–
33-729: The Egypt Medal (1882–1889) was awarded for the military actions involving the British Army and Royal Navy during the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War and in the Sudan between 1884 and 1889. Resentment at increasing British and other European involvement in Egypt since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 triggered an Egyptian army mutiny that threatened the authority of the British-backed Khedive of Egypt, Tewfik Pasha . The British military intervention
66-665: A desire within one element of the ruling Liberal Party for a militant foreign policy in order to gain the domestic political popularity that enabled it to compete with the Conservative Party . Hopkins cites a letter from Edward Malet , the British consul general in Egypt at the time, to a member of the Gladstone cabinet offering his congratulations on the invasion: "You have fought the battle of all Christendom and history will acknowledge it. May I also venture to say that it has given
99-470: A widely read article – also co-authored with Gallagher – entitled, " The Imperialism of Free Trade ". Published in 1953, the latter constitutes a groundbreaking essay among theorists of imperial expansion and "is reputedly the most cited historical article ever published". Upon Robinson's retirement from Oxford in 1987, a book of essays entitled Theory and Practice in the History of European Expansion Overseas
132-682: The 20th Hussars being the only British unit present at Toski. An unofficial decoration related to the Egypt Medal, this award in three grades was designed, minted and presented by General Gordon to the officers, soldiers and civilians who participated in the siege of Khartoum , 1884–85. Based on the badge of the Ottoman Order of the Medjidieh , the awards were produced locally during the siege and were fairly crude in form. 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War The British conquest of Egypt , also known as
165-586: The Anglo-Egyptian War ( Arabic : الاحتلال البريطاني لمصر , romanized : al-iḥtilāl al-Brīṭānī li-Miṣr , lit. ' British occupation of Egypt '), occurred in 1882 between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom . It ended a nationalist uprising against the Khedive Tewfik Pasha . It established firm British influence over Egypt at
198-451: The Kassassin lock arriving on 26 August. There they met the enemy. Heavily outnumbered, the two battalions with four guns held their ground until some heavy cavalry arrived when the force went onto the offensive, forcing ‘Urabi to fall back 5 miles (8.0 km) with heavy casualties. The main body of the army started to move up to Kassassin and planning for the battle at Tell El Kebir
231-452: The 24th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers ( Post Office Rifles ) and for the first time in British military history, post office clerks trained as soldiers provided a dedicated postal service to an army in the field. During the battle of Kassassin they became the first Volunteers to come under enemy fire. Prime Minister Gladstone initially sought to put ‘Urabi on trial and execute him, portraying him as "a self-seeking tyrant whose oppression of
264-578: The British and French governments sent a "Joint Note" to the Egyptian government, declaring their recognition of the Khedive's authority. On 20 May, British and French warships arrived off the coast of Alexandria . On 11 June, an anti-Christian riot occurred in Alexandria that killed 50 Europeans. Colonel ‘Urabi ordered his forces to put down the riot, but Europeans fled the city and ‘Urabi's army began fortifying
297-416: The British government. The British fleet bombarded Alexandria from 11 to 13 July and then occupied it with marines . The British did not lose a single ship, but much of the city was destroyed by fires caused by explosive shells and, according to contemporary British sources, by ‘Urabists seeking to ruin the city that the British were taking over. Tewfik Pasha , who had moved his court to Alexandria during
330-679: The British invasion was ordered to quell the perceived anarchy of the ‘ Urabi Revolt , as well as to protect British control over the Suez Canal in order to maintain its shipping route to the Indian Ocean . A.G. Hopkins rejected Robinson and Gallagher's argument, citing original documents to claim that there was no perceived danger to the Suez Canal from the ‘Urabi movement, and that ‘Urabi and his forces were not chaotic " anarchists ", but rather maintained law and order. He alternatively argues that British Prime Minister William Gladstone 's cabinet
363-583: The Egyptian people still left him enough time, in his capacity as a latter-day Saladin, to massacre Christians." After glancing through his captured diaries and various other evidence, there was little with which to "demonize" ‘Urabi in a public trial. His charges were downgraded, after which he admitted to rebellion and was sent into exile. British troops then occupied Egypt until the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence of 1922 and Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 , giving gradual control back to
SECTION 10
#1732854659096396-470: The Egyptians were retreating, Alison ordered a probing attack on the evening of the 5th. This action was reported by 'Urabi as a battle, and Cairo was full of the news that the advancing British had been repulsed; however most historians describe the action as a reconnaissance -in-force that was never intended to seriously assault Egyptian lines. Regardless, the British abandoned the idea of reaching Cairo from
429-486: The Liberal Party a new lease of popularity and power." John Galbraith and Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot make a similar argument to Hopkins, though their argument focuses on how individuals within the British government bureaucracy used their positions to make the invasion appear as a more favourable option. First, they describe a plot by Malet in which he portrayed the Egyptian government as unstable to his superiors in
462-633: The Sudan between 1884 and 1889: Medals without clasp were awarded to: While most of those who received the Egypt Medal were members of the British Regular Army or Royal Navy , other recipients included: While few members of the Egyptian Army participated in earlier Sudanese campaigns, the majority of troops who received 'Gemaizah 1888' and 'Toski 1889' clasps belonged to the Egyptian Army, including newly raised Sudanese battalions, with one squadron of
495-414: The cabinet. On Galbraith and al-Sayyid-Marsot's reading, Malet naïvely expected he could convince the British to intimidate Egypt with a show of force without considering a full invasion or occupation as a possibility. They also dwell on Admiral Beauchamp Seymour , who they claim hastened the start of the bombardment by exaggerating the danger posed to his ships by ‘Urabi's forces in his telegrams back to
528-486: The campaign as a logistical challenge as he did not believe the Egyptians would put up much resistance. Order of battle of the British Expeditionary Force This battle took place on 5 August 1882 between an Egyptian army under Ahmed 'Urabi and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison . To ascertain the strength of the Egyptian's Kafr El Dawwar position, and to test local rumours that
561-576: The day before. At 8:30 am on 13 September, after the victory at the battle of Tell El Kebir, Wolseley used the telegram to send messages of his victory to Queen Victoria ; he received a reply from her at 9.15 am the same day. Once they had got connected to the permanent line, the Section also worked the Theiber sounder and the telephone. The forerunners of Royal Engineers (Postal Section) made their debut on this campaign. They were specially raised from
594-523: The day of the battle (13 September) they ran a train into Tell El Kebir station between 8 and 9 am and "found it completely blocked with trains, full of the enemy's ammunition: the line strewn with dead and wounded, and our own soldiers swarming over the place almost mad for want of water" (extract from Captain Sidney Smith's diary). Once the station was cleared they began to ferry the wounded, prisoners and troops with stores to other destinations. In
627-533: The end of the war, between 1947 and 1949, Robinson worked on the subject of "trusteeship" for his doctorate at Cambridge. He was subsequently elected a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1949. Robinson's extraordinarily influential work, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism , was co-authored with John Gallagher (with the help of his wife Alice Denny) and first published in 1961. The latter work had been preceded by
660-623: The expense of the Egyptians, the French , and the Ottoman Empire , whose already weak authority became nominal. In 1881, an Egyptian army officer, Ahmed ‘Urabi (then known in English as Arabi Pasha), mutinied and initiated a coup against Tewfik Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , because of grievances over disparities in pay between Egyptians and Europeans, as well as other concerns. In January 1882
693-578: The government of Egypt. Hopkins argues that Britain continued its occupation of Egypt after 1882 in order to guarantee British investments: "Britain had important interests to defend in Egypt and she was prepared to withdraw only if conditions guaranteeing the security of those interests were met—and they never were." Consistent with this view, investment in Egypt increased during the British occupation, interest rates fell, and bond prices rose. Ronald Robinson Ronald "Robbie" Edward Robinson , CBE , DFC , FBA (3 September 1920 – 19 June 1999)
SECTION 20
#1732854659096726-482: The north, and shifted their base of operations to Ismailia . Wolseley arrived at Alexandria on 15 August and immediately began to move troops to and through the Suez Canal, to Ismailia, which was occupied on 20 August without resistance. Ismailia was quickly reinforced with 9,000 troops, with the engineers put to work repairing the railway line from Suez. A small force was pushed along the Sweet Water Canal to
759-453: The town. The French fleet was recalled to France. A British ultimatum was rejected, and its warships began a 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 -hour bombardment of Alexandria on 11 July. The reasons why the British government sent a fleet of ships to the coast of Alexandria is a point of historical debate. In their 1961 essay Africa and the Victorians , Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher argue that
792-509: The unrest, declared ‘Urabi a rebel and formally deposed him from his positions within the government. ‘Urabi then reacted by obtaining a fatwa from Al Azhar shaykhs which condemned Tewfik as a traitor to both his country and religion, absolving those who fought against him. ‘Urabi also declared war on the United Kingdom and initiated conscription. The British Army launched a probing attack at Kafr El Dawwar in an attempt to see if it
825-650: The wake of the advancing columns, telegraph lines were laid on either side of the Sweet Water canal. At 2 am on 13 September, Wolseley successfully sent a message to the Major General Sir Herbert Macpherson on the extreme left with the Indian Contingent and the Naval Brigade. At Tell El Kebir a field telegraph office was established in a saloon carriage, which Arabi Pasha had travelled in
858-769: Was a distinguished historian of the British Empire who between 1971 and 1987 held the Beit Professorship of Commonwealth History at the University of Oxford . After schooling at Battersea Grammar School , he proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge , as a History Scholar in 1938 and with the outbreak of the Second World War he joined the Royal Air Force , eventually spending most of his armed service in Africa . After
891-472: Was in response, to protect British interests. Once in Egypt, the British became involved in the conflicts in the Sudan, which Egypt had occupied since the 1820s. All recipients of the Egypt Medal were also eligible for one of the four versions of the Khedive's Star . The medal had the following design: A total of 13 clasps were awarded, two for the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882 and eleven for service in
924-450: Was little time to arrange them. ‘Urabi's forces possessed 60 pieces of artillery and breech loading rifles. Wolseley made several personal reconnaissances, and determined that the Egyptians did not man outposts in front of their main defences at night, which made it possible for an attacking force to approach the defences under cover of darkness. Wolseley sent his force to approach the position by night and attacked frontally at dawn. Surprise
957-491: Was motivated by protecting the interests of British bondholders with investments in Egypt as well as by pursuit of domestic political popularity. Hopkins cites the British investments in Egypt that grew massively leading into the 1880s, partially as a result of the Khedive's debt from construction of the Suez Canal , as well as the close links that existed between the British government and the economic sector. He writes that Britain's economic interests occurred simultaneously with
990-640: Was not achieved; rifle fire and artillery from redoubts opened up when the range was 600 yards (550 m). Continuing the advance, the defending troops were hampered by the smoke from their weapons blocking their vision of the advancing British. The three battalions arrived in the enemy trenches all together and with little loss, resulting in a decisive victory for the British. The British Army lost 900 troops while killing approximately two thousand Egyptians. Some British troops captured by Egyptians were brutally tortured to death. The ‘Urabi forces were routed, and British cavalry pursued them and captured Cairo, which
1023-627: Was possible to reach Cairo through Alexandria. Afterwards, they determined it would not be possible to reach Cairo from this direction as Egyptian defences were too strong. In August, a British army of over 40,000, commanded by Garnet Wolseley , invaded the Suez Canal Zone . He was authorised to destroy 'Urabi's forces and clear the country of all other rebels. The engineer troops had left England for Egypt in July and August 1882. The engineers included pontoon, railway and telegraph troops. Wolseley saw
Egypt Medal - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-500: Was undefended. Power was then restored to the Khedive, the war was at an end and the majority of the British army went to Alexandria and took ship for home, leaving, from November, just an army of occupation. Lieutenant William Mordaunt Marsh Edwards was awarded a Victoria Cross for his gallantry during the battle. During the buildup to the battle at Tell El Kebir the specially raised 8th Railway Company RE operated trains carrying stores and troops, as well as repairing track. On
1089-424: Was undertaken. Skirmishing took place but did not interfere with the build-up. On 12 September, all was ready and during that night the army marched to battle. On 13 September, ‘Urabi redeployed to defend Cairo against Wolseley. His main force dug in at Tell El Kebir, north of the railway and the Sweet Water Canal , both of which linked Cairo to Ismailia on the canal. The defences were hastily prepared as there
#95904