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24-517: As part of the Pacification of 1917 , proportional representation was introduced for the elections for the House of Representatives . The State Commission-Oppenheim  [ nl ] was tasked with creating a proposal for the elections. This required a national election commission , to determine the election results, which had been done locally before in the electoral districts . On 12 December 1917,

48-429: A ministry of agriculture, implement an old age pension, improve agricultural education, and end the merger of municipalities. The change of name in 1933 to National Farmers', Horticulturists' and Middle Class Party also implied an ideological reorientation. The party is now also oriented towards the middle class in urban areas, while still holding on to its agrarian ideals. Small businesses, or the middle class, were seen as

72-518: A rich farmer, for the Northern provinces of Groningen and Drenthe and Arend Braat, who has been the party's leader for a long time, for the rest of the Netherlands. Unexpectedly Vervoorn was elected into parliament because he received more votes than Braat. Braat tried to convince Vervoorn to give up his seat, but he refused. In the 1937 election , the party lost its seat, this is partially explained by

96-499: A two-thirds majority in the second, a snap election was called in 1917 . The major parties, all of which had agreed to the terms of the Pacification, did not field candidates against incumbent opponents in order to assure that the elected parliament would show the same level of support as the retiring one. Fifty incumbents stood unopposed, while another fifty were re-elected. Candidates challenging incumbents were mostly associated with

120-594: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Peasants%27 League The Peasants' League (in Dutch: Plattelandersbond , PB) was a Dutch agrarian political party . The League played only a minor role in Dutch politics. The party was founded on February 17, 1917. In the elections of 1918 , the party won one seat. It had campaigned with two lists, one religious list and one secular list, in order to appeal to both religious and secular farmers. During

144-443: Is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. The party was particularly strong in the provincial legislatives of Drenthe and Groningen. Where it also held several seats in local legislatives . The electorate of party consisted out of farmers form Drenthe , Gelderland , the northern region of North Holland and the southern islands of South Holland . Compared to

168-616: The First World War , the Netherlands, a neutral country, had to rely on its own agriculture. Government influence in agriculture had increased, much to the unhappiness of many farmers. The party's seat was taken by Frederik Bos . Between 1918 and 1919, the League cooperated in the neutral parliamentary party, with other four one or two seat parties, namely the Alliance for the Democratisation of

192-504: The Senate . The committee got the same responsibility of determining the results, which it first put in practice during the 1923 Senate election  [ nl ] . At the start, the Council comprised five members and three substitute members, although there was little difference in practice. It has changed to seven members. Members are appointed for four years. As maximum of two reappointments

216-700: The Anti-Constitution Committee, which opposed the prospective constitutional amendments, as well as members of the Peasants' League and the Christian Social Party . The newly elected House of Representatives , identical in composition to its predecessor, voted overwhelmingly in favour of the constitutional amendments on 25 September 1917; only two members voted against the education amendment. The Senate followed on 29 November, with only one Senator voting against all amendments. After having passed

240-640: The Army , the Economic League , the Middle Class Party and the Neutral Party . The parliamentary party was led by former minister Willem Treub . In 1919 Bos was replaced by Arend Braat as member of parliament. Braat was an unsophisticated and unconventional MP, who attempted to revoke the law on daylight saving time on five occasions but failed in each. He was ignored by most other politicians and scorned by

264-477: The Pacification was the development of consociationalism , manifesting itself as pillarisation , whereby Dutch politics and society were sharply divided into four "pillars" (Protestant, Catholic, liberal and socialist), each of which had a full set of its own social organisations, including churches (for the religious pillars), political parties, schools, universities, labour unions, sport clubs, youth clubs and newspapers. This Dutch-history -related article

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288-648: The amendments, parliament was immediately dissolved again, leading to the first election in organised in accordance with the new Constitution in 1918 . The Social Democratic Workers' Party grew substantially, but the Christian democratic parties dominated the election, collectively winning a majority of the seats. The liberal parties were the losers of the extension of suffrage; the two conservative-liberal parties fell from 31 seats to only 10. Although women did not yet enjoy active suffrage (the right to vote), they did now have passive suffrage (the right to be voted for), leading to

312-585: The cabinet in 1914, while the Bos Committee finished in 1916. The Christian democratic parties would be given a constitutional right to equal funding for religious schools, for which they had pleaded since the early 19th century. In return, the Christian democrats vowed to support universal male suffrage, which had long been a wish of the liberal parties and the Social Democratic Workers' Party . Although suffrage would not be extended to women as part of

336-477: The central electoral committee was created, with members of the State Commission-Oppenheim as the first members. This included active politicians of different parties, to provide legitimacy to the determination of the election results. The first election it certified was the 1918 general election . In the period 1922-1923, the committee designed a regulation introducing proportional representation for

360-476: The compromise, the sex requirement would be taken out of the Constitution, thus allowing a parliamentary majority to introduce it afterwards. Additionally, the majoritarian two-round system would be replaced by party-list proportional representation using one nation-wide district, and compulsory voting was introduced. Since constitutional amendment required a majority in two successive parliaments, including

384-557: The election of the first female member of the House of Representatives, the Social Democrat Suze Groeneweg . Active female suffrage was approved by parliament in 1919. Although the suffrage issue and the school struggle were now resolved, the Pacification did nothing to address the social question, which would subsequently become the dominant issue in Dutch politics. As a result, the terms left and right became less based on

408-453: The link between farmers and consumers. It added several proposals to its party manifesto such as a cheaper supply of credit and the regulation of advertisements. This table shows the Peasants' League's results in elections to the House of Representatives and Senate , as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker

432-450: The media for his unsophisticated behaviour. He immediately left the neutral parliamentary party. In the elections of 1922 , the party won an additional seat, this is partially explained by Braat's unconventional behaviour, which appealed to the rural voters. The party's second MP De Boer tried to replace Braat as party leader. He was removed from the party ranks and participated in the 1925 elections . Braat lost his second seat, but De Boer

456-429: The religious/secular cleavage as it had been under the antithesis , and more based on the economic cleavage, with social democrats on the left, Christian democrats in the centre and liberals on the right. The end of the school struggle and the restructuring of the political spectrum paved the way for cooperation between Christian democrats and liberals, as would happen in the second Colijn cabinet . Another consequence of

480-606: The rise of the National Socialist Movement , which was linked to a strong agrarian organisation Agriculture and Society The party advocated for the interests of farmers and tried to fight the disadvantaged position of rural communities. The party saw agriculture as the primary source of wealth of the Netherlands. Its main goal was to ensure a reasonable income for farmers, to expand the farming sector and protect property rights . It wanted to abolish Daylight saving time , reduce taxation and government interference, found

504-427: The school struggle were issues that had dominated Dutch politics in the previous decades. When the liberal Cort van der Linden cabinet took office in 1913, it vowed to resolve both issues. A state committee tasked with finding a resolution to the suffrage issue was instituted on 15 November 1913. Although led by the liberal professor Jacques Oppenheim , it included members from all parliamentary parties and movements of

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528-410: The time, seeking a compromise that could rely on broad support. A second state committee for the school struggle was instituted on 31 December. It was led by the progressive liberal member of the House of Representatives Dirk Bos , but had a composition much like the first. The committees quickly agreed that the two issues should be treated as a compromise. The Opperheim Committee handed its report to

552-520: Was introduced later. The Council is supported by a secretariat and a scientific Advisory Board. Pacification of 1917 The Pacification of 1917 was a political agreement between liberals and socialists on the left and some Christian parties on the right in the Netherlands , ending both the suffrage issue and the school struggle . The Christian parties involved would later present themselves as "Christian-democrats". The suffrage issue and

576-502: Was unable to win a seat. After the 1929 election , the leadership of Braat became even more contested. Because of his aggressive strategy against supporters of De Boer the party's organisation was not functioning well. Before the 1933 elections, the party changed its name to National Farmers', Horticulturists' and Middle Class Party ( Nationale Boeren-, Tuinders- en Middenstandspartij , NBTM) and renewed its party organisations. In this election it had two top candidates Cornelis Vervoorn,

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