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33-707: The East Sudanian savanna is the eastern half of the Sudanian savanna belt which runs east and west across Africa. The eastern lies east of the Cameroon Highlands , and west of the Ethiopian Highlands . The Sahel belt of drier acacia savanna lies to the north, and beyond that is the Sahara Desert . More humid forest–savanna mosaic ecoregions lie to the south. The Sudd flooded grasslands in South Sudan divide

66-758: A massive decrease compared to previous years due to improved efforts to protect Zakouma National Park's wildlife. Sixty elephants were reportedly killed by Sudanese poachers in early 2010, prior to African Parks' involvement. In 2015, CNN reported that there were no elephants poached in the park since late 2011, and no ivory removed from Zakouma in the previous five years. There were very few, if any, known elephant births between 2010 and 2012 due to environmental stresses, but 23 calves were born in 2013, approximately 50 calves were born in 2014-15, and 70 were born in 2016. There were reportedly no elephant poaching incidents since 2016. In April 2023, however, five elephants were killed and their tusks removed in southern Chad, outside

99-606: Is estimated that 60% of the 2,300 Kordofan giraffe remaining on Earth are living in Zakouma National Park. During a study of the park's terrestrial small mammals, nine rodent and two shrew species were recorded. Rodents included the African grass rat , Congo gerbil , Guinea multimammate mouse , Heuglin's striped grass mouse , Johan's spiny mouse , Kemp's gerbil , Matthey's mouse , African striped ground squirrel and Verheyen's multimammate mouse . Shrew species reported in

132-429: Is the nation's oldest national park, declared a national park in 1963 by presidential decree, giving it the highest form of protection available under the nation's laws. It has been managed by the nonprofit conservation organization African Parks since 2010 in partnership with Chad's government. Zakouma is Chad's oldest national park, established by the nation's government in 1963. Its wildlife have been threatened by

165-466: Is used by both pastoralists and farmers. Cattle are predominantly the livestock kept, but in some areas, sheep and goats are also kept. The main crops grown are sorghum and millet which are suited to the low levels of rainfall. With increasing levels of drought since the 1970s, pastoralists have needed to move southwards to search for grazing areas and have come into conflict with more settled agriculturalists. According to some modern historians, of all

198-604: The African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) (in Chad and the CAE), East African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus lupinus ), Northeast African cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii ), African leopard ( Panthera pardus paruds ), lion ( Panthera leo ), and giant eland ( Taurotragus derbianus ). In Cameroon the region is more or less contiguous with the North Region , where Bénoué National Park and Bouba Njida National Park contain some of

231-693: The Afrotropical realm . The Sahel acacia savanna , a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert phytochorion . To the Sudan's south, the more humid forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Guineo-Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator. The name Sudan derives from Arabic بلاد السودان ( bilād as-sūdān )  'Land of

264-677: The Bahr el Ghazal area including the town of Wau . East of the Sudd the ecoregion runs north to south from northern Uganda, through south-eastern Sudan east of the White Nile (including the area around the southern cities of Juba and Eastern Equatoria around Torit ), and up along the Ethiopia–Sudan border. Much of this area has seen combat in recent decades and is in various states of reconstruction. Seasonal cultivation and herding are lifestyles which lead

297-701: The Blacks ', referring to Africa south of the Sahel. The Sudanian savanna is one of the three distinct physiographic provinces of the larger African Massive division. Physiography divides this province into three distinct physiographic sections, the Niger Basin , the Lake Chad Basin , and the Middle Nile Basin . The World Wide Fund for Nature divides the Sudanian savanna bioregion into two ecoregions , separated by

330-526: The Central African Republic there is little wildlife-based tourism. Sudanian savanna The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Ethiopian Highlands in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. It represents the central bioregion within the broader tropical savanna biome of

363-428: The Ethiopian Highlands . Average annual temperatures range from 23 to 29 °C (73 to 84 °F). Average temperatures in the coldest months are above 20 °C (68 °F) and above 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest months. Daily temperatures fluctuate by up to 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The summer monsoon brings rain from the equator. Annual precipitation ranges from 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) in

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396-636: The Hausa Kingdoms . To the west were Wagadou , Manden , Songhay and the Mossi . Later, the Fula people spread to a wide area. During the European colonial period, French Sudan and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were created in the territories that now form the states of Mali , and Sudan and South Sudan , respectively. Early on in the first millennium , many people from the Sudan were used as "a steady steam of slaves for

429-677: The Mandara Plateau : The area is predominantly a plateau with river valleys of the White Nile , Chad and Niger . It extends over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) in a band several hundred kilometers wide across Africa. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in Senegal , through southern Mali (known as French Sudan when it was a French colony ), Burkina Faso , southern Niger , northern Ghana , northern Nigeria , southern Chad , Central African Republic , southern Sudan and South Sudan to

462-643: The Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve and Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve , in 2017. Zakouma National Park is part of the Sudano-Sahelian vegetation zone, and has shrubland , high grasses and Acacia forests. Plants recorded in the park include Combretaceae and Vachellia seyal . A variety of large mammals have been recorded in Zakouma, such as Cape buffalo , African elephant , Kordofan giraffe , hartebeest , African leopard , and lion . It

495-581: The ivory trade and poaching , including by Janjaweed members. In May 2007, militia forces attacked the park's headquarters for its stockpile of 1.5 tons of ivory seized from poachers over the years, and killed three rangers. The Chadian government began working with African Parks in 2010 to help manage and protect the park and its wildlife, especially elephants. The park's anti-poaching strategy includes equipping approximately 60 rangers with GPS tracking units and radios to improve communications, mobility, and safety, as well as improving mobility through

528-455: The period of European colonization , French Sudan was created in the area that would become Mali and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was formed in what would become the present Sudanese and South Sudanese states. Zakouma National Park Zakouma National Park ( Arabic : حديقة زاكوما الوطنية ) is a 3,000 km (1,158 sq mi) national park in southeastern Chad , straddling the border of Guéra Region and Salamat Region . Zakouma

561-405: The 2000s, although reported size estimates have varied from more than 4,000 elephants in 2002, to fewer than 900 in 2005, and approximately 400–450 by 2010. There were an estimated 4,300–4,350 elephants in Zakouma in 2002. There were 3,885 and 3,020 elephants in the park in 2005 and 2006, respectively. There were approximately 450 elephants in the park between late 2012 and April 2015. Following

594-720: The Mediterranean world" in the Saharan slave trade . With the arrival of the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, "people were directed to the Atlantic slave trade ," totaling over a thousand years for the Saharan and four centuries for the Atlantic trades. As a result, slavery critically shaped the institutions and systems of the Sudan. The Portuguese first arrived at Senegambia and found that slavery

627-937: The ecoregion but have been eliminated through over-hunting. 24.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Bouba Njida National Park in Cameroon, Bamingui-Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve , Andre Felix National Park , and Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park in the Central African Republic, Zakouma National Park in Chad, Gambella National Park in Ethiopia, Dinder National Park and Radom National Park in Sudan, Boma National Park and Kidepo Game Reserve in South Sudan, and Kidepo Valley National Park in Uganda. Most protected areas are severely under-resourced, and apart from hunting for sport in

660-618: The ecoregion into eastern and western blocks. The land is mainly flat, although there are some hillier sections around Lake Albert and in western Ethiopia . The climate is a tropical savanna climate and a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw and BSh ) with a dry season and a wet season and the temperature being warm and hot year-round. Typical species are deciduous Terminalia trees with an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses such as Combretum and tall elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ). There are more than 1,000 endemic plant species. Threatened species include

693-474: The endangered species mentioned above. In Chad East Sudanian savanna covers the south including the industrial city of Moundou , Chad's second largest city, the oil town of Doba and the cotton-growing towns of Sarh and Pala . In the Central African Republic the region covers the sparsely populated north of the country, the larger towns include Bossangoa . In Sudan west of the Sudd swamp east Sudanian savanna covers

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726-865: The genera Andropogon and Hyparrhenia , on shallow soils also Loudetia and Aristida . Much of the Sudanian savanna region is used in the form of parklands, where useful trees, such as shea , baobab , locust-bean tree and others are spared from cutting, while sorghum , maize , millet or other crops are cultivated beneath. Many large mammals are native to the Sudanian savanna, including African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), northern giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), giant eland ( Taurotragus derbianus derbianus ), roan antelope ( Hippotragus equinus ), African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer brachyceros ), lion ( Panthera leo ), leopard ( Panthera pardus ) cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ), and African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ). Most large mammals are now very limited in range and numbers. The Sudanian savanna

759-410: The nonprofit conservation organization African Parks ' assumption of management in 2010, and its extensive law enforcement and community engagement efforts, poaching dramatically declined and the herd has since stabilized, and has started to breed again. The park had 636 elephants as of 2021. More than 100 elephants were killed in 2006 . Seven elephants were reportedly killed in 2007, marking

792-620: The north to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south. During the dry winter season ( Köppen Aw ), the Harmattan northeasterly wind is bringing hot and dry air from the Sahara. The Sudanian savanna is characterized by the coexistence of trees and grasses. Dominant tree species are often belonging to the Combretaceae and Caesalpinioideae ; some Acacia species are also important. The dominant grass species are usually Andropogoneae , especially

825-651: The park's fiftieth anniversary in February 2014. Zakouma held a ceremony to commemorate the occasion, which was attended by President Idriss Déby and included a ceremonial destruction of ivory by burning a pyre with a ton elephant tusks to discourage poaching. African Parks and the Labuschagnes, who served as the park's managers from 2011 to 2017, have been credited with reducing poaching and increasing Zakouma's elephant population. African Parks took over management of ecologically valuable lands surrounding Zakouma, including

858-433: The park's protection. The park's last black rhinoceros were seen in 1972. During 2015–2016, African Parks initiated plans to reintroduce black rhinos to the park. Following the signature of a memorandum of understanding between the governments of Chad and South Africa in 2017, six black rhinos were provided by the latter nation's Department of Environmental Affairs to Zakouma under a custodianship agreement. Two of

891-439: The poachers attacked the Zakouma outpost at Heban and shot and killed multiple guards. Following the attack, additional bases were built, a second aircraft was purchased, and a rapid response team called the "Mambas" (after the snake of the same name ) was formed to enhance security. 23 guards were killed protecting Zakouma since 1998, including seven in 2007, four between 2008 and 2010, and six in 2012. Chadians celebrated

924-477: The population of the savanna to overgraze, overharvest the trees for firewood or charcoal and cause fires. This has reduced the woodland considerably. However large areas of unspoilt habitat remain even outside protected areas, especially compared with the more heavily populated West Sudanian savanna . Poaching is another problem, indeed the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) and northern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni ) were formerly native to

957-453: The regions of Africa, western Sudan "is the one that has seen the longest development of agriculture, of markets and long-distance trade, and of complex political systems." It is also the first region "south of the Sahara where African Islam took root and flowered." Its medieval history is marked by the caravan trade . The sultanates of eastern Sudan were Darfur , Bagirmi , Sennar and Wadai . In central Sudan, Kanem–Bornu Empire and

990-473: The rhinos died in October. Another two were found dead in the following month, leaving only two rhinos, both of them females; the two remaining individuals are being closely monitored. On 6 December 2023, five more black rhinos arrived in Zakouma National Park, five years after the four black rhinos died. Originally, six black rhinos were set to be moved, but one of the bulls had a history of depression, and as such,

1023-631: The study were the savanna shrew and another belonging to the genus Suncus . Bird life include ostriches, cranes , eagles , egrets , herons , ibis , pelicans , and storks . The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of black crowned cranes , red-throated bee-eaters , black-breasted barbets , Niam-Niam parrots , sun larks , red-pate cisticolas , purple starlings , Gambaga flycatchers , Heuglin's masked weavers and black-rumped waxbills . The park's elephant population experienced significant declines during

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1056-533: The use of horses and other vehicles. The European Union pledged €6.9m in 2011 to help protect the park for five years. Elephant protection efforts expanded outside the park's boundaries in 2012, and an airstrip was constructed in Heban to make monitoring of the migrating animals easier. In August, Heban rangers destroyed a camp belonging to members of the Sudanese army after four elephants were killed. Three weeks later,

1089-412: Was "well established" in the region, used to "feed the courts of coastal kings as it was used in the medieval empires of the interior." Between the process of capture, enslavement, and "incorporation into a new community, the slave had neither rights nor any social identity." As a result, the identity of people who were enslaved "came from membership in a corporate group, usually based on kinship." During

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