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40-398: In Colombia, the government of the conservative Mariano Ospina Rodríguez was faced with a liberal uprising led by the governor of Cauca Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera in 1860, which quickly turned into a civil war throughout the country. Numerous battles were fought before the liberal forces took the city of Bogotá in 1861, seized the president and proclaimed General Mosquera dictator. However

80-822: A "Scientific and Industrial College". By 1865, he had expanded his coffee enterprise to Guatemala and, in so doing, became one of the first coffee growing pioneers in Central America. With his vast experience and knowledge about the cultivation of coffee, he devoted himself to promoting and teaching the growing of coffee to the farmers and peasants of Colombia. In 1880 he established the first public University in Colombia (Escuela Nacional de Minas de Medellín) and published his first textbooks about "efficient and effective coffee growing techniques". The nation profited richly from Don Mariano's efforts, research and teachings. His passion, knowledge, vision, tenacity and hard labor facilitated

120-473: A feigned order to his lieutenant General Payan, Mosquera made believe that he would attack Quito, Flores charged and Payan feigned retreat to Cuaspud; when the Ecuadorians advanced into the swamp, Payan attacked with all his forces, while Mosquera, with fresh troops, sealed the victory. This move by Mosquera and his army managed to place it on the hill, interposed between Flores and El Carchi and also defended to

160-468: A large extent by the deep swamps that had the appearance of simple pastures. When the battle began on December 6, 1863, more than 1,200 cavalrymen of the Ecuadorian forces were trapped, being shot by Colombian riflemen. The rest of the army fled, losing more than three thousand prisoners between officers and subordinates, who under the promise of not taking up arms again against Mosquera, were released. After

200-415: A law degree, Ospina associated himself with a group of intellectuals, ideologists and politicians who did not agree with the ideas of General Simón Bolívar in proclaiming himself as Dictator of Colombia. Consequently, this group of intellectuals, students and military officers planned a coup d’état against Bolívar. On the night of September 25, 1828, an elite group of militants and military officers assaulted

240-427: A map, and after observing the siege of Cuaspud (current department of Nariño), he pointed to it with a pin exclaiming: "here I have to annul the cavalry of Flores". At this point was located a border farm with Ecuador, which was characterized by being swampy, with its hills and mudflats completely hidden by thick wild vegetation, a natural product of stagnant moisture as in a large mud lake. On the afternoon of December 4,

280-506: A scientific interest. As a result of Ospina's careful investigations and studies, Colombia began producing some of the best coffees in the world, the Coffea arabica species. After his presidency, in 1862, he and his brother Pastor escaped from prison (imprisoned by the dictator Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera ) into exile. They were granted asylum in Guatemala and there they planted coffee and operated

320-517: Is appointed as Secretary of State. Ospina entered the cabinet of President Pedro Alcántara Herrán in 1841, first, as Secretary of the Interior, and later as Secretary of State (1841–1845). As Minister of the Interior he implemented a comprehensive educational plan in 1842. In so doing, he had attained one of the objectives that had escaped the Burbon reformers, which was to increase the resources and expand

360-605: Is often confused with another that occurred decades before, called the "War of the Cauca" in the year of 1832. Mariano Ospina Rodr%C3%ADguez Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (October 18, 1805 - January 11, 1885) was a Colombian politician, journalist and lawyer, founder of the Colombian Conservative Party and later President of Colombia between 1857 and 1861 during the Granadine Confederation . Ospina

400-457: The General election of 1857 , representing the Colombian Conservative Party . His opponents were two liberals, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and Manuel Murillo Toro . He won the election and was elected president for the 1857–1861 presidential term. During his administration, he appointed Manuel Antonio Sanclemente , first, as his Minister of Government, and later, as his Minister of War. Ospina

440-804: The Palacio de San Carlos (government palace). Ospina was among the militia that assaulted the palace. The coup d’état failed, and Ospina escaped alive. The events of this failed coup d’état against Bolívar are known in Colombian History as the Noche Septembrina (the night of September). Most of the conspirators of the Noche Septembrina , including General Francisco de Paula Santander were captured, tried and sentenced to death. Ospina, fearing for his life, escaped from Bogotá and found refuge in Antioquia ,

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480-574: The 1860s, two prominent families from Antioquia , Colombia, the Ospinas and the Vásquez, settled in Guatemala . Thanks to their ability to insert into Guatemala's political and economic activities, their entrepreneurial spirit, their access to international credit, and their solid family alliances, they were able to distinguish themselves when coffee plantations were spreading out. In particular, their experience as

520-528: The 3rd Division, Maldonado, from the 1st, 2nd Avengers, Chimborazo and Daule, and the 4th Division, Dávalos, from the 1st and 2nd Regiments and the Artillery Brigade; The Commanders of the battalions of the First Division were, in order: Sáenz, Dalgo, Conde, Echanique and Rivadeneira; those of the 2nd: Pereira, Viteri, Echeverría and Mata; those of the 3rd, Espinoza, Aparicio, Larrea and Campuzano; those of

560-556: The 4th, Maldonado, Ventimilla and Salazar. General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera mobilized 4,000 soldiers and 120 horsemen, the latter commanded by Colonel Acero, in such a way that only three divisions led by Generals Sánchez, Rudensindo López, and Colonel Gregorio Rincón could be organized. The battalions that were able to get ready to fight were the Amalia, the Bomboná, the Pasto, the 2nd and 5th Vargas,

600-821: The Cariaco, the Pichincha, the Voltígeros, the Tiradores, the Bogotá, the Guitarra, the Palacé and the Granaderos. The commanders of these corps were General Bohórquez, General Armero (head of the 4-cannon artillery), General Anzola, General Pedro Marcos de la Rosa, and Colonels Vezga, Manuel Guzmán, José Chaves, Miguel Ángel Portillo, Escarraga, Soto and Castillo. At the beginning of December, Mosquera took

640-515: The Colombian army arrived at the town of Cumbal and the Ecuadorian army stationed itself at the Chautalá hacienda, in front of the first town. On December 5, Flores received the last troop reinforcement sent from Tulcán by Colonel Gómez de la Torre; all these movements announced the proximity of combat. Flores had no campaign plan, he only moved as his adversary moved. On December 6, Mosquera ordered that

680-484: The Cumbal camp be raised and he headed towards Carchi , the foregoing due to the loss of part of the horses and oxen that loaded the cannons; Flores immediately set his eight thousand soldiers on the move, sending the 1st and 2nd Avengers battalions and three hundred horsemen in the direction of Mosquera, the two sides suddenly meeting on the slopes of the hill called Cuaspud, so close that they were almost point-blank fire. With

720-437: The Ecuadorian armed forces, who seized Tumaco and Túquerres with 5,000 infantry, 1,000 horsemen and some artillery pieces. Mosquera marched to fight General Juan José Flores, leaving Juan José Uricoechea in charge of the Colombian government. On August 15, Mosquera arrived in the territory of what is now the department of Nariño , beginning skirmishes and small battles in which the enemies scouted each other. The strength of

760-556: The Ecuadorians rested on their cavalry, but it was not until December that the army was risked in battle. The Ecuadorians had crossed the border on November 21 of that year. The intention of the Ecuadorians, apart from the political quarrels between the two governments, was the annexation of the Pasto region , which they considered as their own. Mosquera left 2,000 of his men in San Juan de Pasto and advanced with 1,000 vanguard soldiers to confront

800-822: The Malavar bridge and the other the San Guillermo bridge. These positions were defended by the Ecuadorian general Manuel Tomás Maldonado, who repulsed both attacks. At that time, Mosquera was in the Chupadero plain and Maldonado advised Flores to attack the enemy in retreat with the cavalry, which was rejected by the latter. The Colombian army then opted to continuously move around avoiding a battle until they had fully regrouped after their defeat to be able to enter enemy territory. Mosquera finally entrenched himself in Cuaspud on December 3. García Moreno ordered General Flores to mobilize towards

840-555: The Ospina brothers were regarded as equals with the "Founding Fathers" of the Republic of Guatemala. Ospina returned to Colombia with his wife Enriqueta and their children in October 1871. They relocated in the town of Fredonia, Antioquia , where they continued with their coffee business, enterprise and plantations. Cuaspud Cuaspud ( Spanish pronunciation: [kwasˈpuð] )

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880-547: The Second Column by the Mayor of Pasto, Colonel José Francisco Zarama. On July 31, 1862, in the city of Tulcan, a confrontation occurred between the troops of Pombo and Moreno, resulting in a victory for the Granadine Confederation (Colombia). Garcia Moreno was taken prisoner but later released. these events left the situation tense between Ecuador and the nascent United States of Colombia . Mosquera went to Antioquia and assumed

920-496: The armistice was signed in Ibarra, Ecuador . Mosquera agreed with Ecuador, recognizing the already existing limits, non-interference in mutual internal affairs and a permanent peace agreement. Consequently, there were never any more border disputes between these two countries. Mosquera consolidated its internal power and Ecuador was able to do the same, since it fully concentrated against the invasion by José María Urbina . This conflict

960-716: The development of coffee growing into Colombia's main export crop, transforming forever the nation's economy. After Ospina and his brother Pastor escaped from prison into exile, in 1862, they planted coffee and operated a "Scientific and Industrial College" in Guatemala. In 1880, the National Press (of Colombia) published the first instruction manual for coffee growing, written by Ospina, titled "Cultivo del Café: Nociones Elementales al alcance de todos los labradores" (Coffee Growing: Basic notions available to all farmers), based on his extensive research and experience. Ospina Rodríguez dedicated much of his efforts to teaching and to

1000-519: The economic activity of trade and commerce between Western Europe, the United States and Latin America reached a new all time highs. Given the fact that the coffee industry became the platform and engine of economic development in Guatemala, which in turn promoted and advanced other sectors such as the financial institutions and banking, public works, and the modernization of agriculture and manufacturing,

1040-526: The enemy, awaiting him in the town of Guachucal , near Túquerres, but seeing the numerical superiority of the enemy, he decided to retreat and ordered the rest of his troops to leave Pasto and join forces. The city was immediately occupied by the Ecuadorians while several battalions of Colombian conservative soldiers deserted and went on to support the invading forces. On November 26, Mosquera advanced with his troops to Sapuyes , near Túquerres, and then to Chaitán where he divided his forces into two, one attacked

1080-442: The failure of the battle, many Ecuadorian soldiers fled, seeking refuge in nearby houses and even in towns near the battlefield. Mosquera, after the battle, advanced to Carlosama, where he established his military headquarters. On December 7, he received a letter from Flores, dated Tusa, in which he proposed peace. The Colombian president agreed to it, and to negotiate it he commissioned General Antonio Gonzales Carazo; On December 21,

1120-578: The government of that State by convening a convention, which was installed on February 4, 1863, in Rionegro and in it the country was given the name of the United States of Colombia (1863-1886). Ecuador sent the diplomat Antonio Flores Jijón, who made an agreement with the Mosquera government, but the Ecuadorian president ignored the treaty and went to war. García Moreno sent General Juan José Flores as head of

1160-403: The land of his teacher and mentor José Félix de Restrepo, the illustrious professor of Envigado . In 1829, Ospina joins the army of General José María Córdova in the war against General Bolívar. General Cordova is killed in action and Ospina hides in the mountains of Santa Rosa de Osos , Antioquia, until 1830. Antioquia proclaims its secession from Colombia as an independent State and, Ospina

1200-465: The most productive and best managed. The history of the appearance of the Central American nations in the world economy is related to the development and exports of agricultural products, mainly of the coffee industry, during the second half of the 19th century. This period of economic development and expansion has been called "the second conquest of Latin America" . During this period (1860–1930),

1240-399: The north of Ecuador almost all of the existing battalions in the territory, around 8,200 infantrymen and 1,150 horsemen divided in 4 divisions: Draquea, Salvador, Maldonado and Dávalos. The first division, Draquea, was made up of the 2nd battalions from Pichincha, 1st, 2nd, 3rd from Imbabura and Babahoyo; the second division, Salvador, from the battalions of Guayas, Yaguachi, León and Oriente;

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1280-747: The owners of "Las Mercedes" , one of the largest and most famous coffee plantations of Central America in those times. In 1863, Ospina, former president of the Granadine Confederation (now Colombia), arrived in Guatemala with his wife Enriqueta Vásquez, his four younger children and his brother Pastor. They had been granted political asylum by the Guatemalan government. They settled in the Pacific piedmont region called "Costa Cuca", where they established their main coffee plantation "Las Mercedes" . This coffee plantation became known throughout Central America as

1320-453: The programs of the nation's Universities. Also an educator, journalist, lawyer, political leader and a statesman, Ospina was one of the founders of the Colombian Conservative Party . In 1848, in association with José Eusebio Caro, and after months of deliberation, they wrote the ideological platform and fundamental program of the conservative party. They both created the newspaper called La Civilización to promote their political ideas. He

1360-670: The promotion of useful knowledge. In 1931, a second instruction manual for coffee growers was published under the direction of Mariano Ospina Pérez as general manager of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia . In 1882, Ospina and his two sons, Mariano and Tulio, established their first, of several, large scale coffee plantations and organized their mayor coffee processing plants and facilities ("despulpadoras" or "edificios del café") in " El Cerro Bravo ", of Fredonia, Antioquia . The first mechanized pulpers and mills were introduced and operated in these plantations. In

1400-455: The war continued with numerous Conservative leaders eager to regain the government. One of the conservatives confronted against Mosquera was the poet Julio Arboleda Pombo , who had also been elected president by the conservatives in the midst of the civil war. Meanwhile, in Ecuador, Conservative President Gabriel García Moreno imposed a strong centralist and nationalist government. On the causes of

1440-622: The war, Colombian and Ecuadorian historians differ; For the former it was an invasion led by President García Moreno in order to modify the borders, for the latter the conservative forces entered Ecuadorian territory in pursuit of some liberals. As General Vicente Fierro, Chief of the Rumichaca Reservation, tried to prevent the invasion, he was attacked by the Colombian commander Matías Rosero, to which García Moreno responded with an army of 1,200 men, while Arboleda mobilized 900 soldiers, led by his First Column by Colonel José Antonio Eraso and

1480-573: Was born in Guasca , Viceroyalty of New Granada , on October 18, 1805. His parents were Santiago Ospina and Urbina Rodríguez. Ospina was the father of president Pedro Nel Ospina , and grandfather of president Mariano Ospina Pérez . He died in Medellín , Antioquia , on January 11, 1885. His body was interred at the San Pedro Cemetery Museum. His son Tulio Ospina died on February 17, 1921, and

1520-579: Was buried next to his father. He was home schooled by both of his parents, Santiago and Urbina, and later received private tutoring from Professor José Félix Restrepo. He attended the School of San Bartolomé in Bogotá, where he graduated in jurisprudence and obtained a law degree in 1827. Ospina's ideas and activities in the 1820s and 1830s indicated that he already conceived of technical education as an important instrument for economic development and general social improvement. In 1828, soon after graduating with

1560-418: Was one of Colombia's earliest and most profoundly influential coffee pioneers, with an entrepreneurial spirit and tenacity. He began his quest in 1835, seeking the best lands and terroir for growing coffee within the lush mountains of the province of Antioquia. He established his first experimental plantation in 1835, in the municipality of Fredonia, Antioquia , where he pursued coffee growing with passion and

1600-552: Was one of the leaders of the Conservative forces in the lost Colombian Civil War of 1851 . Ospina was elected to Congress in 1849 and later, in 1854, he was elected Governor of the State of Antioquia. A few years later, in 1857 he was elected as the 14th president of Colombia. Ospina was elected as Governor of the State of Antioquia on June 1, 1845, and again for a second term on January 1, 1854. Ospina ran for President of Colombia in

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