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89-675: The bridge was built in 1950 as a memorial to Charles W. Eliot , Harvard president 1869–1909, and his son Charles Eliot , landscape architect for the Metropolitan Park Commission. This article about a bridge in Massachusetts is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a building or structure in Boston is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Charles W. Eliot Charles William Eliot (March 20, 1834 – August 22, 1926)

178-605: A considerable interregnum Eliot succeeded to that office in 1869. Early in 1869, Eliot had presented his ideas about reforming American higher education in a compelling two-part article, "The New Education," in The Atlantic Monthly , the nation's leading journal of opinion. "We are fighting a wilderness, physical and moral," Eliot declared in setting forth his vision of the American university, "for this fight we must be trained and armed." The articles resonated powerfully with

267-555: A faculty composed less of faithful teachers than of productive scholars for whom the campus would provide the conditions for creative work. The latter implied a shift of focus from undergraduate, liberal education to graduate work in the most important professional fields. During his tenure, Eliot opposed football and tried unsuccessfully to abolish the game at Harvard. In 1905, The New York Times reported that he called it "a fight whose strategy and ethics are those of war", that violation of rules cannot be prevented, that "the weaker man

356-605: A fine curve ball. I understand that a curve ball is thrown with a deliberate attempt to deceive. Surely this is not an ability we should want to foster at Harvard. During his lengthy tenure as Harvard's leader, Eliot initiated repeated attempts to acquire his former employer, the fledgling Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and these efforts continued even after he stepped down from the presidency. The much younger college had considerable financial problems during its first five decades, and had been repeatedly rescued from insolvency by various benefactors, including George Eastman ,

445-592: A full-page interview that Eliot had given as he neared the end of his life, including excerpts from his writings on education, religion, democracy, labor, woman, and Americanism. Institute of technology An institute of technology (also referred to as technological university , technical university , university of technology , polytechnic university ) is an institution of tertiary education that specializes in engineering , technology , applied science , and natural sciences . The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least

534-449: A legacy left to him by his grandfather Lyman." After a bitter struggle over the Rumford chair, Eliot left Harvard in 1863. His friends assumed that he would "be obliged to cut chemistry and go into business in order to earn a livelihood for his family." But instead, he used his grandfather's large legacy and a small borrowed sum to spend the next two years studying the educational systems of

623-952: A national university and offer select technical and engineering transfer programs. Colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes, and universities tend to be independent institutions. Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. Some of Canada's most well-known colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through

712-582: A part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below). Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use

801-495: A people may be inferred from the variety of its tools. There are thousands of years between the stone hatchet and the machine-shop. As tools multiply, each is more ingeniously adapted to its own exclusive purpose. So with the men that make the State. For the individual, concentration, and the highest development of his own peculiar faculty, is the only prudence. But for the State, it is variety, not uniformity, of intellectual product, which

890-459: A quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases, "polytechnic" were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an "institute of technology". A number of polytechnics providing higher education

979-444: A research university in the service of the nation, specialized expertise could be harnessed to public purposes. "When the revelation of his own peculiar taste and capacity comes to a young man, let him reverently give it welcome, thank God, and take courage," Eliot declared in his inaugural address. He further stated: Thereafter he knows his way to happy, enthusiastic work, and, God willing, to usefulness and success. The civilization of

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1068-414: A separation of the sexes when it came to education. While Eliot was president of Harvard many firsts happened when it came to the education of African Americans . Richard Theodore Greener was the first African American to graduate from Harvard. W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard's History Department, and from Harvard overall. Also, during his presidency, Eliot saw

1157-439: A thorough knowledge of what France has found useful for the development of her resources, may someday enable me to be of use to my country. At this moment, it is humiliating to read the figures which exhibit the increasing importations of all sorts of manufactured goods into America. Especially will it be the interest of Massachusetts to foster by every mean in her power the manufactures which are her main strength. Eliot understood

1246-672: A trustee. Between 1908 and 1925 he served as the chairman of the Museum's Special Advisory Committee on Education. Served as vice president for the National Committee for Mental Hygiene from 1913 till his death. Eliot accepted election to be the first president of the American Social Hygiene Association . In 1902, he became vice president of the National Civil Service Reform League , and president of

1335-536: A variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas and degrees. Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. In Canada, there are affiliate schools, colleges , and institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to the bestowment of apprenticeships , citations , certificates , diplomas , and associate's degrees upon successful completion. Affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions attached to

1424-939: Is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2010, there were 20 Fachhochschulen in Austria There are some public engineering universities in Bangladesh : There are some general, technological and specialized universities in Bangladesh offer engineering programs: There are some private engineering universities in Bangladesh: There

1513-509: Is among the best engineering school in China and the world. In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy , atmospheric physics , engineering and physical sciences . The Geophysics Institute monitors

1602-411: Is considered the legitimate prey of the stronger" and that "no sport is wholesome in which ungenerous or mean acts which easily escape detection contribute to victory." He also made public objections to baseball , basketball , and hockey . He was quoted as saying that rowing and tennis were the only clean sports. Eliot once said: [T]his year I'm told the team did well because one pitcher had

1691-803: Is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source and electron beam processing . Universities of technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), Diplomi-insinööri M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant

1780-510: Is needful. On the subject of educational reform, he declared: As a people, we do not apply to mental activities the principle of division of labor; and we have but a halting faith in special training for high professional employments. The vulgar conceit that a Yankee can turn his hand to anything we insensibly carry into high places, where it is preposterous and criminal. We are accustomed to seeing men leap from farm or shop to court-room or pulpit, and we half believe that common men can safely use

1869-414: Is only one international engineering university in Bangladesh: There are numerous private and other universities as well as science and technology universities providing engineering education. Most prominent are: There are numerous government-funded as well as private polytechnic institutes, engineering colleges and science and technology institutes providing engineering education. Most prominent are: In

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1958-538: Is rare among historians: It was due to Eliot's insistent pressure that the Harvard faculty abolished the Greek requirement for entrance in 1887, after dropping required Latin and Greek for freshman year. His and Harvard's reputation, the pressure of teachers trained in the new learning, and of parents wanting ‘practical’ instruction for their sons, soon had the classics on the run, in schools as well as colleges; and no equivalent to

2047-667: Is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like "institute of technology", "polytechnic university", " university of applied sciences " or "university of technology" for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where

2136-617: Is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education , although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor's degrees. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like

2225-584: Is the common term in Finland , as is the Swedish alternative " yrkeshögskola " – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri , engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched

2314-454: Is the more favored synonym of a " regional technical college " though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology was a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law; Cork Institute of Technology and other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of

2403-639: The College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example

2492-615: The Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found at the end of this list . Federal: Service academy: Private: State: In Cambodia, there are institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and Universities that offer instruction in

2581-461: The French Ministry of Higher Education and Research . Although called "universities", the universities of technology are in fact non-university institutes ( écoles extérieures aux universités ), as defined by Chapter I, Section II (Articles 34 through 36) of French law 84-52 of 26 January 1984 regarding higher education (the loi Savary ). They possess the advantage of combining all the assets of

2670-534: The Harvard Annex where they could receive instruction from Harvard faculty. Within a decade this program grew to 200 female students, and resulted in the creation of Radcliffe College . In the aftermath of the formation of the college, Eliot, with reservations, countersigned the degrees of women who attend Radcliffe certifying the degrees received by these students are equivalent in everyway to those received by students at Harvard. He still maintained that there must be

2759-597: The Hasty Pudding . Although he had high expectations and obvious scientific talents, the first fifteen years of Eliot's career were less than auspicious. He was appointed Tutor in Mathematics at Harvard in the fall of 1854, and studied chemistry with Josiah P. Cooke . In 1858, he was promoted to Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry. He taught competently, wrote some technical pieces on chemical impurities in industrial metals , and busied himself with schemes for

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2848-666: The International Health Board , as well as serving as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1914 to 1917. Eliot helped found the Institute for Government Research ( Brookings Institution ) and served as trustee. He acted as a founding trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from its beginning in 1910 until 1919. Eliot was an incorporator of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1870, and

2937-935: The Istanbul Technical University , ETH Zurich , Delft University of Technology , RWTH Aachen and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology all considered universities. In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK, a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees mainly in STEM subjects from bachelor's , master's and PhD that were validated and governed at

3026-534: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rendered a decision that effectively cancelled plans for a merger, and MIT eventually attained independent financial stability. During his life, Eliot had been involved in at least five unsuccessful attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard. On October 27, 1858, Eliot married Ellen Derby Peabody of Salem Massachusetts (1836–1869) in Boston at Kings Chapel . Ellen

3115-601: The Yale family of Yale University . Another son, Samuel Atkins Eliot II (August 24, 1862 – October 15, 1950) became a Unitarian minister who was the longest-serving president of the American Unitarian Association (1900–1927) and was the first president granted executive authority of that organization. The Nobel Prize -winning poet T.S. Eliot was a cousin and attended Harvard from 1906 through 1909, completing his elective undergraduate courses in three instead of

3204-727: The 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization . The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc ), was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary (now Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia), in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to

3293-506: The B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees. Universities of technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. Some Finnish universities of technology are: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu

3382-997: The English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas. Some recognized Finnish polytechnics are: A complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland . Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include: They provide science and technology master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The universities of technology ( French : universités de technologie ) are public institutions awarding degrees and diplomas that are accredited by

3471-556: The Netherlands, there are four universities of technology, jointly known as 4TU: In Belgium and in the Netherlands , Hogescholen or Hautes écoles (also translated into colleges , university colleges or universities of applied science ) are applied institutes of higher education that do not award doctorates. They are generally limited to Bachelor-level education, with degrees called professional bachelors, and only minor Master's programmes. The hogeschool thus has many similarities to

3560-544: The Old World in Europe. Eliot's approach to investigating European education was unusual. He did not confine his attention to educational institutions, but explored the role of education in every aspect of national life. When Eliot visited schools , he took an interest in every aspect of institutional operation, from curriculum and methods of instruction through physical arrangements and custodial services. But his particular concern

3649-605: The Republic of Ireland's National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. In 2018, Ireland passed the Technological Universities Act, which allowed a number of Institutes of Technology to transform into Technological Universities. In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have

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3738-775: The Union victory in the Civil War , triumph over the moral and physical wilderness and the establishment of mastery required a joining of industrial and cultural forces. While he proposed the reform of professional schools, the development of research faculties, and, in general, a huge broadening of the curriculum, his blueprint for undergraduate education in crucial ways preserved — and even enhanced — its traditional spiritual and character education functions. Echoing Emerson, he believed that every individual mind had "its own peculiar constitution." The problem, both in terms of fully developing an individual's capacities and in maximizing his social utility,

3827-554: The United States took account of industry and commerce as well as the field of academic endeavor. To be the chief executive officer of a particular business offered only a limited range of influence; but to stand at the intersection of the realm of production and the realm of knowledge offered considerably more. In the 1800s, American colleges, controlled by clergymen , continued to embrace classical curricula that had little relevance to an industrializing nation. Few offered courses in

3916-528: The businessmen who controlled the Harvard Corporation. Shortly after their appearance, merely 35 years old, he was elected as the youngest president in the history of the nation's oldest university. Eliot's educational vision incorporated important elements of Unitarian and Emersonian ideas about character development, framed by a pragmatic understanding of the role of higher education in economic and political leadership. His concern in "The New Education"

4005-454: The classics, for mental training, cultural background, or solid satisfaction in after life, has yet been discovered. It is a hard saying, but Mr. Eliot, more than any other man, is responsible for the greatest educational crime of the century against American youth—depriving him of his classical heritage. By contrast recent scholars such as Richard M. Freeland, emphasize that Eliot appreciated how Harvard needed to modernize: Eliot believed that

4094-835: The country's seismic , tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands . One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory . It was founded in 1873 and is located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and

4183-484: The engineering Grandes Écoles and those of universities as they develop simultaneously and coherently three missions: Education , Research , Transfer of technology . They maintain close links with the industrial world both on national and international levels and they are reputed for their ability to innovate, adapt and provide an education that matches the ever-changing demands of industry . This network includes three institutions: 'Polytech institutes', embedded as

4272-587: The founder of Eastman Kodak Company . The faculty, students, and alumni of MIT often vehemently opposed merger of their school under the Harvard umbrella. In 1916, MIT succeeded in moving across the Charles River from crowded Back Bay, Boston to larger facilities on the southern riverfront of Cambridge, but still faced the prospect of merger with Harvard, which was to begin "when the Institute will occupy its splendid new buildings in Cambridge." However, in 1917,

4361-469: The hiring of Harvard's first African American faculty member George F. Grant. Yet, despite these changes Eliot continued to believe in racial segregation , anti-miscegenation , and eugenics . Unlike his successor, A. Lawrence Lowell , Eliot opposed efforts to limit the admission of Jews and Roman Catholics . At the same time, Eliot was radically opposed to labor unions, fostering a campus climate where many Harvard students served as strikebreakers; he

4450-431: The house, secretary of the board of education, and president and treasurer of the university, together with thirty other persons, and these other persons were elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the state legislature. An opinion had long been gaining ground that it would be better for the community and the interests of learning, as well as for the university, if the power to elect the overseers were transferred from

4539-601: The institutes of the 1970s–1990s period. In 2009, the old college system in Tasmania and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au In the higher education sector, there are seven designated universities of technology in Australia (though, note, not all use

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4628-470: The intellectual welfare of the general public. President Eliot edited the Harvard Classics , which together are colloquially known as his Five Foot Shelf and which were intended at the time to suggest a foundation for informed discourse, "A good substitute for a liberal education in youth to anyone who would read them with devotion, even if he could spare but fifteen minutes a day for reading." Eliot

4717-479: The interdependence of education and enterprise. In a letter to his cousin Arthur T. Lyman, he discussed the value to the German chemical industry of discoveries made in university laboratories. He also recognized that, while European universities depended on government for support, American institutions would have to draw on the resources of the wealthy. He wrote to his cousin: Every one of the famous universities of Europe

4806-421: The kinds of changes they wanted. On his return to the United States in 1865, Eliot accepted an appointment as Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the newly founded Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, an important revolution occurred in the government of Harvard University. The board of overseers had hitherto consisted of the governor, lieutenant-governor, president of the state senate, speaker of

4895-428: The lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and any institution can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for

4984-468: The league in 1908. In celebration of President Eliot's 90th birthday, congratulations came in across the world and notably from two American Presidents. Woodrow Wilson said of him, “No man has ever made a deeper impression of the educational system of a country than President Eliot has upon the educational system of America,” while Theodore Roosevelt exclaimed, “He is the only man in the world I envy.” Upon his death in 1926, The New York Times published

5073-422: The legislature to the graduates of the college. This change was made in 1865, and at the same time the governor and other state officers ceased to form part of the board. The effect of this change was to greatly strengthen the interest of the alumni in the management of the university, and thus to prepare the way for extensive and thorough reforms. Shortly afterward Dr. Thomas Hill resigned the presidency, and after

5162-613: The longest term in the university's history, and was honored as Harvard's first president emeritus. He lived another 17 years, dying in Northeast Harbor, Maine , in 1926, and was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Under Eliot, Harvard became a worldwide university, accepting its students around America using standardized entrance examinations and hiring well-known scholars from home and abroad. Eliot

5251-424: The nation's growing plutocracy , making it the wealthiest private university in the world. Eliot's leadership made Harvard not only the pace-setter for other American schools, but a major figure in the reform of secondary school education. Both the elite boarding schools , most of them founded during his presidency, and the public high schools shaped their curricula to meet Harvard's demanding standards. Eliot

5340-486: The national industries for ten or twenty years. The Puritans thought they must have trained ministers for the Church and they supported Harvard College—when the American people are convinced that they require more competent chemists, engineers, artists, architects, than they now have, they will somehow establish the institutions to train them. In the meantime, freedom and the American spirit of enterprise will do much for us, as in

5429-532: The national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards . In 1992, UK polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster ), was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term "institute of technology"

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5518-443: The newly chartered Massachusetts Institute of Technology , about to offer its first classes in 1865. Others proposed abandoning the classical curriculum, in favor of more vocational offerings. Harvard was in the middle of this crisis. After three undistinguished short-term clerical Harvard presidencies in a ten-year period, Boston's business leaders, many of them Harvard alumni, were pressing for change — though with no clear idea of

5607-436: The normal four years, which were the last three years of Charles' presidency. After Ellen Derby Peabody died at the age of 33 of tuberculosis , Eliot married a second wife in 1877, Grace Mellen Hopkinson (1846–1924). This second marriage did not produce any children. Grace was a close relative of Frances Stone Hopkinson, wife of Samuel Atkins Eliot II, Charles's son. Eliot retired in 1909, having served 40 years as president,

5696-442: The offer, turned it down. One of his biographers speculated that he surely realized by this time that he had a strong taste for organizing and administration. This post would have given it scope. He must have felt, even if dimly, that if science interested him, it was not because he was first and last a lover of her laws and generalizations, not only because the clarity and precision of science was congenial, but because science answered

5785-452: The past .... While Eliot was in Europe, he was again presented with the opportunity to enter the world of active business. The Merrimack Mills , one of the largest textile mills in the United States, tendered him an invitation to become its superintendent. In spite of the urgings of his friends and the attractiveness of what for the time was the enormous salary of $ 5000 (plus a good house, rent free), Eliot, after giving considerable thought to

5874-629: The phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability – most important of all – to confer doctorates): These institutions are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. These institutions focus only on research. Several universities have faculties of technology that are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and which focus on research. Fachhochschule

5963-559: The prophecy of a natural bent, and in the value of a discipline concentrated upon a single object, amounts to a national danger. Under Eliot's leadership, Harvard adopted an "elective system" which vastly expanded the range of courses offered and permitted undergraduates unrestricted choice in selecting their courses of study — with a view to enabling them to discover their "natural bents" and pursue them into specialized studies. A monumental expansion of Harvard's graduate and professional school and departments facilitated specialization, while at

6052-453: The questions of practical men and conferred knowledge and power upon those who would perform the labors of their generation. During nearly two years in Europe he had found himself as much fascinated by what he could learn concerning the methods by which science could be made to help industry as by what he discovered about the organization of institutions of learning. He was thinking much about what his own young country needed, and his hopes for

6141-521: The reform of Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School . But his real goal, appointment to the Rumford Professorship of Chemistry, eluded him. This was a particularly bitter blow because of a change in his family's economic circumstances—the financial failure of his father, Samuel Atkins Eliot , in the Panic of 1857 . Eliot had to face the fact that "he had nothing to look to but his teacher's salary and

6230-701: The requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology , founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum". The French École Polytechnique was founded in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Turkey and Taiwan, institutes of technology are institutions of higher education and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are

6319-458: The same time making the university a center for advanced scientific and technological research. Accompanying this was a shift in pedagogy from recitations and lectures towards classes that put students' achievements to the test and, through a revised grading system, rigorously assessed individual performance. Eliot's reforms did not go without criticism. His own kinsman Samuel Eliot Morison in his tercentenary history of Harvard gave an opinion that

6408-539: The sciences, modern languages, history, or political economy — and only a handful had graduate or professional schools . As businessmen became increasingly reluctant to send their sons to schools whose curricula offered nothing useful — or to donate money for their support, some educational leaders began exploring ways of making higher education more attractive. Some backed the establishment of specialized schools of science and technology, like Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School , Yale's Sheffield Scientific School , and

6497-534: The scope of Polytechnics Canada , a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. Harbin Institute of Technology

6586-413: The seven-league boots of genius. What amount of knowledge and experience do we habitually demand of our lawgivers? What special training do we ordinarily think necessary for our diplomatists? — although in great emergencies the nation has known where to turn. Only after years of the bitterest experience did we come to believe the professional training of a soldier to be of value in war. This lack of faith in

6675-493: The study of technology is the National Technological University which has Regional Faculties throughout Argentina. The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (ITBA) and Balseiro Institute are other recognized institutes of technology. During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of

6764-557: The traditional college, with its rigid curriculum and preoccupation with "virtue and piety," had become irrelevant to producing successful leaders for the industrial, urban nation of the late nineteenth century. Influenced by his observations of German universities, Eliot saw that conditions favored academic institutions dedicated to the secular achievements of the intellect, places that would nurture contemporary thinking on socially significant subjects and enable ambitious, talented men to demonstrate their abilities. The former objective required

6853-427: The workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe argue that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in universities of technology specifically and they posit several questions for the debate. In Argentina , the main higher institution devoted to

6942-478: Was a key figure in the creation of standardized admissions examinations, as a founding member of the College Entrance Examination Board . As leader of the nation's wealthiest and best-known university, Eliot was necessarily a celebrated figure whose opinions were sought on a wide variety of matters, from tax policy (he offered the first coherent rationale for the charitable tax exemption ) to

7031-433: Was an American academic who was president of Harvard University from 1869 to 1909, the longest term of any Harvard president. A member of the prominent Eliot family of Boston , he transformed Harvard from a respected provincial college into America's preeminent research university . Theodore Roosevelt called him "the only man in the world I envy." Eliot was born a scion of the wealthy Eliot family of Boston . He

7120-400: Was an administrative reformer, reorganizing the university 's faculty into schools and departments and replacing recitations with lectures and seminars . During his forty-year presidency, the university vastly expanded its facilities, with laboratories, libraries, classrooms, and athletic facilities replacing simple colonial structures. Eliot attracted the support of major donors from among

7209-415: Was an articulate opponent of American imperialism . During his tenure as Harvard's president he denied women's demands to be allowed the same educational opportunities as men. In response to these demands he was quoted as saying "the world “(knows) next to nothing about the natural mental capacities of the female sex.”" Regardless of Eliot's opposition, women were able to find educational instruction through

7298-516: Was called by some "the greatest labor union hater in the country." Charles Eliot was a fearless crusader not only for educational reform , but for many of the goals of the progressive movement —whose most prominent figurehead was Theodore Roosevelt (Class of 1880) and most eloquent spokesman was Herbert Croly (Class of 1889). Eliot was also involved in philanthropy. In 1908 he joined the General Education Board , and in 1913 served on

7387-423: Was embedded in the material world and consisted of measurable progress of the human spirit towards mastery of human intelligence over nature — the "moral and spiritual wilderness." While this mastery depended on each individual fully realizing his capacities, it was ultimately a collective achievement and the product of institutions which established the conditions both for individual and collective achievement. Like

7476-542: Was founded by Princes or privileged classes—every Polytechnic School, which I have visited in France or Germany, has been supported in the main by Government. Now this is not our way of managing these matters of education, and we have not yet found any equivalent, but republican, method of producing the like results. In our generation I hardly expect to see the institutions founded which have produced such results in Europe, and after they are established they do not begin to tell upon

7565-413: Was not merely curriculum, but the ultimate utility of education. A college education could enable a student to make intelligent choices, but should not attempt to provide specialized vocational or technical training. Although his methods were pragmatic, Eliot's ultimate goal, like those of the secularized Puritanism of the Boston elite, was a spiritual one. The spiritual desideratum was not otherworldly. It

7654-497: Was the daughter of Ephraim Peabody (1807-1856) and Mary Jane Derby (1807-1892), great-great-granddaughter of Elias Hasket Derby (1739-1799), and the sister of architect Robert Swain Peabody . They had four sons, one of whom, Charles Eliot (November 1, 1859 – March 25, 1897) became an important landscape architect , responsible for Boston's public park system. He married Mary Yale Pitkin, granddaughter of Rev. Cyrus Yale , members of

7743-521: Was the son of politician Samuel Atkins Eliot and his wife Mary (née Lyman), and was the grandchild of banker Samuel Eliot and merchant Theodore Lyman of the Lyman Estate . His grandfather was one of the wealthiest merchants of Boston. He was one of five siblings and the only boy. Eliot graduated from Boston Latin School in 1849 and from Harvard University in 1853. He was later made an honorary member of

7832-400: Was to present him with a course of study sufficiently representative so as "to reveal to him, or at least to his teachers and parents, his capacities and tastes." An informed choice once made, the individual might pursue whatever specialized branch of knowledge he found congenial. But Eliot's goal went well beyond Emersonian self-actualization for its own sake. Framed by the higher purposes of

7921-481: Was with the relation between education and economic growth: I have given special attention to the schools here provided for the education of young men for those arts and trades which require some knowledge of scientific principles and their applications, the schools which turn out master workmen, superintendents, and designers for the numerous French industries which demand taste, skill, and special technical instruction. Such schools we need at home. I can't but think that

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