92-818: (Redirected from Eds ) [REDACTED] Look up eds in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. EDS or Eds may refer to: Organisations [ edit ] Electronic Data Systems , a defunct American technology company Ehlers-Danlos Society , a medical charity Education [ edit ] Episcopal Divinity School , an Episcopal Seminary in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US Evansville Day School , an independent college-prep school in Evansville, Indiana, US University of Ottawa English Debating Society , Canada Politics [ edit ] Environmental Defence Society ,
184-495: A corymb ; their structure is that of the typical Brassicaceae . The fruit is a siliqua 5–20 mm long, containing 20–30 seeds . Roots are simple in structure, with a single primary root that grows vertically downward, later producing smaller lateral roots. These roots form interactions with rhizosphere bacteria such as Bacillus megaterium . A. thaliana can complete its entire lifecycle in six weeks. The central stem that produces flowers grows after about 3 weeks, and
276-401: A homeodomain and Blazquez et al 2001 that fve produces a WD40 repeat . The UVR8 protein detects UV-B light and mediates the response to this DNA-damaging wavelength. A. thaliana was used extensively in the study of the genetic basis of phototropism , chloroplast alignment, and stomal aperture and other blue light-influenced processes. These traits respond to blue light, which
368-597: A 13-year relationship of providing DISA with a wide range of infrastructure services, hardware and software through the DISA I-Assure and Encore contract vehicles. Of historical significance, just prior to the overthrow of the Shah of Iran , EDS was the IT company that developed the Iranian social security information system. During the 1979 overthrow, several EDS employees were detained by
460-765: A New Zealand environmental organisation European Democrat Students , a centre-right political students union European Democratic Party (Czech Republic) (Czech: Evropská demokratická strana ), a Czech political party Science and technology [ edit ] Electrodynamic suspension Elliptic divisibility sequence Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Effluent decontamination system Chemistry [ edit ] Estradiol distearate Ethane dimethanesulfonate Computing [ edit ] Electronic Document System , an early hypertext system Evolution Data Server , data management server in GNOME Extended Data Services ,
552-606: A US$ 9 billion Intranet linking the Navy and the Marine Corps , which was set to late 2006, but on March 24, 2006, was extended to 2010, adding $ 3 billion to the accumulated contract worth. This initiative is known as the Navy Marine Corps Intranet , or simply NMCI. In 2004, NMCI accounted for about 4% of EDS's revenue. NMCI has been called the largest private network in the world, with approximately 400,000 "seats". EDS provided
644-560: A company of EDS's scale. EDS's largest clients included Rolls-Royce plc , General Motors , Bank of America , Arcandor , Kraft , United States Navy , the UK Ministry of Defence and Royal Dutch Shell although General Motors announced plans to move 90% of its IT work back in house over the next 3 to 5 years starting in 2012. EDS formed the National Heritage Insurance Company in 1996. The creation of this subsidiary
736-453: A data transmission standard Electronic Data Sheet, a file format, part of the CANopen protocol Medicine [ edit ] Egg drop syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndromes Episodic dyscontrol syndrome Excessive daytime sleepiness Exhalation delivery system Military and space [ edit ] Electronic Data System , a command, control, and coordination system of
828-542: A design (a square with the "E" in it) was selected and used for several years, it was the design of Shawn Downs, an employee in the Charlotte IPC, that was ultimately selected and utilized in the 2000 launch. In 2000, EDS launched a new logo with an award-winning Super Bowl commercial about herding cats . Post-2000, they continued to sign long term, billion dollar contracts with organizations such as Bank of America , American Airlines , General Motors, Kraft Foods and
920-498: A display of phenotypic plasticity . On January 2, 2019, China's Chang'e-4 lander brought A. thaliana to the moon. A small microcosm 'tin' in the lander contained A. thaliana , seeds of potatoes, and silkworm eggs. As plants would support the silkworms with oxygen, and the silkworms would in turn provide the plants with necessary carbon dioxide and nutrients through their waste, researchers will evaluate whether plants successfully perform photosynthesis , and grow and bloom in
1012-573: A family of plant immunity mediating proteins; see Arabidopsis thaliana ED (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title EDS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EDS&oldid=1256078635 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Czech-language text Short description
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#17328524631201104-569: A fortune changing this. An early success was in matching the unused computer time at Southwestern Life Insurance Company with the computing needs of rapidly expanding Collins Radio , both located in Dallas, Texas. Perot knew the inside details of both companies. In its early years, EDS was a pioneer in facilities management – becoming the IT department for many companies – as well as beginning to service banks and provide early support for both Medicaid and Medicare in its home state of Texas. Leading
1196-906: A leading applications and business process outsourcing (BPO) services company based in Bangalore, India. In March 2007, EDS acquired RelQ Ltd, a testing company based in Bangalore, India . In November 2007, EDS announced that it had agreed to purchase an approximate 93 percent equity interest in Sabre Corporation , a leading provider of software and services to U.S. state governments, from various sellers, including majority shareholder Accel-KKR, for approximately $ 420 million (~$ 595 million in 2023) in cash. Saber became Saber Government Solutions after merging with other EDS state and local non-healthcare groups. In January 2009, it rebranded as EDS, an HP company. In April 2008, EDS acquired Vistorm Holdings Limited,
1288-401: A model for flower development. The developing flower has four basic organs - sepals , petals , stamens , and carpels (which go on to form pistils ). These organs are arranged in a series of whorls, four sepals on the outer whorl, followed by four petals inside this, six stamens, and a central carpel region. Homeotic mutations in A. thaliana result in the change of one organ to another—in
1380-433: A name change which came one year after HP announced the acquisition of EDS, and which was a critical milestone as the integration of EDS into HP neared completion. On April 3, 2017, Hewlett Packard Enterprise Services merged with Computer Sciences Corporation to form DXC Technology , retaining significant operations from Plano, Texas, and many aspects of EDS. On June 1, 2018, DXC spun off the U.S. public services sector of
1472-610: A number of Business alliances with other companies through its global alliance program. The company has three types of alliances: Agility Alliances, Solution Alliances, and Technology Alliances. The EDS Agility Alliance has worked on a range of projects, notably its Agile Enterprise. Members of the EDS Agility Alliance include Cisco Systems , EMC Corporation , Microsoft , Oracle Corporation , SAP , Sun Microsystems , Symantec , and Xerox . Most of EDS's clients were very large companies and governments that need services from
1564-444: A powerful tool for the study of the subdiscipline of plant pathology , that is, the interaction between plants and disease-causing pathogens . The use of A. thaliana has led to many breakthroughs in the advancement of knowledge of how plants manifest plant disease resistance . The reason most plants are resistant to most pathogens is through nonhost resistance - not all pathogens will infect all plants. An example where A. thaliana
1656-464: A provider of information assurance and managed security services based in the U.K. The acquisition will create one of the largest information assurance and managed security services firms in Europe. In May 2008, HP and EDS announced that they had signed a definitive agreement under which HP would purchase EDS at a price of $ 25.00 per share, or an enterprise value of approximately $ 13.9 billion. The terms of
1748-403: A relatively small genome of around 135 megabase pairs . It was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is an important tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing . Arabidopsis thaliana is an annual (rarely biennial ) plant, usually growing to 20–25 cm tall. The leaves form a rosette at the base of
1840-713: A service station, four helipads and a hangar. It is the center of the 2,665 acre (11 km²) Legacy in Plano real estate development, which EDS built. EDS sponsored the Premier League association football team Derby County from 1998 to 2001 and was also a second-tier sponsor at the FIFA World Cups in the U.S.A. 1994 and France 1998 . EDS was the title sponsor of the PGA Tour 's EDS Byron Nelson Championship from 2003 to 2008, played in nearby Irving, Texas . In 2009, it became
1932-457: Is 367,808 base pairs long and contains 57 genes. There are many repeated regions in the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome. The largest repeats recombine regularly and isomerize the genome. Like most plant mitochondrial genomes, the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome exists as a complex arrangement of overlapping branched and linear molecules in vivo . Genetic transformation of A. thaliana
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#17328524631202024-523: Is another example of resistance that is better understood in plants because of research done in A. thaliana . Benzothiadiazol (BTH), a salicylic acid (SA) analog, has been used historically as an antifungal compound in crop plants. BTH, as well as SA, has been shown to induce SAR in plants. The initiation of the SAR pathway was first demonstrated in A. thaliana in which increased SA levels are recognized by nonexpresser of PR genes 1 ( NPR1 ) due to redox change in
2116-590: Is delivered into A. thaliana via the Type III secretion system of P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 . Recognition of avrRpt2 by RPS2 occurs via the guardee protein RIN4, which is cleaved. Recognition of a pathogen effector leads to a dramatic immune response known as the hypersensitive response , in which the infected plant cells undergo cell death to prevent the spread of the pathogen. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
2208-471: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Electronic Data Systems Electronic Data Systems ( EDS ) was an American multinational information technology equipment and services company headquartered in Plano, Texas , which was founded in 1962 by Ross Perot . The company was a subsidiary of General Motors from 1984 until it was spun off in 1996. EDS
2300-420: Is edible by humans in a salad or cooked, but it does not enjoy widespread use as a spring vegetable. Botanists and biologists began to research A. thaliana in the early 1900s, and the first systematic description of mutants was done around 1945. A. thaliana is now widely used for studying plant sciences , including genetics , evolution , population genetics, and plant development. Although A. thaliana
2392-399: Is generally applicable to other flowering plants. Studies of A. thaliana have provided considerable insights with regards to the genetics of leaf morphogenesis, particularly in dicotyledon-type plants. Much of the understanding has come from analyzing mutants in leaf development, some of which were identified in the 1960s, but were not analysed with genetic and molecular techniques until
2484-797: Is likely only poorly understood and only known in general terms (e.g. as "DNA-binding protein without known specificity"). Uniprot lists more than 3,000 proteins as "uncharacterized" as part of the reference proteome. The plastome of A. thaliana is a 154,478 base-pair-long DNA molecule, a size typically encountered in most flowering plants (see the list of sequenced plastomes ). It comprises 136 genes coding for small subunit ribosomal proteins ( rps , in yellow: see figure), large subunit ribosomal proteins ( rpl , orange), hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame proteins ( ycf , lemon), proteins involved in photosynthetic reactions (green) or in other functions (red), ribosomal RNAs ( rrn , blue), and transfer RNAs ( trn , black). The mitochondrial genome of A. thaliana
2576-515: Is perceived by the phototropin light receptors. Arabidopsis has also been important in understanding the functions of another blue light receptor, cryptochrome , which is especially important for light entrainment to control the plants' circadian rhythms . When the onset of darkness is unusually early, A. thaliana reduces its metabolism of starch by an amount that effectively requires division . Light responses were even found in roots, previously thought to be largely insensitive to light. While
2668-606: Is probably essential to Golgi - vacuole trafficking. This is still a wide open field and plant SNAREs' role in trafficking remains understudied. The DNA of plants is vulnerable to ultraviolet light, and DNA repair mechanisms have evolved to avoid or repair genome damage caused by UV. Kaiser et al. showed that in A. thaliana cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) induced by UV light can be repaired by expression of CPD photolyase . On May 12, 2022, NASA announced that specimens of Arabidopsis thaliana had been successfully germinated and grown in samples of lunar regolith . While
2760-431: Is routine, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into the plant genome. The current protocol, termed "floral dip", involves simply dipping flowers into a solution containing Agrobacterium carrying a plasmid of interest and a detergent. This method avoids the need for tissue culture or plant regeneration. The A. thaliana gene knockout collections are a unique resource for plant biology made possible by
2852-636: Is to manage Medicare Part B services on behalf of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). NHIC handles call center, claims processing and payment, fraud investigations, physician enrollment etc. in many states of the US. Another large EDS client is the United States Navy . In 2000, they won a contract for the creation of
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2944-539: The A. thaliana genome is maintained by the Arabidopsis Information Resource. The genome encodes ~27,600 protein -coding genes and about 6,500 non-coding genes. However, the Uniprot database lists 39,342 proteins in their Arabidopsis reference proteome. Among the 27,600 protein-coding genes 25,402 (91.8%) are now annotated with "meaningful" product names, although a large fraction of these proteins
3036-527: The A. thaliana research community dates to a newsletter called Arabidopsis Information Service, established in 1964. The first International Arabidopsis Conference was held in 1965, in Göttingen , Germany. In the 1980s, A. thaliana started to become widely used in plant research laboratories around the world. It was one of several candidates that included maize, petunia , and tobacco. The latter two were attractive, since they were easily transformable with
3128-517: The Air Transport Association of America , and provided large scale contracts for the US military. In January 1981 EDS purchased Centurion Computer Corp, founded as Warrex Computer Corporation in 1972, a manufacturer of small business minicomputers. In 1984, the company was acquired by General Motors for $ 2.5 billion (~$ 6.21 billion in 2023), with EDS becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of GM. Meyerson remained president and in 1985,
3220-530: The HP Byron Nelson Championship . The tournament raises about $ 6 million each year for youth and family service centers in Dallas, Texas. EDS signed a sponsorship agreement in 2007 with Nobel Media to become a Global Sponsor of the Nobel Prize Series, and with Nobel Web to become its Global Technology Services Partner. The three-year agreement enables EDS to apply its technology expertise for
3312-533: The United Kingdom . In 1992 the Plano EDS Headquarters campus comprising two eight-story buildings connected by an upper level bridge of office space was opened. The campus consists of 3,521,000 square feet (327,000 m²) of office and data center space on 270 acres (1.1 km²) of land. The campus included four Tier-IV data centers, a command center, four clusters of office buildings, a fitness center,
3404-429: The United States Navy . In 2006 they sold A.T. Kearney in a management buyout. In May 2008, Hewlett-Packard Co. confirmed that it had reached a deal with EDS to acquire the company for $ 13.9 billion (~$ 19.3 billion in 2023). The deal was completed on August 26, 2008. EDS became an HP business unit and was temporarily renamed "EDS, an HP company". Ronald A. Rittenmeyer, EDS Chairman, President, and CEO, remained at
3496-433: The gravitropic response of A. thaliana root organs is their predominant tropic response, specimens treated with mutagens and selected for the absence of gravitropic action showed negative phototropic response to blue or white light, and positive response to red light, indicating that the roots also show positive phototropism. In 2000, Dr. Janet Braam of Rice University genetically engineered A. thaliana to glow in
3588-423: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade. Downstream responses of PTI include callose deposition, the oxidative burst , and transcription of defense-related genes. PTI is able to combat pathogens in a nonspecific manner. A stronger and more specific response in plants is that of effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is dependent upon the recognition of pathogen effectors, proteins secreted by
3680-442: The thale cress , mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis , is a small plant from the mustard family ( Brassicaceae ), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally considered a weed. A winter annual with a relatively short lifecycle, A. thaliana is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote , A. thaliana has
3772-415: The 17th century. A. thaliana readily grows and often pioneers rocky, sandy, and calcareous soils. It is generally considered a weed, due to its widespread distribution in agricultural fields, roadsides, railway lines, waste ground, and other disturbed habitats, but due to its limited competitive ability and small size, it is not categorized as a noxious weed. Like most Brassicaceae species, A. thaliana
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3864-770: The L er collection of mutants is derived from this initial line, L er -0 does not correspond to the Landsberg accessions, which designated La-0, La-1, etc. Trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in gene editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. In 2005, scientists at Purdue University proposed that A. thaliana possessed an alternative to previously known mechanisms of DNA repair , producing an unusual pattern of inheritance , but
3956-650: The US Navy Earth Departure Stage , of the Ares V and Block II rockets Emergency Detection System , used on crewed rocket missions Other uses [ edit ] Educational specialist (Ed.S.), an academic degree in the US Eds FF , a Swedish football club See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "eds" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with EDS All pages with titles containing EDS EDS1,
4048-574: The adaptation of this species to different environments. A. thaliana is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, and its geographic distribution is rather continuous from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia and Spain to Greece . It also appears to be native in tropical alpine ecosystems in Africa and perhaps South Africa. It has been introduced and naturalized worldwide, including in North America around
4140-604: The availability of high-throughput transformation and funding for genomics resources. The site of T-DNA insertions has been determined for over 300,000 independent transgenic lines, with the information and seeds accessible through online T-DNA databases. Through these collections, insertional mutants are available for most genes in A. thaliana . Characterized accessions and mutant lines of A. thaliana serve as experimental material in laboratory studies. The most commonly used background lines are L er (Landsberg erecta ), and Col, or Columbia. Other background lines less-often cited in
4232-460: The benefit of the Nobel Prize Series and the organization's Web technologies, including supporting the development of content on nobelprize.org , Nobel's award-winning website. EDS sponsored Formula One team Jaguar Racing and was title sponsor of the 1995 Australian Grand Prix . EDS cataloged its services into three service portfolios; Infrastructure, Applications, and Business Process Outsourcing . Infrastructure services includes maintaining
4324-464: The business through a Reverse Morris Trust , combining with Vencore and KeyPoint Government Solutions to create a new independent and publicly traded government contractor, Perspecta Inc. In 2006, EDS sold their management consulting subsidiary company , A.T. Kearney , in a management buyout and retained interests in five related companies: In June 2006, EDS acquired a majority holding in MphasiS,
4416-801: The case of the agamous mutation, for example, stamens become petals and carpels are replaced with a new flower, resulting in a recursively repeated sepal-petal-petal pattern. Observations of homeotic mutations led to the formulation of the ABC model of flower development by E. Coen and E. Meyerowitz . According to this model, floral organ identity genes are divided into three classes - class A genes (which affect sepals and petals), class B genes (which affect petals and stamens), and class C genes (which affect stamens and carpels). These genes code for transcription factors that combine to cause tissue specification in their respective regions during development. Although developed through study of A. thaliana flowers, this model
4508-453: The chromosome number in 1907) did not propose A. thaliana as a model organism, though, until 1943. His student, Erna Reinholz, published her thesis on A. thaliana in 1945, describing the first collection of A. thaliana mutants that they generated using X-ray mutagenesis . Laibach continued his important contributions to A. thaliana research by collecting a large number of accessions (often questionably referred to as " ecotypes "). With
4600-498: The company began bidding for work internationally. In 1978 EDS expanded into financial markets with the arrival of automated teller machines , electronic funds transfer and real-time point-of-sale terminals. Meyerson was named president in 1979, at which point EDS had revenue of $ 270 million (~$ 914 million in 2023), was free of debt, and had 8,000 employees. In the 1980s, they expanded into travel services supporting payment services between travel agents and airlines represented by
4692-426: The company had a presence in 21 countries with 40,000 employees. Meyerson retired in 1987. During his years of executive leadership, EDS revenue grew to $ 4 billion a year, and the company grew to 45,000 employees. By the end of the decade, revenue was $ 5 billion. In 1996, GM spun off EDS as an independent company. In the 1990s, in addition to its existing markets, EDS was entering the telecommunications industry and
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#17328524631204784-497: The cytosol, resulting in the reduction of NPR1. NPR1 , which usually exists in a multiplex (oligomeric) state, becomes monomeric (a single unit) upon reduction. When NPR1 becomes monomeric, it translocates to the nucleus, where it interacts with many TGA transcription factors , and is able to induce pathogen-related genes such as PR1 . Another example of SAR would be the research done with transgenic tobacco plants, which express bacterial salicylate hydroxylase, nahG gene, requires
4876-676: The dark when touched. The effect was visible to ultrasensitive cameras. Multiple efforts, including the Glowing Plant project , have sought to use A. thaliana to increase plant luminescence intensity towards commercially viable levels. In 1990, Janet Braam and Ronald W. Davis determined that A. thaliana exhibits thigmomorphogenesis in response to wind, rain and touch. Four or more touch induced genes in A. thaliana were found to be regulated by such stimuli. In 2002, Massimo Pigliucci found that A. thaliana developed different patterns of branching in response to sustained exposure to wind,
4968-436: The disease process. The PEN genes were later mapped to identify the genes responsible for nonhost resistance to B. graminis . In general, when a plant is exposed to a pathogen, or nonpathogenic microbe, an initial response, known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), occurs because the plant detects conserved motifs known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PAMPs are detected by specialized receptors in
5060-412: The effort internally was Morton H. Meyerson , who joined the company in 1966 as the company's 54th employee. In 1967, he proposed the business model that eventually became known as " outsourcing " and which led to exponential growth for EDS. In the 1970s, EDS expanded initially into more insurance services and later credit unions , and by 1975 revenue topped $ 100 million (~$ 440 million in 2023) and
5152-499: The end of fiscal year 2010. In October 2008, the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) signed a US$ 111 million (~$ 154 million in 2023) contract with EDS. Under this contract, EDS will: conduct worldwide security reviews, deliver certification and accreditation support, provide independent evaluation of United States Department of Defense security policies, and conduct security assessments on DOD operating systems, applications, databases, and networks. DOD and EDS have had
5244-506: The expansion of its SAP consulting practice: By collaborating with SAP on client engagement training and techniques that will drive the long-term growth of its consulting practice, EDS will further enhance its existing SAP capabilities and bring end-to-end SAP consulting and systems integration to the market by early 2008. Additionally, EDS will work closely with SAP's Global Partner and Ecosystem Group for market penetration and value-added customer offerings. EDS operated in 66 countries, with
5336-506: The flowers naturally self-pollinate. In the lab, A. thaliana may be grown in Petri plates, pots, or hydroponics, under fluorescent lights or in a greenhouse. The plant was first described in 1577 in the Harz Mountains by Johannes Thal [ de ] (1542–1583), a physician from Nordhausen , Thüringen , Germany, who called it Pilosella siliquosa . In 1753, Carl Linnaeus renamed
5428-638: The front line, linking about 150,000 desktop terminals and 340,000 users in approximately 2,000 locations ..." In February 2008 EDS signed a US$ 1.3 billion (~$ 1.81 billion in 2023) contract with the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, one of the largest IT projects ever undertaken in Asia. This agreement will help the Singapore government achieve a standard desktop, network and messaging/collaboration environment across its public sector by
5520-435: The function of these receptors has helped plant biologists understand the signaling cascades that regulate photoperiodism , germination , de-etiolation , and shade avoidance in plants. The genes FCA , fy , fpa , LUMINIDEPENDENS ( ld ), fly , fve and FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) are involved in photoperiod triggering of flowering and vernalization . Specifically Lee et al 1994 find ld produces
5612-612: The helm and reported to HP CEO Mark Hurd until his retirement. In December 2008, HP announced that Rittenmeyer would retire at the end of the month. As of 2008, EDS employed 300,000 people in 64 countries, the largest locations being the United States, India and the UK. It was ranked as one of the largest service companies on the Fortune 500 list with around 2,000 clients. In September 2009, EDS began going to market as HP Enterprise Services ,
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#17328524631205704-429: The help of Albert Kranz, these were organised into a large collection of 750 natural accessions of A. thaliana from around the world. In the 1950s and 1960s, John Langridge and George Rédei played an important role in establishing A. thaliana as a useful organism for biological laboratory experiments. Rédei wrote several scholarly reviews instrumental in introducing the model to the scientific community. The start of
5796-400: The host known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the plant cell surface. The best-characterized PRR in A. thaliana is FLS2 (Flagellin-Sensing2), which recognizes bacterial flagellin , a specialized organelle used by microorganisms for the purpose of motility, as well as the ligand flg22, which comprises the 22 amino acids recognized by FLS2. Discovery of FLS2 was facilitated by
5888-447: The identification of an A. thaliana ecotype, Ws-0, that was unable to detect flg22, leading to the identification of the gene encoding FLS2. FLS2 shows striking similarity to rice XA21, the first PRR isolated in 1995 . Both flagellin and UV-C act similarly to increase homologous recombination in A. thaliana , as demonstrated by Molinier et al. 2006. Beyond this somatic effect, they found this to extend to subsequent generations of
5980-606: The infrastructure of EDS to facilitate both in-house and client network security needs. For 2006, $ 9.6 billion of revenue came from the Americas (Canada, Latin America, and the United States); $ 6.4 billion from Europe, Middle East, and Africa; $ 1.5 billion from Asia-Pacific; Services' revenue was: Infrastructure $ 12 billion, Applications Software $ 5.9 billion, Business Process Outsourcing $ 3 billion and all other $ 421 million. EDS announced
6072-720: The largest numbers of employees in the cities of Detroit, Michigan, United States; Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, US; São Paulo, Brazil; Washington, D.C., US; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rome and Milan, Italy; Paris, France; Adelaide, Australia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US; Sydney, Australia; Blackpool, UK; Sacramento, California, US; Tyneside, UK; Madrid and Barcelona, Spain; Lisbon, Portugal; Antwerp, Belgium and Frankfurt, Germany. Other major facilities were in Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , Egypt , Germany , Hungary , India , Dublin, Ireland , Israel , Italy , Mexico , Netherlands , New Zealand , South Africa , Spain and
6164-620: The levels of gibberellin increase and leaf primordium initiate growth. The establishment of leaf dorsiventrality is important since the dorsal (adaxial) surface of the leaf is different from the ventral (abaxial) surface. A. thaliana is well suited for light microscopy analysis. Young seedlings on the whole, and their roots in particular, are relatively translucent. This, together with their small size, facilitates live cell imaging using both fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy . By wet-mounting seedlings in water or in culture media, plants may be imaged uninvasively, obviating
6256-570: The lunar environment. Thalianin is an Arabidopsis root triterpene . Potter et al. , 2018 finds synthesis is induced by a combination of at least 2 facts, cell-specific transcription factors (TFs) and the accessibility of the chromatin . Understanding how plants achieve resistance is important to protect the world's food production, and the agriculture industry. Many model systems have been developed to better understand interactions between plants and bacterial , fungal , oomycete , viral , and nematode pathogens. A. thaliana has been
6348-422: The mid-1990s. A. thaliana leaves are well suited to studies of leaf development because they are relatively simple and stable. Using A. thaliana , the genetics behind leaf shape development have become more clear and have been broken down into three stages: The initiation of the leaf primordium , the establishment of dorsiventrality , and the development of a marginal meristem . Leaf primordia are initiated by
6440-447: The need for fixation and sectioning and allowing time-lapse measurements. Fluorescent protein constructs can be introduced through transformation . The developmental stage of each cell can be inferred from its location in the plant or by using fluorescent protein markers , allowing detailed developmental analysis . The photoreceptors phytochromes A, B, C, D, and E mediate red light-based phototropic response. Understanding
6532-638: The network, desktops, laptops, servers, telephones, video-conferencing, satellite transceivers, and overall management of the intranet. Following on to the NMCI type of services, EDS in March 2005 won a US$ 4 billion (~$ 6 billion in 2023) contract with the UK Ministry of Defence to "consolidate numerous existing information networks into a single next-generation infrastructure ... The network will provide seamless interaction between headquarters, battlefield support and
6624-481: The operation of part or all of a client's computer and communications infrastructure, such as networks , mainframes , " midrange " and Web servers , desktops and Laptops , and printers. Applications services involves the developing, integrating, and/or maintaining of applications software for clients. Business process outsourcing includes performing a business function for a client, like payroll, call centers, insurance claims processing, and so forth. EDS established
6716-445: The pathogen that alter functions in the host, by plant resistance genes (R-genes) , often described as a gene-for-gene relationship . This recognition may occur directly or indirectly via a guardee protein in a hypothesis known as the guard hypothesis . The first R-gene cloned in A. thaliana was RPS2 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 2), which is responsible for recognition of the effector avrRpt2. The bacterial effector avrRpt2
6808-507: The phenomenon observed (reversion of mutant copies of the HOTHEAD gene to a wild-type state) was later suggested to be an artifact because the mutants show increased outcrossing due to organ fusion. The plant's small size and rapid lifecycle are also advantageous for research. Having specialized as a spring ephemeral , it has been used to found several laboratory strains that take about 6 weeks from germination to mature seed. The small size of
6900-532: The plant Arabis thaliana in honor of Thal. In 1842, German botanist Gustav Heynhold erected the new genus Arabidopsis and placed the plant in that genus. The generic name, Arabidopsis , comes from Greek , meaning "resembling Arabis " (the genus in which Linnaeus had initially placed it). Thousands of natural inbred accessions of A. thaliana have been collected from throughout its natural and introduced range. These accessions exhibit considerable genetic and phenotypic variation, which can be used to study
6992-453: The plant . A second PRR, EF-Tu receptor (EFR), identified in A. thaliana , recognizes the bacterial EF-Tu protein, the prokaryotic elongation factor used in protein synthesis , as well as the laboratory-used ligand elf18. Using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation , a technique that takes advantage of the natural process by which Agrobacterium transfers genes into host plants, the EFR gene
7084-433: The plant has little direct significance for agriculture, A. thaliana the model organism has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic, cellular, and molecular biology of flowering plants. The first mutant in A. thaliana was documented in 1873 by Alexander Braun , describing a double flower phenotype (the mutated gene was likely Agamous , cloned and characterized in 1990). Friedrich Laibach (who had published
7176-516: The plant is convenient for cultivation in a small space, and it produces many seeds. Further, the selfing nature of this plant assists genetic experiments. Also, as an individual plant can produce several thousand seeds, each of the above criteria leads to A. thaliana being valued as a genetic model organism. Arabidopsis is often the model for study of SNAREs in plants . This has shown SNAREs to be heavily involved in vesicle trafficking . Zheng et al. 1999 found an Arabidopsis SNARE called AtVTI1a
7268-400: The plant, with a few leaves also on the flowering stem . The basal leaves are green to slightly purplish in color, 1.5–5 cm long, and 2–10 mm broad, with an entire to coarsely serrated margin; the stem leaves are smaller and unstalked, usually with an entire margin. Leaves are covered with small, unicellular hairs called trichomes . The flowers are 3 mm in diameter, arranged in
7360-489: The plants successfully germinated and grew into seedlings, they were not as robust as specimens that had been grown in volcanic ash as a control group, although the experiments also found some variation in the plants grown in regolith based on the location the samples were taken from, as A. thaliana grown in regolith gathered during Apollo 12 & Apollo 17 were more robust than those grown in samples taken during Apollo 11 . A. thaliana has been extensively studied as
7452-646: The scientific literature are Ws, or Wassilewskija, C24, Cvi, or Cape Verde Islands, Nossen, etc. (see for ex. ) Sets of closely related accessions named Col-0, Col-1, etc., have been obtained and characterized; in general, mutant lines are available through stock centers, of which best-known are the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Center-NASC and the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center-ABRC in Ohio, USA. The Col-0 accession
7544-517: The smallest genomes among plants. It was long thought to have the smallest genome of all flowering plants, but that title is now considered to belong to plants in the genus Genlisea , order Lamiales , with Genlisea tuberosa , a carnivorous plant, showing a genome size of approximately 61 Mbp. It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of
7636-419: The suppression of the genes and proteins of class I KNOX family (such as SHOOT APICAL MERISTEMLESS ). These class I KNOX proteins directly suppress gibberellin biosynthesis in the leaf primordium. Many genetic factors were found to be involved in the suppression of these class I KNOX genes in leaf primordia (such as ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1, BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 , SAWTOOTH1 , etc.). Thus, with this suppression,
7728-490: The then-current technologies, while maize was a well-established genetic model for plant biology. The breakthrough year for A. thaliana as a model plant was 1986, in which T-DNA -mediated transformation and the first cloned A. thaliana gene were described. Due to the small size of its genome , and because it is diploid , Arabidopsis thaliana is useful for genetic mapping and sequencing — with about 157 megabase pairs and five chromosomes , A. thaliana has one of
7820-479: The transaction were unanimously approved by the HP and EDS boards of directors. The transaction closed on 26 August 2008. The companies' collective services businesses, as of the end of each company's 2007 fiscal year, had annual revenues of more than $ 38 billion (~$ 53.8 billion in 2023) and 210,000 employees, doing business in more than 80 countries. In September 2009, HP purchased Lecroix Systems and incorporated it into
7912-623: The transitioning government of Iran, causing H. Ross Perot to undertake extraordinary clandestine measures to get these employees out of Iran. These events were recounted in Ken Follett 's book On Wings of Eagles . In 1997 EDS signed its largest IT contract to that date, with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia for US$ 3.7 billion (~$ 6.52 billion in 2023) (approx AU$ 5bn at the prevailing exchange rate). Arabidopsis thaliana#EDS1 family Arabis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana ,
8004-471: The world's 4th largest private management consulting firm. In 1996, they became an independent company again and relisted on the New York Stock Exchange . Before the turn of the century they took part in over 1,300 Year 2000 projects. As a part of the move towards being an independent company, EDS asked its employees to assist in the re-branding effort by submitting designs for a new logo. While
8096-470: Was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2008. Electronic Data Systems (EDS) was founded in 1962 by H. Ross Perot , a graduate of the United States Naval Academy and a successful IBM salesman who first-hand observed how inefficiently IBM's customers typically were using their expensive systems. Somewhat to IBM's chagrin, since the company wanted to sell as many computers as possible, Perot made
8188-535: Was providing IT systems in many foreign countries. They were providing information systems for global sporting events including the 1992 Barcelona Olympics , the 1994 FIFA World Cup , and the 1998 FIFA World Cup . In 1994, they signed what was at the time the largest information technology contract with Xerox for $ 3.2 billion (~$ 5.97 billion in 2023) and also bought the New Zealand banking processing company Databank Systems . In 1995 they purchased A.T. Kearney ,
8280-456: Was selected by Rédei from within a (nonirradiated) population of seeds designated 'Landsberg' which he received from Laibach. Columbia (named for the location of Rédei's former institution, University of Missouri - Columbia ) was the reference accession sequenced in the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The Later (Landsberg erecta) line was selected by Rédei (because of its short stature) from a Landsberg population he had mutagenized with X-rays. As
8372-421: Was transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana , tobacco plant that does not recognize EF-Tu, thereby permitting recognition of bacterial EF-Tu thereby confirming EFR as the receptor of EF-Tu. Both FLS2 and EFR use similar signal transduction pathways to initiate PTI. A. thaliana has been instrumental in dissecting these pathways to better understand the regulation of immune responses, the most notable one being
8464-445: Was used to determine the genes responsible for nonhost resistance is Blumeria graminis , the causal agent of powdery mildew of grasses. A. thaliana mutants were developed using the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate and screened to identify mutants with increased infection by B. graminis . The mutants with higher infection rates are referred to as PEN mutants due to the ability of B. graminis to penetrate A. thaliana to begin
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