shuncheng Gonghui ( 多罗顺承恭惠郡王 ). Yinxiang, Prince Yi was granted a posthumous name consisting of 9 characters, Zhongjing chengzhi qinshen lianming xian ( 忠敬诚直勤慎廉明贤 ). It was also common for people with no hereditary titles, primarily accomplished scholar-officials or ministers, to be given posthumous names by the imperial court. The characters used are mainly
2550-672: Was posthumously known as Marhum Mangkat dijulang, which literally means 'the late ruler who died while being carried'. Other Malay posthumous names include: Since the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the king has been named for his reigning era formally used in the Royal Gazette . Some were given posthumous names to elevate their title, such as in the case of King Ananda , who was posthumously titled Phra Athamaramathibodin. Kings Ananda and Bhumibol do not have specific reign names, and other kings, such as Chulalongkorn, are referred to using personal names. Most Thai people never refer to
2601-620: Was taxing to pronounce or write. Therefore, emperors after the Tang dynasty are commonly referred to by either their temple name (Tang through Yuan dynasties) or era name (Ming and Qing dynasties), both of which are always two characters long. The use of posthumous names temporarily stopped when emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty proclaimed it disrespectful for the descendants of emperors to judge their elders by assigning them descriptive titles. The Han dynasty resumed using posthumous names after
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