35-532: For a Greek resistance group, see EDES . Edes is a surname. It may refer to: Benjamin Edes (1732–1803), American journalist and political agitator Elmer Edes (1937–2014), American handball player Gordon Edes (born 1954), American sportswriter Richard Edes (1555–1604), English churchman William C. Edes (1856-1922), American civil engineer Other uses [ edit ] National Republican Greek League ,
70-460: A "gentlemen's agreement". Under its terms the two sides were to enter a truce, exchange limited information on ELAS prior to each side's military operations against the communists and enter full on collaboration in case EDES found itself on the brink of collapse. According to 1st Mountain Division officer Karl Heinz Rotfuchs, the agreement remained a secret from the absolute majority of EDES members. It
105-646: A British airdrop of supplies in Achaea . The airdrop did not materialize and Sevastakis' group disbanded in late July, numbering some 70 men at the time. 1942 1943 1944 Following large scale clashes between ELAS and EDES in October 1943, Zervas entered into contact with the Germans and began discussing the possibility of collaboration against ELAS. In February 1944, Zervas and XXII Mountain Corps commander Hubert Lanz reached
140-575: A Greek World War II resistance group See also [ edit ] Ede (disambiguation) Eedes [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Edes . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edes&oldid=1104248025 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
175-482: A balance between Venizelos and Constantine I. This crisis period for Venizelos occurred when Greece experienced a lagging economy, growing political corruption, profiteering by the few, and eight continuous years of mobilization. After a crisis period (including two short-lived pro-Venizelist military governments after Nikolaos Plastiras 1922 revolution) the liberals returned to power from 1928 until 1932. Venizelists Sophoklis Venizelos and Georgios Papandreou formed
210-721: A civil war that would last until February 1944. After that, a fragile truce was established, which lasted until December, two months after the Liberation. Then, while the ELAS of Athens attempted to overthrow the government, other units stormed the EDES positions in Epirus . The latter was defeated and the remaining forces were evacuated to Corfu. After the defeat of the ELAS in Athens (January 1945), EDES forces returned to Epirus, where part of them got involved to
245-627: A five-member Executive Committee was founded, with Pyromaglou as General Secretary, representing Plastiras, and Zervas as a member. As the organization grew, it succeeded in establishing links with the British Headquarters in Cairo , and receiving funds, weapons, and guidance. Under British pressure, in support of the Greek monarchy, Zervas sent a statement of loyalty to King George II in March 1942. This marked
280-543: A former army officer, Colonel Napoleon Zervas , a Venizelist who had been expelled from the army after the failed coup d'état of 1935 , and two companions, Leonidas Spais and Ilias Stamatopoulos. Like many other resistance movements founded during that time, the political orientation of the National Republican Greek League was Republican, with a strongly stated opposition towards the exiled king, George II , and general leftist-socialist proclamations. In
315-560: A letter, urging him to create a branch of EDES in Peloponnese , before ELAS establishes full control of the region. A branch of the National Groups of Greek Guerrillas (ΕΟΕΑ) was then founded in Patras and by the summer of 1943 a small armed guerilla group was formed by E. Sevastakis. The Peloponnesean branch of EDES struggled with finding weapons and ammunition, prompting Zervas to request for
350-699: A month after the official appearance of the military wing of EAM, the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), Zervas, accompanied by Pyromaglou and a handful of companions, set out for the Valtos Mountains in Aetolia-Acarnania , an area with long traditions of guerrilla warfare stretching back to the Ottoman period . From then and until the end of the Occupation, Epirus would be the primary area of operations of
385-528: A silent breach with the anti-monarchist attacks of the past months, and marked EDES's turn towards a pro-monarchist stance. The organization supported irredentism , arguing that Greece should be allowed to annex parts of Albania and Bulgaria after the war. In 1944 and 1945, following the retreat of Axis forces and their evacuation of Greece, EDES participated in the expulsion of the Cham Albanians community , on account of their collaborationist actions during
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#1732848452014420-504: A thorough cleansing of the state and Greek social and public life from anyone "who has not proven through actions [to be] a National Republican [and have a] socialist conscience". The charter acknowledged the prominent exiled Venizelist general Nikolaos Plastiras as its nominal political head, although, due to his exile in France, they'd failed to obtain his consent beforehand. At that time, yet, no explicit reference to armed opposition against
455-460: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles EDES The National Republican Greek League ( Greek : Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος ( ΕΔΕΣ ) , Ethnikós Dimokratikós Ellinikós Sýndesmos ( EDES )) was a major anti-Nazi resistance group formed during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . The largest of the non-communist resistance groups, its military wing,
490-538: The National Groups of Greek Guerrillas (Εθνικές Ομάδες Ελλήνων Ανταρτών, Ethnikés Omádes Ellínon Antartón (ΕΟΕΑ)) concentrated its military activities in Epirus . From 1943 onwards, EDES came into confrontation with the communist -led National Liberation Front , beginning a series of civil conflicts that would lead to the Greek Civil War . The National Republican Greek League was founded on 9 September 1941 by
525-628: The Bulgarians to occupy parts of Macedonia and had been willing to contemplate giving up all of recently gained "New Greece" in the north to the Bulgarians to weaken the Venizelist movement cemented the identification of people in northern Greece with Venizelism. Greek refugees from Turkey also tended to be strongly Venizelist, at least until the 1930s and the signing of the Greco-Turkish friendship agreement by Venizelos (1930). Voters started to favour
560-675: The Cham minority remains open from the Albanian side, after the communist regime fell. Like most similar groups, EDES was initially limited to Athens. Having the support of many prominent Venizelist and Republican military figures, EDES came into contact with EAM and tried to establish some form of cooperation. The negotiations failed over the demands of the Communists for a merger of EDES with EAM and their distrust of Zervas' pro-British attitudes. On 23 July 1942, after intense British pressure and more than
595-548: The EAM groups towards him. The 12th Army of Nazi Germany attempted for a short time to coopt the EDES forces, and to use them against the ELAS , but this attempt failed and in July 1944 the EDES launched new attacks. These internal conflicts caused rivalry between resistance groups and eventually escalated into civil war. In October 1943, ELAS launched an attack on EDES. These attacks triggered
630-453: The EDES andartes . Supported by British parachute drops, EDES quickly gathered some 100 fighters. The first major operation of EDES was " Operation Harling ", the destruction of the Gorgopotamos viaduct by a joint force of British SOE commandos, and EDES and ELAS forces. While the successful operation, one of the greatest sabotage acts in occupied Europe, greatly boosted the prestige of
665-522: The Occupation , which included atrocities and acts of ethnic cleansing against the local population. The expulsion was approved by the Middle East Allied Command, in a directive to "push [the Chams] out of Greece and into Albania." The state of Albania subsequently accused Greece of having perpetrated, through EDES, war crimes by attacking Cham villages and murdering civilians. The issue of
700-478: The aftermath of the four-year right-wing widely rejected in the country, while social ideals for "social fairness" became the vogue among the various resistance groups. The founding charter of EDES explicitly demanded the "establishment in Greece of a Republican regime, of Socialist form", the "revelation [...] of the treason of former King George II and the gang of the so-called 4th of August Dictatorship", calling for
735-554: The armed conflicts between ELAS and EDES in Athens , a propaganda war was launched with ELAS accusing EDES of collaboration, mainly due to gaining plausibility from the explicit exemption of EDES from German propaganda attacks. On the other hand, Stylianos Gonatas , initially a political leader of EDES in Athens, won the peculiar enmity of the organization because he supported the collaborationist Security Battalions and encouraged young officers to join their ranks, which led to hostility of
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#1732848452014770-633: The clergy, but also socialists/communists of the newly founded SEKE ) who were against Venizelos' policies. Some points of disagreement included the Venizelos' extreme pro- Entente stance during the World War I and the National Schism (which led to the division of the country between a Venizelist and a royalist government), his policy about the Megali idea and its results (regarding the relations with Turkey and
805-656: The core of the Greek government in exile during the Axis Occupation of Greece (1941–1944), and held power a number of times in the 1950s. Georgios Papandreou created the Centre Union party in 1961, as a coalition of old Venizelists and progressive politicians. In 1963 the party was elected and held power until 1965, when its right wing broke ranks in the events known as the Apostasia . The current Union of Centrists claims to be
840-700: The entente side, Venizelos rebelled against the king and formed a Provisional Government of National Defence in Thessaloniki. Venizelos regained full control of the country in 1917 and ruled until losing the 1920 elections. The strongest support for Venizelism came in the "New Greece" gained after the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 consisting of Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia. By contrast, people in "Old Greece" tended to be more much royalist. The fact that in 1916 King Constantine I had allowed
875-505: The expulsion of the Cham Albanians . Venizelism Venizelism ( Greek : Βενιζελισμός ) was one of the major political movements in Greece beginning from the 1910s. The movement first formed under Eleftherios Venizelos in the 1910s and saw a resurgence of support in the 1960s when Georgios Papandreou united a coalition of old Venizelists and nationalist politicians. The movement
910-645: The government. The movement had its strongest support in Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia. Named after Eleftherios Venizelos , the key characteristics of Venizelism are: In the contemporary sense the ideology incorporates national liberalism , civic nationalism , economic liberalism , liberal democracy , pro-Europeanism , republicanism , secularism , centrism , radical centrism and generally moves from centre-right to social democracy. Venizelos' liberal party ruled Greece from 1910 until 1916. That year, determined to enter World War I on
945-523: The ideological continuation of the old party Centre Union. After the 1967–1974 Junta , Venizelists formed the Centre Union – New Forces party, which then evolved into the Union of the Democratic Centre ( Greek : ΕΔΗΚ ). While the Venizelist legacy was still popular, election results were disappointing as the abolition of the monarchy, the dilution of support for Greek nationalism after the seven years of
980-473: The image of Venizelos is still very popular in Greece today, Venizelism is no longer a major force in Greek politics. Venizelos' prestige however and his ideology's connotations of republicanism, and progressive reforms means that most mainstream political forces claim his political heritage. There are few explicitly "Venizelist" movements today in Greece. In the 2004 elections for the European Parliament ,
1015-409: The junta and the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus , and Karamanlis ' move towards the political centre had blurred the differences between the liberals and their former conservative opponents, while the socialist PASOK party was gaining support at the left side of the spectrum. Most members of the Centre Union – New Forces party with their leader Georgios Mavros were absorbed by PASOK. Although
1050-409: The leading Venizelist party was the Union of Centrists , gaining only 0.54% of the Greek popular vote. An attempted revival of the original Liberal Party, under the same name , was founded in the 1980s by Venizelos' grandson, Nikitas Venizelos . The party was dissolved in 2012. There were also various politicians of different political orientation during the 1910s (monarchists, conservatives, part of
1085-468: The nascent Resistance, it also caused a significant rift between EDES and ELAS: the British loudly proclaimed and lauded Zervas' role in the operation, while ignoring the contribution – numerically far greater – of the leftist ELAS forces. While the rift was healed by British mediation, it presaged the problems that would appear in the future. On 24 February 1943, Zervas addressed his friend Antonis Petsakis in
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1120-576: The occupying forces was made in the text. On the same day, Komninos Pyromaglou , a friend and assistant of Plastiras, left Nice , where Plastiras resided, for Greece. He was authorize by the general to form, on his behalf, a republican organization with socialist content", and prepare to turn both "against the Occupier" and against a return of the monarchy. After his arrival in Athens on 23 September, Pyromaglou came into contact with Republican circles, and after contacting Zervas took EDES' command. In October,
1155-422: Was also kept secret from the British, so that EDES would continue to receive material support from the former. Upon their departure from Epirus, the Germans ensured that leftover materiel would reach the hands of EDES rather than ELAS. The left wing Greek People's Liberation Army on various occasions accused its rival organizations, and particularly EDES, of collaboration with the occupying Nazi forces. During
1190-703: Was characterized by the beliefs of Eleftherios Venizelos and ideas of Greek irredentism supporting the Megali Idea . It had a Francophile stance as the ideas of the French Revolution and the idea of one state which should have all the lands which are predominantly inhabited by a certain ethnicity. In WWI the Venizelists wished to join the Entente, mainly due to the entrance of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria which
1225-537: Was one of the greatest chances to gain all lands Greeks claim and thus fulfilling the Megali idea . Venizelism is despite popular misconceptions, a movement which does side with monarchy, however it calls for a ruling class in which the urban class can rise the ranks by merit, additionally that the king come from the same country that he is ruling, thus not having loyalties to foreign interests. Venizelism calls for early and more moderate capitalistic economic policies such as open markets but those markets should be approved by
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