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81-651: Ebbsfleet Valley is a new town and redevelopment area in Kent , South East England , and part of the Thames Gateway , southwest of Gravesend . Development is coordinated by the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation. It is named after the valley of the Ebbsfleet River , which it straddles. Although a small part of the site in the east lies within the borough of Gravesham , Ebbsfleet Valley primarily sits in

162-567: A community interest company . Its aim is to be complementary to groups like the Town and Country Planning Association and it has adopted TCPA garden city principles as well as those from other groups, including those from Cabannes and Ross's booklet 21st Century Garden Cities of To-morrow . British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced plans for a new garden city to be built at Ebbsfleet Valley , Kent , in early 2014, with

243-672: A 660-acre expanse, further mirroring the region's ongoing evolution from its chalk and cement industry origins. Ebbsfleet International railway station is served by Southeastern High Speed and formerly, Eurostar services. Ebbsfleet was served by Arriva bus services 484, 485 and 485A but it has since been replaced by the ArrivaClick demand responsive transport on 30 November 2020. Route C2 operated by Go-Coach (it will be operated by Fastrack soon) runs from Ebbsfleet's Castle Hill to Gravesend . The football team Gravesend and Northfleet FC changed their name to Ebbsfleet United F.C. in

324-855: A garden suburb is the Humberstone Garden Suburb in the United Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association in Leicestershire , and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the present. In 1887 the workers of the Anchor Shoe Company in Humberstone formed a workers' cooperative and built 97 houses. American architects and partners, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin were proponents of

405-415: A much better quality of life for those who lived there. Two garden cities were built – Letchworth , Hertfordshire in 1903, and Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire in 1920. The underlying principles of garden cities (including community engagement , well designed housing, easily accessible recreational and shopping facilities, and an integrated transport network ) were influential in

486-447: A new school operating from the same building and serving the same communities, but under entirely new management and largely new staff. Environmental sustainability has been outlined as a cornerstone of the development strategy for Ebbsfleet Garden City. Key initiatives include: The development of Ebbsfleet Garden City is expected to have a substantial economic impact both locally and nationally. Key points include: New towns in

567-711: A new settlement proposed by the Duchy of Cornwall adjacent to the M2 in Kent, was expected to undergo the planning process in 2023. As of 2024, the government has outlined a list of proposed areas across England in which funding has been allocated for "garden villages" that could be built as extensions to existing urban areas, or for towns to receive new-build homes after acquiring "garden town" status. Garden towns and garden villages have been described as putting an emphasis on "funding for garden communities" and "putting green, wildlife friendly spaces at

648-433: A new town under the act; land was bought from the owners at agricultural prices; the government borrowed to invest in housing, commercial premises, and supporting infrastructure such as sewers, schools, churches or open spaces; and in due course it sold off the commercial premises and part of the housing at developed prices, thus paying off the debt. This model ran into some difficulty in the 1970s as growing inflation increased

729-666: A planning brief to become the first "new city", the largest of these was Milton Keynes at the northern edge of the South East , about halfway between Birmingham and London. In the East Midlands , the existing town of Northampton was expanded. In East Anglia , the city of Peterborough was designated as a new town to accommodate overspill from London. Yate in Gloucestershire and South Woodham Ferrers in Essex were developed between

810-588: A population of 40,000. Ebbsfleet International railway station was opened in November 2007 and used to provide services to Continental Europe on High Speed 1 . It will no longer serve Ebbsfleet or Ashford. Domestic services to St Pancras railway station in central London are operated by Southeastern . In March 2014, the British government announced its intention to construct a garden city at Ebbsfleet for up to 15,000 homes. Spanning Gravesham and Dartford boroughs,

891-514: A second also planned as an expansion of Bicester , Oxfordshire . The United Kingdom government announced further plans for garden towns in 2015, supporting both the development of new communities in North Essex and support for sustainable and environmentally-friendly town development in Didcot , Oxfordshire. A " Black Country Garden City" was announced in 2016 with plans to build 45,000 new homes in

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972-413: A second edition, now titled Garden Cities of To-morrow . This success of this book provided him the support necessary to pursue the chance to bring his vision into reality. Howard believed that all people agreed the overcrowding and deterioration of cities was one of the troubling issues of their time. He quotes a number of respected thinkers and their disdain of cities. Howard's garden city concept combined

1053-478: A tropical city, has over time incorporated various facets of the Garden City concept in its town plans to try and make the country a unique City in a Garden. In the 1970s, the country started including concepts in its town plans to ensure that building codes and land use plans made adequate provisions for greenery and nature to become part of community development, thereby providing a great living environment. In 1996,

1134-435: Is inappropriate to the 21st Century. Their infrastructure is ageing at the same rate and many have social and economic problems. Many are small local authorities which do not have the capacity to resolve their problems. Their attempts to manage the towns are complicated by the role played by English Partnerships which still has major landholdings and other outstanding interests. and: The new towns are no longer new and many of

1215-650: Is marked by the Ebbsfleet Central project, envisioned to transform the area around Ebbsfleet International Station into a modern urban hub. Furthermore, Ebbsfleet Central and Health, Education, and Innovation Quarter (HEiQ) are significant mixed-use developments in the planning stages, aimed at providing a vibrant city centre with community, cultural facilities, and retail spaces. The region also has plans for over 50 new parks and open spaces , with specific projects like City Parks and Cherry Orchard Primary Academy at different stages of development. The development

1296-469: Is referred to as a garden city, intended to be sustainable with publicly owned infrastructure and facilities, with inhabitants working on the estates. This was said to be inspired by the Stockholm suburbs such as Hammarby where the design there is to have cycleways, and 1,500 self-build homes, houseboats and parkland. The planning committee chair, Derek Hunnisett, said "We are looking for a higher quality than

1377-400: Is to produce relatively economically independent cities with short commute times and the preservation of the countryside. Garden suburbs arguably do the opposite. Garden suburbs are built on the outskirts of large cities with no sections of industry. They are therefore dependent on reliable transport allowing workers to commute into the city. Lewis Mumford , one of Howard's disciples, explained

1458-574: The Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City , both in the county of Hertfordshire , England, United Kingdom. Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn , who extended the movement to regional planning. Garden City principles greatly influenced the design of colonial and post-colonial capitals during

1539-548: The Neolithic age has been discovered; such pots give their name to an important sub-culture of the period. Belgic Britons , in the late Iron Age have left behind traces of their culture. Prior to the construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link in this area, archaeological work undertaken at Ebbsfleet found an Anglo-Saxon mill. The river, which is fed by eight natural springs at Springhead ( Latin : Vagniacis ),

1620-550: The New Towns Act 1946 ( 9 & 10 Geo. 6 . c. 68). The second wave (1961–1964) was likewise initiated to alleviate housing shortfalls. Two of the locations below (Redditch and Dawley New Town – later renamed Telford ) are near the West Midlands conurbation and were designed for Birmingham and Wolverhampton overspill; another two (Runcorn and Skelmersdale) are near Merseyside and were intended as overspill for

1701-468: The Town and Country Planning Association marked its 108th anniversary by calling for Garden City and Garden Suburb principles to be applied to the present New Towns and Eco-towns in the United Kingdom. The campaign continued in 2013 with the publication in March of that year of "Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today - a guide for councils". Also in 2013, Lord Simon Wolfson announced that he would award

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1782-542: The West Midlands on brownfield sites. On 2 January 2017, plans for new garden villages, each with between 1,500 and 10,000 homes, and garden towns each with more than 10,000 houses were announced by the government. These smaller projects have been proposed due to opposition of " urban sprawl " in the garden city projects, as well as such quick expansion to small communities. The first wave of villages to be approved by ministers are to be located in: The approved garden towns are to be located in: The concept of garden cities

1863-608: The Wolfson Economics Prize for the best ideas on how to create a new garden city. In 2014 The Letchworth Declaration was published which called for a body to accredit future garden cities in the UK. The declaration has a strong focus on the visible (architecture and layout) and the invisible (social, ownership and governance) architecture of a settlement. One result was the creation of the New Garden Cities Alliance as

1944-502: The arable land and woodland for chalk and clay over the subsequent century, morphing Swanscombe into a locality encircled by vast chalk pits and escarpments. The legacy of the chalk and cement industry has set the foundation for contemporary developments. The former site of Northfleet Cement Works is undergoing redevelopment to house 532 new residences as part of the Ebbsfleet Garden City initiative. This project also entails

2025-513: The utopian novel Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy , and Henry George 's work Progress and Poverty , Howard published the book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow ). His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 9,000 acres (3,600 ha). Howard's diagrams presented such a city in a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks , and six radial boulevards , 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from

2106-507: The 1950s and 1970s, coinciding with the creation of the above new towns, and Yate pointedly marketed itself as a "new town" during the 1960s. However, they differ in that they were not commissioned by any of the New Town Acts. Six new towns in Scotland were designated between 1947 and 1973, mostly for the overspill population of Glasgow . The New Towns Act (Northern Ireland) 1965 gave

2187-619: The 20th century, with new towns being an alternative approach outside London after World War II. The objective of this was to bring more economic activity to these smaller communities, whilst relieving pressure on overpopulated areas of major cities. The first wave of independent new towns was intended to help alleviate the housing shortages following the Second World War, beyond the green belt around London. Two sites in County Durham were also designated. These designations were made under

2268-535: The A2 junctions in the area, citing a traffic increase of 200%. There will be a trial by BT of a fibre network in the Ebbsfleet valley, potentially offering the highest speed internet connection to home users in the United Kingdom, with the exception of Ashford in Kent. It has been confirmed they will be offering speeds of 100 Mbit/s which will transfer TV, Broadband and Telephone via optical fibre. Businesses and residents of

2349-496: The Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs (1909). The book strongly influenced the Housing and Town Planning Act of 1909 , which provided municipalities the power to develop urban plans for new suburban communities. Smaller developments were also inspired by the garden city philosophy and were modified to allow for residential "garden suburbs" without the commercial and industrial components of

2430-626: The British Chancellor of the Exchequer attempted to kick start the project by injecting £300 million. Richard Rogers , a former government adviser on cities, said: "They shouldn’t be building down there. East London still has masses of brownfield land, so why are we building 15 miles out? This is not a sustainable option." Ebbsfleet Garden City is witnessing a significant developmental phase with numerous planning permissions granted for residential, educational, and mixed-use projects, aligning with

2511-664: The Civic Society, both Hampstead and Gidea Park retain much of their original character. Bournville Village Trust in Birmingham, UK, is an important residential development which was associated with the growth of 'Cadbury's Factory in a Garden'. Here garden city principles are a fundamental part of the Trust's activity. There are tight restrictions applying to the properties here such as no stonewall cladding. Howard's influence reached as far as Mexico City , where architect José Luis Cuevas

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2592-804: The INA-Casa plan – a national public housing plan from the 1950s and '60s – designed several suburbs according to Garden City principles: examples are found in many cities and towns of the country, such as the Isolotto suburb in Florence , Falchera in Turin , Harar in Milan , Cesate Villaggio in Cesate (part of the Metropolitan City of Milan ), etc. More recent application of the principles can be found in different contexts across

2673-536: The Minister of Development of the Government of Northern Ireland the power to designate an area as a new town, and to appoint a development commission. An order could be made to transfer municipal functions of all or part of any existing local authorities to the commission, which took the additional title of urban district council, although unelected. This was done in the case of Craigavon. The New Towns Amendment Act 1968

2754-539: The National Parks Board was given the mandate to spearhead the development and maintenance of greenery and bring the island's green spaces and parks to the community. Contemporary town-planning charters like New Urbanism and Principles of Intelligent Urbanism originated with this movement. Today there are many garden cities in the world, but most of them have devolved to dormitory suburbs , which completely differ from what Howard aimed to create. In 2007,

2835-512: The New Towns Act in England since 1970 (and Scotland since 1973), but several new large scale developments have been founded: Poundbury is an experimental new town or urban extension on the outskirts of Dorchester. The development is built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall . It is built according to the principles of (then) Prince Charles , who was known for holding strong views challenging

2916-514: The United Kingdom The concept of the "garden city" was first envisaged by Ebenezer Howard in his 1898 book To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform , as an alternative to the pollution and overcrowding in Britain's growing urban areas. Taking inspiration from the model villages of Port Sunlight and Bournville , he saw garden cities as the "joyous union" of town and country, providing

2997-497: The area will be given a new telephone dialling code, 01987, though the small number of users who already have numbers allocated from the neighbouring codes (01322 or 01474) are able to retain them. The 01987 code was adopted in April 2008, in preference to the vacant 01321 code. The area formed part of the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe until 2 May 2019 and then became an unparished area . The review of goverance leading up to

3078-494: The borough of Dartford . The name Ebbsfleet is an artificial creation of a seventeenth-century antiquarian, partly inspired by the name of Ebbsfleet in Thanet , 47 mi (76 km) to the east. Much of the land is brownfield and was formerly used by industry; having been previously owned by the APCM , Blue Circle and most recently by Lafarge . The new community is planned to have

3159-464: The broader vision of evolving into a well-integrated, sustainable community. The residential sector is seeing a substantial increase in new homes, with various projects at different stages of planning and construction. Notable residential developments include: Educational Developments are also part of the strategic plan, with Alkerden Education Campus and Cable Wharf School among the institutions being developed. The Mixed-Use Developments segment

3240-422: The centre, although he made it clear that the actual site planning should be left to experts. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road and rail. Howard's To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform sold enough copies to warrant

3321-653: The change had included the option for a new civil parish of Ebbsfleet with a community council. In 2015, the government established the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation as a non-departmental public body of the Department of Communities and Local Government under the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 2015 The purpose of the development corporation is to oversee development by private housebuilders and act as local planning authority for planning permission requests relating to

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3402-407: The city of Liverpool . The third wave of new towns (1967–1970) allowed for additional growth, chiefly further north from the previous London new towns, among them " Central Lancashire New Town " and Warrington . Dawley New Town was redesignated as Telford New Town, with a much larger area, as overspill for Birmingham and nearby towns including Wolverhampton . With a target population of 250,000 and

3483-463: The concept of a new garden city , quality of housing, and insufficient planning. Critics argue that the initial proposal for a garden city was a veil over inadequate planning and expressed concerns over the slow pace of housing construction and the quality of the built homes. Additionally, the aspiration for a healthy urbanism initiative is a response to ensure high-quality housing and well-integrated social and economic infrastructure, addressing some of

3564-403: The conversion of former chalk quarries and cement manufacturing facilities into a mixed-use domain featuring up to 15,000 new homes, 6 million ft² of commercial space, and 3 million ft² of retail, leisure, community, and educational facilities. Moreover, recent planning approval signifies a substantial advancement in realizing a scheme at a former quarry site in Kent, envisaging 1,700 homes within

3645-694: The cost of new borrowing, and this complicated the impact of the programme on public finances. The corporations were in due course dissolved and their assets split between local authorities and, in England, the Commission for New Towns (later English Partnerships ). In July 2002, the Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions assessed the effectiveness of the new towns and concluded that: While many New Towns have been economically successful, most now are experiencing major problems. Their design

3726-469: The criticisms indirectly. In the following May, London Paramount Entertainment Resort were given permission to build a theme park on potential housing land on the adjoining Swanscombe Peninsula site, nationally significant infrastructure project status, allowing the developers to bypass local planning requirements and build a leisure complex that by 2019 may create employment for 27,000 people. Highways England consulted, in early 2017, about improvements to

3807-438: The decision to proceed with these developments is unrelated. On 13 May 2007, chancellor Gordon Brown , who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom the following month, announced he would designate 10 new " eco-towns " to ease demand for low-cost housing . The towns, around 20,000 population each—at least 5,000 homes—are planned to be " carbon neutral " and will use locally generated sustainable-energy sources. Only one site

3888-450: The designated development area. The Ebbsfleet River is of great historical importance in English history and prehistory, and much archaeological excavation has taken place here over the years. Quarrying here has revealed signs of extensive occupation some 100,000 years ago: flint knapping was carried out here, the remains of a straight-tusked elephant have been found. Distinctive pottery from

3969-425: The development of the post-war new towns movement. An "overspill estate" is a housing estate planned and built for the housing of excess population in urban areas , both from the natural increase of population and often in order to rehouse people from decaying inner city areas, usually as part of the process of slum clearance . They were created on the outskirts of most large British towns and during most of

4050-475: The difference as "The Garden City, as Howard defined it, is not a suburb but the antithesis of a suburb: not a rural retreat, but a more integrated foundation for an effective urban life." The planned garden suburb emerged in the late 19th century as a by-product of new types of transportation were embraced by a newly prosperous merchant class. The first garden villages were built by English estate owners, who wanted to relocate or rebuild villages on their lands. It

4131-585: The early part of the 20th century. This is the case for New Delhi (designed as the new capital of British India after World War I), of Canberra (capital of Australia established in 1913) and of Quezon City (established in 1939, capital of the Philippines from 1948 to 1976). Outside the British empire, the ideas quickly spread as well. While garden cities were praised for being an alternative to overcrowded and industrial cities, along with greater sustainability, garden cities were often criticized for damaging

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4212-464: The economy, being destructive of the beauty of nature, and being inconvenient. According to A. Trystan Edwards, garden cities engender desecration of the countryside by trying to recreate countryside suburbs that could spread on their own; however, this was not a possible feat due to the limited space that they had (except at their outermost edges). More recently, the environmental movement's embrace of urban density has offered an "implicit critique" of

4293-505: The enclaves was often coordinated through the use of early land use controls typical of modern zoning, including controlled setbacks, landscaping, and materials. Garden suburbs were not part of Howard's plan and were actually a hindrance to garden city planning—they were in fact almost the antithesis of Howard's plan, what he tried to prevent. The suburbanisation of London was an increasing problem which Howard attempted to solve with his garden city model, which attempted to end urban sprawl by

4374-418: The garden city movement. In this way the critique of the concept resembles critiques of other suburbanization models, though author Stephen Ward has argued that critics often do not adequately distinguish between true garden cities and more mundane dormitory city plans. It is often referred to as an urban-design experiment which is typified by failure due to the laneways used as common entries and exits to

4455-401: The garden city of Letchworth . However, these donors would collect interest on their investment if the garden city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process, "philanthropic land speculation". Howard tried to include working class cooperative organisations, which included over two million members, but could not win their financial support. Because he had to rely only on

4536-956: The garden city. They were built on the outskirts of cities, in rural settings. Some notable examples being, in London, Hampstead Garden Suburb , the Sutton Garden Suburb in Benhilton , Sutton , Pinner 's Pinnerwood conversation area and the Romford Garden Suburb in Gidea Park and, in Liverpool , Wavertree Garden Suburb. The Gidea Park estate in particular was built during two main periods of activity, 1911 and 1934. Both resulted in some good examples of domestic architecture, by such architects as Wells Coates and Berthold Lubetkin . Thanks to such strongly conservative local residents' associations as

4617-399: The garden village and the garden enclave. The garden villages are spatially independent of the city but remain connected to the city by railroads, streetcars, and later automobiles. The villages often included shops and civic buildings. In contrast, garden enclaves are typically strictly residential and emphasize natural and private space, instead of public and community space. The urban form of

4698-401: The heart of development". Didcot , Oxfordshire was one of the first to be awarded garden town status in 2015. Amongst the towns expected to see the most dynamic population growth after developments are Didcot, Harlow and Gilston as part of a joint garden town project, Taunton and Cullompton . The financial model was for many years as follows: an area of countryside was designated as

4779-484: The home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for blue-collar workers to live in. The populations comprised mostly skilled middle class workers. After a decade, the First Garden City became profitable and started paying dividends to its investors. Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. In reference to

4860-482: The houses, thereby helping to ghettoise communities and encourage crime; it has ultimately triggered efforts to 'de-Radburn'-ize, or to partially demolish American-Radburn-designed public housing areas. When interviewed in 1998, the architect responsible for introducing the design to public housing in New South Wales , Philip Cox , was reported to have admitted with regards to an American-Radburn-designed estate in

4941-402: The idea in 1898 as a way to capture the primary benefits of the countryside and the city while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. In the early 20th century, Letchworth , Brentham Garden Suburb , and Welwyn Garden City were built in or near London according to Howard's concept and many other garden cities inspired by his model have since been built all over the world. Inspired by

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5022-465: The lack of government support for garden cities, Frederic James Osborn, a colleague of Howard and his eventual successor at the Garden City Association, recalled him saying, "The only way to get anything done is to do it yourself." Likely in frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the second garden city in 1919. The purchase was at auction, with money Howard desperately and successfully borrowed from friends. The Welwyn Garden City Corporation

5103-465: The landscape. In 1796, James Parker established kilns along the Northfleet Creek for the production of 'Roman' cement , marking the inception of large-scale cement works in the river stretch. This industry had a profound impact on the region, notably illustrated in 1868 when Swanscombe Manor, primarily a rural area, was sold to cement magnate Thomas Bevan. This sale catalysed extensive excavation of

5184-404: The new towns has given rise to the notion of "new town blues". Elsewhere: Garden city movement The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts . These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Ebenezer Howard first posited

5265-543: The normal and what we are getting [so far] is the norm – standard off-the-peg stuff.". The nearest house is less than 20 minutes walk to Ebbsfleet International station. The current development already contradicts policy and academic papers written in recent times to inform the coalition government's 'blueprint'. "A strong landscape structure, that matures over time to create a leafy green character. Tree lined streets, green verges and planted front gardens" . The Ebbsfleet Garden City development has faced criticisms concerning

5346-512: The post-war trends in town planning that were suburban in character. Euxton has grown significantly following the Buckshaw Village development, described as "one of the largest brownfield schemes of its kind throughout Europe", and conceptualised as an eco-village. Further expansion is planned with another development, Euxton Heights. Ironically, although Euxton falls under what were the designated boundaries of Central Lancashire New Town,

5427-467: The project seeks to accelerate high-quality development enriched with local job opportunities, green spaces, and necessary infrastructure to make Ebbsfleet a desirable living and working hub. Being an original NHS Healthy Town, a health and wellbeing hub along with new cycleways and footpaths to Bluewater are proposed. Over 40% of the area is dedicated to green and blue spaces, fostering a nature-friendly environment for residents and visitors. In November 2015,

5508-452: The quickly built houses have reached the end of their design life. The masterplans dictated low density development with large amounts of open space, and housing segregated from jobs, shopping and business services. These created a car dependency and are now not considered sustainable. Low density developments are expensive to maintain. Roads and sewers are in need of expensive upgrades. The lack of social ties experienced by some residents of

5589-532: The sheer inhibition of land speculation due to the land being held in trust, and the inclusion of agricultural areas on the city outskirts. Raymond Unwin , one of Howard's early collaborators on the Letchworth Garden City project in 1907, became very influential in formalizing the garden city principles in the design of suburbs through his work Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to

5670-476: The suburb of Villawood , "everything that could go wrong in a society went wrong," and "it became the centre of drugs, it became the centre of violence and, eventually, the police refused to go into it. It was hell." The concept of the Garden City was adopted again in the UK after World War II, when the New Towns Act spurred the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian ideas. It also affected town planning in other countries, such as Italy;

5751-556: The summer of 2007. Another move to promote a sense of identity in the new town is a planned landmark, which when built will be 50 m (160 ft) high (twice as high as the Angel of the North ) and is intended to be visible from road, rail and air. However, in June 2012, the project was stalled by a lack of funding. Swan Valley Community School closed in 2013, and was replaced by The Ebbsfleet Academy ,

5832-457: The town and country in order to provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or in "crowded, unhealthy cities". To build a garden city, Howard needed money to buy land. He decided to get funding from "gentlemen of responsible position and undoubted probity and honour". He founded the Garden City Association (later known as the Town and Country Planning Association or TCPA), which created First Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create

5913-535: The town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard's large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard's notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard's symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more 'organic' design. Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it brought in manufacturers through low taxes, low rents, and more space. Despite Howard's best efforts,

5994-481: The wealthy investors of First Garden City, Howard had to make concessions to his plan, such as eliminating the cooperative ownership scheme with no landlords, short-term rent increases, and hiring architects who did not agree with his rigid design plans. In 1904, Raymond Unwin , a noted architect and town planner, and his partner Barry Parker , won the competition run by First Garden City Ltd. to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London. Unwin and Parker planned

6075-515: The world. In Bhutan 's capital city Thimphu , for example, the new plan, following the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism, is an organic response to the fragile ecology. Using sustainable concepts, it is a contemporary response to the garden city concept. The Epcot Center in Bay Lake, Florida , took some influence from Howard's Garden City concept while the park was still under construction. Singapore,

6156-452: Was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London. Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities in the United Kingdom. However, the movement did succeed in emphasizing the need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New Town movement . Howard organised

6237-631: Was held sacred by the Celts who settled in the area around 100 BC. They were followed by the Romans ; their Watling Street passes through the site, and a villa has been excavated. A large flooded quarry, Sawyer's Lake, can be found nearby. The chalk and cement industry holds a long-standing presence in the Ebbsfleet Valley, stemming from the region's abundant chalk deposits which have been exploited over centuries for cement production, significantly altering

6318-531: Was identified in the announcement: the former Oakington Barracks in Cambridgeshire, which is the site of the already-planned Northstowe development. Local councils will be invited to provide sites for the remaining four towns. In September 2014, the CBI called for all political parties to commit to building 10 new towns and garden cities to get to grips with the country's housing shortage. South East Faversham ,

6399-532: Was in these cases that architects first began designing small houses. Early examples include Harewood and Milton Abbas . Major innovations that defined early garden suburbs and subsequent suburban town planning include linking villa-like homes with landscaped public spaces and roads. Despite the emergence of the garden suburb in England, the typology flowered in the second half of the 19th century in United States. There were generally two garden suburb typologies,

6480-451: Was influenced by the garden city concept in the design of two of the most iconic inner-city subdivisions, Colonia Hipódromo de la Condesa (1926) and Lomas de Chapultepec (1928-9): The subdivisions were based on the principles of the garden city as promoted by Ebenezer Howard , including ample parks and other open spaces , park islands in the middle of "grand avenues", such as Avenida Amsterdam in colonia Hipódromo. One unique example of

6561-788: Was passed to enable the establishment of the Londonderry Development Commission to replace the County Borough and rural district of Londonderry, and implement the Londonderry Area Plan. On 3 April 1969, the development commission took over the municipal functions of the two councils, the area becoming Londonderry Urban District. During the same period as the new town scheme, several other towns underwent local authority led expansion as 'overspills' to larger urban areas, but were not officially designated as new towns, among these were: No new towns have been designated under

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