The sport of sailing involves a variety of competitive sailing formats that are sanctioned through various sailing federations and yacht clubs . Racing disciplines include matches within a fleet of sailing craft, between a pair thereof or among teams. Additionally, there are specialized competitions that include setting speed records. Racing formats include both closed courses and point-to-point contests; they may be in sheltered waters, coast-wise or on the open ocean. Most competitions are held within defined classes or ratings that either entail one type of sailing craft to ensure a contest primarily of skill or rating the sailing craft to create classifications or handicaps .
51-605: Team New Zealand or TNZ is a sailing team based in Auckland , New Zealand, representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron . The team has been branded as Emirates Team New Zealand at America's Cup competitions since 2007. Team New Zealand became a household name in their home country following their consecutive wins in the America's Cup in 1995 and 2000, under the leadership of Sir Peter Blake , when becoming
102-486: A Silver fern flag with the word "Loyal" and an existing song of the same name by New Zealand musician Dave Dobbyn . This was largely due to the Swiss boat featuring many of the afterguard members from TNZ's previous campaigns (notably Russell Coutts and Brad Butterworth ) which, along with a fast boat and a lack of reliability aboard TNZ's NZL 82 , contributed to the win. In 2007, the re-branded Emirates Team New Zealand won
153-547: A course with more than one vessel while powered by the wind. The Barcolana regatta of the Italian yacht club Società Velica di Barcola e Grignano is currently the Guinness World Record holder as the "largest sailing race" with 2,689 boats and over 16,000 sailors at the starting line. The International Olympic Committee recognizes World Sailing (WS) as the world governing body for the sport of sailing yacht racing. It
204-488: A crane in an unexplained accident. Following repairs overnight, the boat was expected back in the water two days later. Sailing (sport) On the water, a sailing competition among multiple vessels is called a regatta . A Regatta consists of multiple individual races. The boat crew that performs best in over the series of races is the overall winner. There is a broad variety of kinds of races and sailboats used for racing from large yacht to dinghy racing . Much racing
255-600: A downwind leg to a second jibe marker. Next another jibe on a second downwind leg to the last mark which is called the 'downwind mark' (or 'leeward mark'). At this mark the boats turn into wind once again to tack to the finish line. The most famous and longest running of these events are: Inshore racing is yacht racing not in protected waters but along and generally within sight of land or from land to nearby islands, as distinct from offshore racing across open water and oceans. The duration of races may be daylight only, overnight or passage races of several days. Some races, such as
306-492: A major upset off San Diego , California after winning the right to challenge in the Louis Vuitton Cup . Their boats were fast, they had an experienced crew led by skipper Russell Coutts , and they were ably led by Sir Peter Blake . As NZL 32 approached the finish line on the last race, sailing commentator Pete Montgomery made the now famous line "The America's Cup is now New Zealand's cup!" The winning yacht, NZL 32 ,
357-560: A number of hours. The longest offshore races involve a circumnavigation of the world. Some of the most famous offshore races are as follows Several fully crewed round-the-world races are held, including: South African yacht clubs organise the South Atlantic Race (the former Cape to Rio race), the Governor's Cup from Cape Town to St. Helena Island, and a race between Durban and Mauritius. Single-handed ocean yacht racing began with
408-661: A round-the-world campaign, he can now race on the New Zealand motor racing circuit. Grant Dalton has raced around the world seven times; the first five as part of the Whitbread Round the World Race later to be called the Volvo Ocean Race . This race has evolved through this time from a race of adventurers to a grand prix yachting event. Dalton has participated in the following major events: He then skippered and won The Race ,
459-580: A sporadic lookout, due to the need to sleep, tend to navigation, etc. Certain races do not fit in the above categories. One such is the Three peaks yacht race in the UK which is a team competition involving sailing, cycling and running. Many design factors have a large impact on the speed at which a boat can complete a course, including the size of a boat's sails , its length, and the weight and shape of its hull. Because of these differences, it can be difficult to compare
510-495: A sprint around the world on maxi catamaran Club Med. The race started on 1 January 2001 and finished on 3 March. Club Med broke several records along the way including the distance sailed in 24 hours (656 nautical miles) and the fastest circumnavigation (62 days and 7 hours). He was called in to restructure and revitalise Team New Zealand after its loss of the America's Cup in February 2003. In 2014, at 57 years old, Grant entered
561-449: A triangular course marked by a number of buoys. The course starts from an imaginary line drawn from a 'committee boat' to the designated 'starting' buoy or 'pin'. A number of warning signals are given telling the crews exactly how long until the race starts. The aim of each crew is to cross the start line at full speed exactly as the race starts. A course generally involves tacking upwind to a 'windward' marker or buoy. Then bearing away onto
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#1732856097402612-655: A whitewash victory of 5–0, winning the Louis Vuitton Cup and the right to challenge Alinghi for the America's Cup. On 3 July 2007, Emirates Team New Zealand lost their final race to Alinghi bringing Alinghi's race wins to 5, successfully defending the 32nd America's cup. Americas Cup... Alinghi won the America's Cup, 5–2. Team New Zealand hosted the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series in January and February 2009 on
663-435: Is being considered for merging .› Harbor or buoy races are conducted in protected waters, and are quite short, usually taking anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. All sorts of sailing craft are used for these races, including keel-boats of all sizes, as well as dinghies, trailer sailors , catamarans , skiffs, sailboards, and other small craft. This kind of race is most commonly run over one or more laps of
714-439: Is done around buoys or similar marks in protected waters, while some longer offshore races cross open water. Various kinds of boats are used for racing, including small dinghies , catamarans , boats designed primarily for cruising , and purpose-built raceboats. The Racing Rules of Sailing govern the conduct of yacht racing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, model boat racing, dinghy racing and virtually any other form of racing around
765-441: The 12 Metre being the most famous due to its involvement in the America's Cup . When all the yachts in a race are not members of the same class, then a handicap is used to adjust the times of boats. The handicap attempts to specify a "normal" speed for each boat, usually based either on measurements taken of the boat, or on the past record of that kind of boat. Each boat is timed over the specified course. After it has finished,
816-471: The 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup , the 1988 America's Cup and the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup . Following the 1992 competition, Michael Fay withdrew from backing the New Zealand challenges and a new effort under the leadership of Sir Peter Blake began putting a team together, raising funds and gaining support for the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron . Team New Zealand Limited was established as a registered company in 1993. In 1995, TNZ beat Team Dennis Conner 5–0 in
867-527: The 2016 Olympics in Rio, compulsory mixed gender in the event were added for the first time. In addition the following criteria are sometimes applied to events: Grant Dalton Grant Stanley Dalton OBE (born 1 July 1957) is a New Zealand sailor who has competed in five Whitbread Round the World Races and currently manages Team New Zealand . Dalton is a professional sailor who started sailing at
918-517: The Manx Grand Prix as a newcomer, and also the F1 Classic TT, saying 'I’ve done seven laps around the world and a few America's Cups, but this is the most extreme thing I’ve ever done.' Dalton's 2014 Classic TT could perhaps best be described as a baptism of fire, given his lack of relevant experience; his best lap in qualifying in 2014 on his F1 Suzuki was 87.799 mph and he did not finish
969-573: The Swiftsure Yacht Race , are actually a group of inshore races of various distances along overlapping courses to allow for different classes and skills. Depending on location, stability and safety equipment requirements will be more extensive than for harbor racing, but less so than for offshore racing. Different levels of requirement for navigation, sleeping cooking and water storage also apply. Offshore yacht races are held over long distances and in open water; such races usually last for at least
1020-754: The Waitematā Harbour in the Hauraki Gulf , Auckland . Team New Zealand defeated Alinghi by a margin of 3 races to 1 in the final. The final races were reduced to the best of five due to difficult weather conditions resulting in the loss of one day's racing. In March 2010, the Louis Vuitton Trophy regatta returned to Auckland after the first regatta of the series in Nice in November 2009 won by Italy's Azzurra team. On Sunday 21 March 2010, Emirates Team New Zealand won
1071-409: The challenger series , Team New Zealand finished second in the round-robin stages behind America's Cup holders Oracle Team USA – the first time a Cup defender had participated in a challenger series. As the leading challenger, they chose to face Land Rover BAR in the first playoff round. Despite suffering a capsize in race 4, the outcome of the series was a 5–2 series victory for Team New Zealand. In
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#17328560974021122-468: The "big four" syndicates leading up to the 2007 Cup. The big four consisted of TNZ, Alinghi, BMW Oracle Racing , and Luna Rossa. In the Louis Vuitton Cup 2007 to select the challenger to face Alinghi , TNZ lost their first match to Mascalzone Latino-Capitalia Team, a team who they had beaten in each of their five encounters in the Louis Vuitton Acts. They then won their next 7 races, before losing
1173-765: The 2007 campaign in Valencia had shown a direct economic benefit to New Zealand of $ 74.4m. Because of the high cost associated with developing the new AC72 catamaran and the rule limitation of thirty sailing days of development, Team New Zealand entered into a technology sharing programme with the Italian team who had an identical boat and were also based in Auckland. Since Team New Zealand's July 2012 launch, their first AC 72 boat proved fast and reliable, foil sailing for long periods of time at speeds over 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) with no breakages. In August 2013, Team New Zealand won
1224-449: The 7 points needed to win the America's Cup. After five days of racing, which included nine races, Team New Zealand beat Oracle Team USA by eight races to one, or by 7 points to 1, and thereby won the Cup. The Prada cup series was sailed 15 January – 22 February 2021 to decide which challenger should race Team New Zealand; Luna Rossa , New York Yacht Club American Magic or INEOS TEAM UK . It
1275-583: The America's Cup challenger series (Louis Vuitton Cup) by defeating the Prada Luna Rossa Syndicate 7–1 and in September 2013 Team New Zealand challenged the Oracle syndicate for the America's Cup. The race series was very dramatic, with a number of incidents including Oracle Team USA being docked two points (meaning they started the competition on −2 points) and having two main crew members banned – one for
1326-430: The Louis Vuitton Cup and advanced to the 32nd America's Cup against defenders Alinghi . Team New Zealand lost the series 2–5 to Alinghi, the last by a single second. In late 2003, TNZ announced their intention to challenge Alinghi at the 2007 Valencia America's Cup, with Emirates on board as title sponsor, and Grant Dalton as Team Boss. Dean Barker skippered a more international team than ever before. TNZ were among
1377-754: The age 8 in the P Class and soon started racing as a member of Maraetai Sailing Club. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1995 New Year Honours , for services to yachting. He was shortlisted in 2001 by the International Sailing Federation for the ISAF World Sailor of the Year Awards . His other passion away from sailing is motor racing; as an avid F1 fan and with life with Emirates Team New Zealand more settled than
1428-455: The boat to be considered a member of that class. Some classes (e.g.the Laser ) have very tight specifications ensuring that there is virtually no difference between the boats (except for age) - these classes are sometimes called strict one-design . In one-design racing all boats must conform to the same standard, the class rules , thus emphasizing the skill of the skipper and crew rather than having
1479-415: The box rule. No handicap is then applied. A construction class is based on a formula or set of restrictions which the boat's measurements must fit to be accepted to the class. Resulting boats are all unique, yet (ideally) relatively close in size and performance. Perhaps the most popular and enduring construction formula is The Metre Rule , around which several still popular classes were designed. With
1530-433: The competition, the other for 4 of the races. In Race 8, Team New Zealand nearly capsized the boat due to a lack of hydraulic pressure which caused the boat to move, but the sail to stay in the same place. By 19 September 2013, Team New Zealand led Oracle Team USA 8–1 needing just one more win to take the Cup. In Race 13 Team New Zealand were minutes away from winning the cup when the race time limits came into effect, causing
1581-547: The final of the Louis Vuitton Trophy Auckland regatta with a 56 sec win over Mascalzone Latino. On 13 April 2010, along with Camper , the Spanish-based international footwear manufacturer, Emirates Team New Zealand announced that it would compete in the Volvo Ocean Race in 2011–12. The campaign was run by Emirates Team New Zealand and skippered by Olympic and round-the-world yachtsman Chris Nicholson. Racing
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1632-420: The final race, commentator Peter Montgomery exclaimed "The America's Cup is still New Zealand's cup!!" – echoing his comment in 1995 America's Cup. A notable feature was Russell Coutts handing over the helm to Dean Barker in the final race. In 2003, Team New Zealand's eight-year reign ended after they were defeated 5–0 by Swiss-based challenger Alinghi . TNZ dubbed their campaign the "Loyal" campaign, featuring
1683-453: The final to race Ineos. Luna Rossa defeated Ineos 7 – 1 and faced Emirates Team New Zealand in the 36th America's cup from 6 – 18 March 2021. Emirates Team New Zealand was successful in their defence of the cup, winning 7 – 3. Emirates Team New Zealand is currently preparing to defend its title in Barcelona in 2024. It suffered a setback on 29 August, 2024 when its boat was dropped 7 meters from
1734-469: The final two in round robin 1 to Luna Rossa and BMW Oracle Racing which put them in third place at the end of the first round robin. In Round Robin 2, Team New Zealand were undefeated throughout, taking first place from BMW Oracle Racing. They won their semi-final series 5–2 against Desafío Español 2007 and qualified for the Louis Vuitton finals against Luna Rossa. In the finals, they defeated Luna Rossa with
1785-449: The finals match against Artemis Racing , Team New Zealand secured a second 5–2 series win, and therefore progressed to the America's Cup series against Oracle Team USA. Having won the challenger series, Oracle Team USA was able to impose a penalty point on the eventual challenger for the 35th America's Cup. Therefore, Team New Zealand started the 35th America's Cup racing with minus one point and would need to win eight races in order to get
1836-561: The first team from a country outside the United States to win and successfully defend the America's Cup. Team New Zealand won the 2017 America's Cup , skippered by Glenn Ashby . They successfully defended the title at the America's Cup in 2021 and 2024 . They are also the winners of the Louis Vuitton Cup in 1995 , 2007 , 2013 , and 2017 . Three challenges were launched before the founding of Team New Zealand, all of these backed by Michael Fay . New Zealand Challenge competed in
1887-504: The handicap is used to adjust each boat's finishing time. The results are based on this sum. Popular handicapping systems include Earlier popular rating systems include IOR and IMS . The majority of sailing events are "open" events in which males and females compete together on equal terms either as individuals or part of team. Sailing has had female only World Championships since the 1970s to encourage participation and now hosts more than 30 such World Championship titles each year. For
1938-418: The objective is merely to arrive at the finish line before the opponent, which is not necessarily as fast as possible. The tactics involved at the start are also special. Team racing is most often between two teams of three boats each. It involves similar technique to match racing but has the added dimension that it is the overall scoring of the race that matters. In three on three team racing, this means that
1989-583: The official measurers before the start of racing, and that taking legal action would be "an incredibly bad thing to do." In January 2014, Emirates Team New Zealand announced the signing of 2013 49er World and European Champions and 2012 Olympic Silver Medalists, Peter Burling and Blair Tuke . CEO Grant Dalton first said that the team would campaign two AC45's in future America's Cup World Series. On 25 June 2014 Team New Zealand confirmed their intention to challenge, as they had gained sufficient private financial backing to need no further government assistance. In
2040-521: The present-day Velux 5 Oceans Race (formerly the BOC Challenge / Around Alone) and the Vendée Globe . Single-handed racing has seen a great boom in popularity in recent years. There is some controversy about the legality of sailing single-handed over long distances, as the navigation rules require "that every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper lookout..."; single-handed sailors can only keep
2091-671: The race across the Atlantic Ocean by William Albert Andrews and Josiah W. Lawlor in 1891; however, the first regular single-handed ocean race was the Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race , first held in 1960. The first round-the-world yacht race was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race of 1968–1969, which was also a single-handed race with the only winner, Robin Knox-Johnston on Suhaili ; this inspired
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2142-650: The race to be cancelled. The race was then replayed and Oracle Team USA won – and went on to win all last eight races to come from behind – and take the Cup. This win was facilitated by the American Syndicates ability Hydrofoil upwind. It had been the longest-ever event by both number of days and races, and the first since the 25th America's Cup to feature a winner-take-all final race. Emirates Team New Zealand ruled out any post-racing legal challenge, with ETNZ syndicate head Grant Dalton stating that Oracle's automated stabilisation system had been checked and approved by
2193-530: The results depend on equipment superiority. This kind of class is most commonly with a brand, as occurs with Laser Performance , RS Sailing , Melges and J/Boats . Popular International Classes include the Optimist , 470 , Snipe and Etchells . A box rule specifies a maximum overall size for boats in the class, as well as features such as stability. Competitors in these classes are then free to enter their own boat designs, as long as they do not exceed
2244-468: The same classes of boat. Fleet races can have anywhere from four boats to hundreds of boats in a race. A regatta must have at least three races to be counted. Each boat's place in each race is added to compile a final score. The lowest scorer wins. In match racing only two boats compete against each other. The best known competition of this type is the America's Cup . The tactics involved in match racing are different from those of other races, because
2295-408: The skills of the sailors in a race if they are sailing very different boats. For most forms of yacht racing, one of two solutions to this problem are used: either all boats are required to race on a first to finish basis (these groups of boats are called classes), or a handicapping system is used which implements correction factors. Each class has a detailed set of specifications that must be met for
2346-584: The team that scores ten or less points wins. For this reason, many tactics are used to advance teammates to make stable combinations for winning. The stable combinations most commonly sought are "Play one", which is 1-2-anything, "Play two" or 2-3-4, and "Play 4", a 1-4-5 combination. These are generally regarded as the best setups to win and the hardest for the opposing team to play offense against. Is managed by World Speed Sailing Record Council Is common to board sports. Both windsurfing and kiteboarding are experimenting with new formats. ‹The template How-to
2397-459: The world, namely Matteo De Nora and Stephen Tindall among others, in keeping the team afloat through the intervening years in what had been a difficult four years since the last multi-challenger event in Valencia 2007. The team also received a NZ$ 36m grant from the New Zealand government to compete in the 2013 America's Cup and to promote and export New Zealand expertise in the field of yachting. This followed on from an economic impact assessment of
2448-454: Was a round robin format over 16 racing days. Ineos was the first to qualify, going into the final undefeated. The American boat Patriot suffered hull damage and the onboard electronics were likely damaged due to water in the hull. After concerted efforts to get the boat ready again, with their competitors rallying to help, the boat met Luna Rossa but it became obvious there were still problems onboard. The Italian team won every race to proceed into
2499-549: Was formed in 1904 as the International Yacht Racing Union and then called the International Sailing Federation until rebranding 2014. Many town yacht clubs maintain their own racing teams for both juniors and adults. Often several yacht clubs will get together to hold events that can include more than 100 entered boats per race making up the regatta. Although often both adults and juniors sail
2550-528: Was shipped back to New Zealand and given to the Te Papa Museum , and is now housed in an extension to the northern end of the National Maritime Museum in Auckland as part of a permanent exhibition, Blue Water, Black Magic , about Sir Peter Blake . TNZ ( NZL 60 ) beat Italy's Prada Challenge ( Luna Rossa ) 5–0 in the 2000 match held on Auckland 's Hauraki Gulf . On crossing the finish line in
2601-549: Was very close with results of each leg often coming down to minutes and seconds at the finish line after thousands of miles of ocean racing. Emirates Team New Zealand came in second. On 21 April 2011, Grant Dalton and Emirates Team New Zealand announced their entry for the 2013 America's Cup regatta to be held in San Francisco in 2013. New sponsor Nespresso came on board through parent company Nestlé . Grant Dalton expressed his gratitude to numerous corporate interests based around
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