Misplaced Pages

#679320

107-665: The game is often played outdoors, but is also played indoors. The children typically collect the eggs in a basket. When the hunt is over, prizes may be given out for various achievements, such as the largest number of eggs collected, for the largest or smallest egg, for the most eggs of a specific color, consolation prizes or booby prizes . Real eggs may further be used in egg tapping contests. If eggs filled with confetti left from Mardi Gras ( cascarones ) are used, then an egg fight may follow. Eggs are placed with varying degree of concealment, to accommodate children of varying ages and development levels. In South German folk traditions it

214-584: A chess championship . On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. A toy and a game are not the same. Toys generally allow for unrestricted play whereas games present rules for the player to follow. Key components of games are goals, rules , challenge , and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills , serve as

321-407: A controller or a motion sensitive tool ( console games ). More esoteric devices such as paddle controllers have also been used for input. There are many genres of video game; the first commercial video game, Pong , was a simple simulation of table tennis . As processing power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved a player guiding a character from

428-414: A lawn ; an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded soil) generally smaller than a sports field (pitch). Variations of many games that are traditionally played on a sports field are marketed as "lawn games" for home use in a front or back yard. Common lawn games include horseshoes , sholf , croquet , bocce , and lawn bowls . A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to

535-503: A tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of trick-taking games collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White Cards ). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering are played with

642-558: A bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover. On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal. Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March. On 3 February,

749-560: A community much larger than the group of players. A city or town may set aside such resources for the organization of sports leagues. Popular sports may have spectators who are entertained just by watching games. A community will often align itself with a local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. The concept of fandom began with sports fans. Lawn games are outdoor games that can be played on

856-428: A different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable meta -rules. Rules generally determine the time-keeping system , the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring techniques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals. The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims. For most competitive games,

963-472: A form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational , or psychological role. Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur , Senet , and Mancala are some of the oldest known games. Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game . In his Philosophical Investigations , Wittgenstein argued that

1070-429: A game. Muggins , Mexican Train , and Chicken Foot are very popular domino games. Texas 42 is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking" card game . Variations of traditional dominoes abound: Triominoes are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as Quad-Ominos uses four-sided tiles. Some other games use tiles in place of cards; Rummikub

1177-409: A high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of probability theory . Such games are thus popular as gambling games; the game of craps is perhaps the most famous example, though liar's dice and poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games. Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but

SECTION 10

#1732854681680

1284-451: A high quality product with a greater proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars. Developed by George's son, George Cadbury Jr (along with his research and development team), it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate. From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper. It was a great sales success, and became the company's best-selling product by 1914. The stronger Bournville Cocoa line

1391-627: A large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box. This class of games includes any game in which the skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination, but excludes the class of video games (see below). Games such as jacks , paper football , and Jenga require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as pinball , billiards , air hockey , foosball , and table hockey require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which

1498-503: A large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the board may be a map on which the players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes a move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games. Some games, such as chess and Go , are entirely deterministic, relying only on

1605-506: A model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced by George Jr in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk in the recipe than rival products. By 1914, it was the company's best-selling product. Successive members of the Cadbury family have made innovations with chocolate products. Cadbury, Rowntree's and Fry's were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of

1712-408: A new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The entanglement of player's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from what is known as betrayal . Games can take a variety of forms, from competitive sports to board games and video games. Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playing fields, leading to the involvement of

1819-444: A pawn on a board, play money , or an intangible item such as a point scored. Games such as hide-and-seek or tag do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an auto race can be radically different depending on

1926-635: A piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word. Charades is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as Catch Phrase , Taboo , Pictionary , and similar. The genre also includes many game shows such as Win, Lose or Draw , Password and $ 25,000 Pyramid . Video games are computer- or microprocessor -controlled games. Computers can create virtual spaces for

2033-465: A play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is double-six , though in more recent times "extended" sets such as double-nine have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in

2140-416: A player toward winning. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game. An aim identifies a sufficient condition for successful action, whereas the rule identifies a necessary condition for permissible action. For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it

2247-657: A professor with the Graduate Theological Union of Berkeley , traces the specific custom of the Easter egg hunt to the Protestant Christian Reformer Martin Luther , stating "We know that Martin Luther had Easter egg hunts where the men hid the eggs for the women and children, and it probably has this connection back to this idea of eggs being the tomb." Easter egg hunts thus symbolized the search for

SECTION 20

#1732854681680

2354-424: A small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placing, picking up and moving game pieces. Most of these games are played at a table around which the players are seated and on which the game's elements are located. However, many games falling into this category, particularly party games , are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Still, these games do not require

2461-413: A small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets. Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as Cribbage use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of

2568-713: A subsidiary. In response to diminishing margins in early 2014, Mondelez hired Accenture to implement a US$ 3 billion cost-cutting programme of the company's assets including Cadbury and Oreo . Beginning in 2015, Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to "advantaged" country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The closure of Cadbury factories in centres such as Dublin , Montreal , Chicago , Philadelphia , and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from

2675-409: A third person perspective through a series of obstacles. This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playing of a video game does not require the same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of

2782-457: A true game played for entertainment or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory. John Nash proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the Nobel prize for economics for this important result which extended von Neumann's theory of zero-sum games. Nash's stable solution is known as

2889-415: A virtual environment is provided in which the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of a particular game's universe. Sometimes, there is a lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys". (Crawford specifically mentions Will Wright 's SimCity as an example of a toy.) Online games have been part of culture from

2996-416: A wide variety of game types. Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals. A computer or video game uses one or more input devices , typically a button / joystick combination (on arcade games ); a keyboard , mouse or trackball ( computer games ); or

3103-458: A worldwide popularity of ball games such as rugby , basketball , soccer (football) , cricket , tennis , and volleyball . Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of playing cards . Other games such as chess may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces. Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be

3210-415: A £10.2 billion (US$ 16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company. Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury, valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009. The UK Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury. On 19 January 2010, it

3317-643: A £75 million investment in the site, with Cadbury stating it "reinforces Bournville's position at the heart of the British chocolate industry". Bournville is home to Mondelez's Global Centre of Excellence for chocolate research and development, so every new chocolate product created by Cadbury starts life at the Birmingham plant. The confectionery business in the UK is called Cadbury (formerly Cadbury Trebor Bassett ) and, as of August 2004, had eight factories and 3,000 staff in

Egg hunt - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-556: Is a British multinational confectionery company owned by Mondelez International (spun off from Kraft Foods ) since 2010. It is the second-largest confectionery brand in the world, after Mars . Cadbury is internationally headquartered in Greater London , and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It is known for its Dairy Milk chocolate , the Creme Egg and Roses selection box, and many other confectionery products. One of

3531-626: Is a structured type of play , usually undertaken for entertainment or fun , and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as mahjong , solitaire , or some video games ). Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching

3638-510: Is a variant of the Rummy card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American playing cards . Mahjong is another game very similar to Rummy that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art. Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a board layout, on which other elements of the game are played. Settlers of Catan and Carcassonne are examples. In each,

3745-443: Is based on the idea of a crossword puzzle , and tic-tac-toe sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centering on a design being drawn such as Pictionary and "connect-the-dots" games like sprouts , to letter and word games such as Boggle and Scattergories , to solitaire and logic puzzle games such as Sudoku and crossword puzzles . A guessing game has as its core

3852-403: Is expected that players will try to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player must checkmate the other player whenever possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of football that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, following

3959-426: Is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language. Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard Anglo-American (52-card) deck of playing cards (such as for bridge , poker , Rummy , etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game skat ),

4066-651: The Moreton factory was built. Cadbury was a holder of a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II from 1955 to 2022. In 1967, Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's , beating a rival bid from Mars . As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 per cent market share in the Australian market. Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson , became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director . The benefits of

4173-474: The Nash equilibrium . If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and conflict , no good general theory has yet been developed. In quantum game theory , it has been found that the introduction of quantum information into multiplayer games allows

4280-519: The Wirral , with distribution depots throughout the UK. Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include Cadbury Two LLP, Cadbury UK Holdings Limited, Cadbury US Holdings Limited, Cadbury Four LLP, Cadbury Holdings Limited, and Cadbury One LLP. According to the environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy , Cadbury chocolate wrappers along with Walkers crisps packets and Coca-Cola cans were the three top brands that were

4387-399: The track or street course, even with the same cars. Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are subject to variations and changes , enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, baseball can be played with "real" baseballs or with wiffleballs . However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing

Egg hunt - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-532: The ultimate aim is winning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess. Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in Settlers of Catan ), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in Monopoly ), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's checkmate ). There may also be intermediate aims, which are tasks that move

4601-695: The "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in Settlers of Catan the starting layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the game is played by "building" the board tile-by-tile. Hive , an abstract strategy game using tiles as moving pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to chess , although it has no board; the pieces themselves both form the layout and can move within it. Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writing materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games ( Scrabble , for instance,

4708-611: The 19th and 20th centuries. Cadbury was granted its first royal warrant from Queen Victoria in 1854. It held a royal warrant from Elizabeth II from 1955 to 2022. Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969, known as Cadbury Schweppes until 2008, when the American beverage business was split as Dr Pepper Snapple Group ; the rights ownership of the Schweppes brand had already differed between various countries since 2006. In 1992, Sir Adrian Cadbury , chairman of

4815-579: The 200th anniversary of Cadbury, including: promotions, celebrations, and seven retro packaging designs for its Cadbury Dairy Milk bars. Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge , Greater London , England. The company occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m ) of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park, which it shares with Mondelez's UK division. After acquiring Cadbury, Kraft confirmed that

4922-419: The British population could readily afford to buy chocolate as it was no longer considered a luxury item for the working classes. By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 per cent of the UK milk chocolate market. Between the two world wars Cadbury sent test packages to British schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on new products, one of whom, Roald Dahl , would later write the children's novel Charlie and

5029-456: The British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops. George Cadbury handed over two company-owned buildings for use as hospitals – "The Beeches" and "Fircroft", and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office's highest award. Factory girls, dubbed 'The Cadbury Angels', volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals. After

5136-622: The Cadbury plant in Bournville was opened in 1879 by company founder John Cadbury's son George , whose aim was that one-tenth of the Bournville estate should be "laid out and used as parks, recreation grounds and open space." It subsequently became known as "the factory in a garden". Cadbury's dark chocolate bar, Bournville , is named after the model village, and was first sold in 1908. Bournville employs almost 1,000 people. In 2014, Mondelez announced

5243-607: The Chairman Roger Carr , chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years. On 9 February, Kraft announced that it was planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham , with the loss of 400 jobs. The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining

5350-648: The Chocolate Factory . During the Second World War, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft . Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products. In 1952

5457-490: The Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean. The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s. In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes (a decorated box of chocolates) and, in 1868, they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day . Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday. Cadbury manufactured their first Easter egg in 1875, creating

SECTION 50

#1732854681680

5564-451: The Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees. In mid-2009, Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil . Despite stating this

5671-753: The Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. As part of the deal Kraft kept the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz . Lotte took over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand. Kandia was sold back to the Meinl family , which had owned the brand from 2003 to 2007. On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced it would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The snack and confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International , of which Cadbury would become

5778-741: The Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland. Cadbury USA produces candy , gum , breath mints and cough drops . It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey . The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$ 4.2 billion. American Chicle was purchased by Warner–Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed

5885-426: The UK for the first time. In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million. This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea , Kenco , Smash and Hartley Chivers jam. It also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate. Meanwhile, Schweppes switched its alliance in

5992-505: The UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 per cent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes. The acquisition of Canada Dry doubled its worldwide drinks market share, and it took a 30 per cent stake in Dr Pepper . As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world. In August 1988, the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to Hershey's for $ 284.5 million cash plus

6099-549: The UK. Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers . Mondelez also owns Fry's and Maynards Bassetts (created by merging Bassett's with Maynards ). Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like 99 Flake , is made under licence by Frederick's Dairies . Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods , but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on

6206-513: The US chewing gum operations of Pfizer Inc ., for $ 4.2 billion, making Cadbury the world's biggest confectionery company. In 2005, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Green & Black's for £20 million. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business. The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with

6313-460: The United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite , who fought against

6420-453: The acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown , was very important to the British economy . Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk", and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadbury's M&A advisers were UBS , Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley . Controversially, RBS ,

6527-894: The assumption of $ 30 million in debt. In 1992, company chairman Sir Adrian Cadbury produced the Cadbury Report (via the Cadbury committee set up by the London Stock Exchange ), a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. In 1999, Cadbury Schweppes sold its worldwide beverage businesses to The Coca-Cola Company except in North America and continental Europe for $ 700 million. Snapple , Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $ 1.45 billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Adams,

SECTION 60

#1732854681680

6634-502: The best strategic move based on the roll of two dice . Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games. Board game groups include race games , roll-and-move games, abstract strategy games , word games , and wargames , as well as trivia and other elements. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres: Cranium

6741-458: The best-known British brands, in 2013 The Daily Telegraph named Cadbury among Britain's most successful exports. Cadbury was founded in 1824 in Birmingham , England, by John Cadbury (1801–1889), a Quaker who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George . George developed the Bournville estate,

6848-515: The business in 1861. At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money. By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again. The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products. The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866, when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain. A new cocoa press developed in

6955-520: The chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall , Birmingham. The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and, in 1854, they received the royal warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria . The company went into decline in the late 1850s. John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over

7062-456: The company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings (where it referred to as 'vegetable oil'). In addition, Cadbury stated it would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels. In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment. On 7 September 2009, Kraft Foods made

7169-606: The company for 24 years, produced the Cadbury Report , a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 on the London Stock Exchange from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods Inc. in 2010. On 4 March 1824, John Cadbury , a Quaker , began selling tea , coffee and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham , England. From 1831, he moved into

7276-504: The company would remain at Cadbury House. Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge Business Park from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair , City of Westminster in 2007 as a cost-saving measure. In 1992, the company leased the space for £55 per square foot (0.093 m ); by 2002 this had reached £68.75 per square foot. Located four miles (6.4 km) south of Birmingham in England,

7383-467: The dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include Yahtzee , Farkle , Bunco , liar's dice / Perudo , and poker dice . As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce random numbers , these games usually involve

7490-604: The drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group and Cadbury Schweppes plc becoming Cadbury plc. In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries . In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory , in Keynsham , Somerset, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland. In 2008, Monkhill Confectionery,

7597-543: The early period were likely hard-boiled and decorated, but artificial eggs also appeared in London in the 1850s. The first chocolate eggs were made in France and Germany in the early 19th century, and in England chocolate Easter eggs were produced by Frys in 1873. The German origin was still noted in the late 19th century, A. E. Housman in his inaugural lecture as Professor of Latin at University College, London in 1892 said, "In Germany at Easter time they hide coloured eggs about

7704-440: The elements of games, such as play , rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term game to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances . As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one and today many philosophers, like Thomas Hurka , think that Wittgenstein

7811-474: The empty tomb and the risen Jesus. The association of the Easter Bunny with Easter eggs has been known since at least the 17th century. Georg Franck von Franckenau wrote in 1682 the folk belief of der Oster-Hase (Easter bunny) that laid Hasen-Eier (hare's-eggs) hidden in gardens, grass and bushes, and children then searched for these hidden eggs in egg hunts. The tradition of Easter bunny and colored eggs

7918-476: The estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres (130 ha) of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers , there were no pubs in the estate. In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars. In 1899, Cadbury was incorporated as a private limited company at the Companies House in London. In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar,

8025-419: The game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose. Dice games use a number of dice as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of

8132-409: The game is played. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms. These games and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such

8239-464: The game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowing for elements of a fantastical nature, games involving physical violence, or simulations of sports. Lastly, a computer can, with varying degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as chess , leading to simulations of such games that can be played by a single player. In more open-ended video games, such as sandbox games ,

8346-408: The games are popular as drinking games . In addition, dedicated drinking games such as quarters and beer pong also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons. Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve dice or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though

8453-436: The generic device is instead a set of tiles called dominoes , which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's "hand" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make

8560-484: The house and garden that the children may amuse themselves in discovering them." Reverend MaryJane Pierce Norton, Associate General Secretary of Leadership Ministries at the General Board of Discipleship , states that "there's something about going to hunt the eggs just as we might go to hunt for Jesus in the tomb. And when we find them it's that joy that the women had when they reached the tomb first and found that Jesus

8667-474: The integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight . In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new Somerdale Factory , outside Bristol. Cadbury expanded its product range with Flake (1920), Creme eggs (1923), Fruit and Nut (1928), and Crunchie (1929, originally under the Fry's label). By 1930, Cadbury

8774-410: The lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually puzzles or recreations . A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally using game theory as the players may form and switch coalitions . The term "game" in this context may mean either

8881-533: The local populations. The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks Westpac and ASB Bank . In January 2017, Cadbury became the official snack partner of the Premier League , and sponsored the Premier League Golden Boot and Premier League Golden Glove awards. On 8 January 2024, Mondelez International announced plans to celebrate

8988-549: The merger were to prove elusive. The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family. In 1978, the company acquired Peter Paul , the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $ 58 million, which gave it a 10 per cent share of the world's largest confectionery market. The successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984. In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in

9095-399: The modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes. By 1893, Cadbury had 19 different varieties of chocolate Easter egg on sale. In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles (6.4 km) from Birmingham. The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business. Better transport access for milk that

9202-713: The most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets in 2013. In 2014, Cadbury Dairy Milk was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK. A 2018 YouGov poll saw Cadbury's Chocolate Digestives ranked the second most popular biscuit in the UK after McVitie's Chocolate Digestives. Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in Coolock in Dublin , where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located, and Rathmore, County Kerry . Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range, Cadbury Twirl, Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and Boost (formerly Moro). Cadbury used to produce

9309-440: The outcome. Many other games involving a high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the random event simply determines a gain or loss in the standing of the current player within the game, which is independent of any other player; the "game" then is actually a "race" by definitions such as Crawford's. Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of backgammon requires players to decide

9416-558: The plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice". On 22 April 2010, Phil Rumbol, the man behind the famous Cadbury Gorilla advertisement, announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft's takeover. The European Commission decided that Kraft would have to divest Cadbury's confectionery businesses in Poland (Wedel) and Romania (Kandia). In June 2010,

9523-453: The player does". This is often referred to as gameplay . Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g. miniatures , a ball , cards , a board and pieces , or a computer ). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in

9630-497: The popularity of Easter and more specifically Easter egg hunts to promote the sales of their candy products. Most notable have been chocolatiers including Cadbury with their annual Easter Egg Trail which takes place in over 250 National Trust locations in the UK. In 2015, the British chocolate company Thorntons worked with the geocaching community to hide chocolate eggs across the United Kingdom. Game A game

9737-526: The production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production. In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers". In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass-produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866). Cadbury introduced his brand of

9844-1332: The rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills. A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy, luck , or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly. Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestling , tug of war , hopscotch , target shooting , and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess . Games of strategy include checkers, chess, Go , arimaa , and tic-tac-toe , and often require special equipment to play them. Games of chance include gambling games ( blackjack , Mahjong , roulette , etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors ; most require equipment such as cards or dice . However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while tiddlywinks , poker , and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-taking games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as Risk , Settlers of Catan , and Carcassonne . Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to

9951-556: The strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as having " perfect information "; the only unknown is the exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the outcome of any unknown event inherent in the game (such as a card draw or die roll). Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Candy Land and Chutes and Ladders having virtually no decisions to be made. By some definitions, such as that by Greg Costikyan , they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect

10058-408: The type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a yo-yo or playing tennis against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to

10165-473: The very earliest days of networked and time-shared computers. Early commercial systems such as Plato were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958, Tennis for Two dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the oscilloscope at the Brookhaven National Laboratory ; during the 1980s, Xerox PARC was known mainly for Maze War , which

10272-566: The war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart , Tasmania . A trainline was also built for easier access to Hobart. Of the 16 women who came to Tasmania to set up the factory, seven are known to have returned to the UK, two married and stayed in Tasmania, two did not marry but stayed and five left no record. In 1919, Cadbury merged with Fry's, resulting in

10379-410: Was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests. By August 2009,

10486-532: Was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$ 18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$ 11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. The Hershey Company , based in Pennsylvania , manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in

10593-472: Was customary to add extra obstacles to the game by placing them into hard-to reach places among nettles or thorns . The egg was a symbol of the rebirth of the earth in pre-Christian celebrations of spring. However, the Easter egg itself was defined by early Christians as an Easter symbol of the resurrection of Jesus : the egg symbol was likened to the tomb from which Christ arose. Lizette Larson-Miller,

10700-543: Was introduced in 1906. Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion. In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time. Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War . More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the British Armed Forces , and to support

10807-456: Was introduced into America by migrants from southwest Germany in the 18th century. The tradition of egg hunt was also introduced into the British royal household from Germany. When she was 14, Queen Victoria wrote about an egg hunt organised by her mother Duchess of Kent, who was born in Germany. Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert also organised egg hunts for their children. The eggs of

10914-564: Was no longer there." Traditionally the game is associated with Easter and Easter eggs, but it has also been popular with spring time birthday parties . Egg hunts are a subject of the Guinness Book of World Records ; Homer, Georgia , United States was listed in 1985 with 80,000 eggs to hunt in a town of 950 people. To enable children to take part in egg hunts despite visual impairment, eggs have been created that emit various clicks, beeps, noises, or music. A number of companies have made use of

11021-419: Was offered as a hands-on demo to visitors. Modern online games are played using an Internet connection; some have dedicated client programs, while others require only a web browser . Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual game-playing demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games. Cadbury Cadbury , formerly Cadbury's and Cadbury Schweppes ,

11128-403: Was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory in 1879. In 1891, the Cadbury brothers filed a patent for a chocolate-coated biscuit . In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (49 ha) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900,

11235-625: Was shipped inward by canal , and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of countryside south of Birmingham. Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station , which itself

11342-445: Was the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital. Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935. Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933, and tins of Roses were introduced in 1938 (competing with Quality Street launched by Mackintosh's in 1936). Roses has become a very popular Christmas (and Mother's Day) gift. By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of

11449-753: Was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition is a good answer to the problem. French sociologist Roger Caillois , in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men) (1961), defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics: Game designer Chris Crawford defined the term in the context of computers. Using a series of dichotomies : Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other. Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain. Games can be characterized by "what

#679320