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18-801: (Redirected from Efatese ) Artificial mixed language of Efate Island in Vanuatu Efatese Fate Created ;by Daniel Macdonald Date 19th century Setting and usage evangelism on Efate Island , now in Vanuatu Purpose Constructed language mixed language Efatese Sources the Oceanic languages of Efate Language codes ISO 639-3 qef (local use) . Also used for Katembri Glottolog efat1235 IETF art-x-efatese Efatese

36-465: A single part of speech in Universal. They have two forms, an attributive form when they modify a noun like an adjective, and a predicative form when they stand on their own to form a clause like a verb. The predicative form is marked by the suffix -u: urbo megu "(the) city is big", lampo pendu "(the) lamp is hanging". On its own before a noun, this u is a copula : formiko u insekto "(the) ant

54-492: Is also optional, and may be used with verbs or nouns. The affix e indicates past tense when prefixed (ebela "formerly beautiful", eʃefo "ex-boss"), but future tense when suffixed and stressed (sanéa "healthy-to-be", urbéo "city-to-be"). The imperative is marked by the prefix ʒ-, which often requires a schwa to break up consonant clusters: ʒədonu "give!", ʒəluso "let there be light". Oblique case ( direct and indirect objects ) may be marked by nasalisation of

72-524: Is an artificial mixed language or zonal auxiliary language of Efate Island in Vanuatu . There are half a dozen languages spoken on Efate, of which the languages of North Efate and South Efate are not particularly closely related, and when missionary activity began on the island, at Port Havannah in the northwest of the island, a mixture of the target languages was invented for evangelism and scripture, in preference to promoting one indigenous language over

90-573: Is an insect". Tenses are optional. (See below.) As in Esperanto, the attributive form is marked by the suffix -a: mega urbo "big city", penda lampo "hanging lamp". This a on its own is a preposition : podo a tablo "leg of a table", luso a deno "light of day, daylight". Nouns may instead be converted directly into attributives with the suffix -j-: denja luso "daylight". Personal pronominal roots end in i, as in Esperanto, but inflect for number and gender as do nouns. (See below.) Possessives take

108-450: The -j- that converts nominals to verbals as well as the attributive -a: mi "I", mija "my, mine"; vi "you", vija "your, yours"; al "he", alja "his"; la "she", laja "her, hers"; lo "it", loja "its", etc. Plurality and pluractionality may be shown through reduplication , usually partial: tatablo (or tablo-tablo) "tables", dendeno or dedeno "days", kloklora "of many colours", marmarʃu "walk repeatedly". Tense

126-545: The Presbyterian Church of Victoria in 1896. He married Elizabeth Keir Geddie, daughter of missionary Rev. John Geddie . Universal (Esperantido) The antonyms are the pronouns al "he" and la "she", the ge- (completive) and eg- (inchoative) aspects , the verbs fin- "to finish" and nif- "to begin", and the verbs graf- "to write" and farg- "to read". The Universal reduplicated plural and inverted antonyms are reminiscent of

144-775: The Presbyterian Theological Hall in Melbourne, and was the first Australian-trained Presbyterian missionary to the New Hebrides. Macdonald served at Port Havannah on the island of Efate from 1872 to 1905. He was the "most notable linguist in the history of the New Hebrides Mission", and was the "organising translator-editor" of the Nguna – Efate Old Testament published in 1908. He, John W. Mackenzie , and Peter Milne each contributed approximately one third of

162-456: The accusative case ; a long vowel by a circumflex : â If stress is not marked, it falls on the last non-schwa vowel preceding the last consonant of the word. Otherwise it is marked by an acute accent : á. As in Esperanto, Universal nouns are marked by the suffix -o, which is elidable in certain cases. O by itself is a subordinating conjunction : As in Japanese, adjectives and verbs are

180-502: The 19th century Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Language articles with IETF language tag Daniel Macdonald (missionary) Daniel Macdonald (4 March 1846 – 18 April 1927) was a missionary to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu ). He was born in Alloa , Scotland, but migrated to Ballarat , Victoria. He studied at

198-642: The Land of Invented Languages La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea Comparisons Esperanto/Ido Esperanto/Interlingua Esperanto/Novial Ido/Interlingua Ido/Novial Interlingue/Interlingua Lojban/Loglan Portal List of constructed languages List of language creators Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efatese_language&oldid=1232146548 " Categories : Zonal auxiliary languages Central Vanuatu languages Constructed languages introduced in

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216-421: The final vowel of the noun and also of any attributives: ʒədonu zeã librõ "give this book!". This includes the conjunction o: ʒənifu õ grafu "start writing!". Gender is optionally indicated by the prefixes al- for masculine ( altigro "he-tiger", al-Dʒonson "Mr Johnson"), and la- for feminine ( latigro "she-tiger", la-Dʒonson "Ms Johnson"). In a few words gender is marked by a, infixed before

234-622: The language should be called "Inversal". As in Esperanto, extensive compounding keeps the number of roots low; cf. simpatu "sympathise" and its partial inversion mispatu "be hostile". However, a number of frequent compounds are contracted into new roots: dennedo → dendo "day and night", evdeno → evdo "morning", evnedo → evno "evening", evzaro → evzo "spring", evrazo → evro "autumn". The personal pronouns have somewhat irregular morphology. The bare roots are all singular: The plurals are based on Esperanto ili "they": Compounds are used to specify clusivity : (The base (singular) form of

252-545: The last consonant for the masculine (tigar or tigaro "male tiger"), suffixed and stressed for the feminine (tigrá or tigráo "tigress"). Even verbs can be marked for gender, with the meaning of performing the action in a masculine or feminine way. Personal pronouns take gender in a, and may drop their characteristic i ending when they do, just as nouns may drop their o: and similarly with formal vi, av(i), va(i); The latter forms use reduplication for plurality: alali "they" (masc.), lalai "they" (fem.). Some of

270-417: The musical language Solresol . The Latin alphabet is used with IPA values, with five additional IPA letters: ø, ə, ʃ, ʒ, ŋ. The affricates are written ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ . The schwa ⟨ə⟩ is used to break up consonant clusters in compound words and the like. A palatalized consonant is marked with a hacek , a nasalized vowel with a tilde : ã (among other things, nasalization marks

288-3166: The others. References [ edit ] Robert Henry Codrington (1885) "Fate, Sandwich Islands", in The Melanesian Languages, 471–476. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Daniel MacDonald (1889) "Grammar of the Efatese language", in Daniel MacDonald (ed.), Three New Hebrides Languages (Efatese, Eromangan, Santo), 1–58. Melbourne: Edgerton and Moore. v t e Constructed languages Classification Artistic Fictional Language game International auxiliary Zonal Engineered Experimental Musical Philosophical Specific languages by group International auxiliary Babm Blissymbols Bolak Communicationssprache Esperanto Adjuvilo Arcaicam Esperanto II Ido Mundolinco Reformed Romániço Universal other esperantidos Glosa Interglossa Idiom Neutral Intal Interlingua Interlingue International Sign Kotava Langue nouvelle Latino sine flexione Lingua Franca Nova Lingwa de planeta Mondial Neo Nal Bino Novial Pasilingua Sambahsa Solresol Sona Unish Universalglot Uropi Volapük Zonal Afrihili Budinos Efatese Eurolengo Guosa Ortatürk Pan-Germanic language Tutonish Pan-Romance language Neolatino Romance Romanid Pan-Slavic language Interslavic Iazychie Runyakitara Wede Weltdeutsch Engineered aUI Basic English Dutton Speedwords Ithkuil Kalaba-X Astrolinguistics Lincos Lingua generalis Loglan Logopandecteision Lojban Real Character Ro Toki Pona Fictional and other artistic Atlantean Belter Creole Brithenig Dritok Dothraki Elvish languages Enchanta Kēlen Kiliki Klingon Kobaïan Láadan Lapine Loxian Lydnevi Mänti Middle-earth languages Adûnaic Quenya Sindarin more... Naʼvi Nadsat Newspeak Simlish Spocanian Star Wars languages Syldavian Teonaht Tsolyáni Utopian Valyrian Venedic Verdurian Wenja Ritual and other Balaibalan Damin Enochian Eskayan Lingua ignota Medefaidrin Palawa kani Yerkish Zaum Neography Constructed script Esperanto orthography Sitelen Pona Tolkien's scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Study Esperantology A Secret Vice Bridge of Words Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues In

306-486: The structure of Universal words is apparent at a glance, but cannot be easily extended to create new vocabulary. As in the Semitic languages , vocalic ablaut derives roots with related meanings, such as lina "long", lana "wide", and lona "tall", or valdo "forest", veldo "savannah", and vildo "steppe". Inversion is used to create antonyms , and is so characteristic of Universal that one of its creators jested that

324-422: The translation. Macdonald espoused the idea that Oceanic languages were of Semitic origin, and promoted a hybrid Efatese language . He and Milne were involved in a feud that lasted for more than fifteen years, which started with a disagreement over how to translate the word "God" in the local language. Macdonald was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from McGill University , and served as moderator of

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