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46-544: The East Los Angeles Interchange is an interchange complex located in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles , approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles . With its southern portion handling over 550,000 vehicles per day (2008 AADT), it is the busiest freeway interchange in the world. The northern portion, called the San Bernardino Split , is often considered a separate interchange. Four numbered routes converge at

92-427: A four-year degree by 2000, a low percentage for the city and the county. The percentage of residents in that age range who had not earned a high school diploma was high for the county. 34°02′02″N 118°12′16″W  /  34.03389°N 118.20444°W  / 34.03389; -118.20444 Robert F. Stockton Robert F. Stockton was born at Morven , Stockton Street, Princeton, New Jersey , into

138-727: A mixed race slave trader who was warning King Peter that the Americans sought to end the slave trade from which King Peter's tribe profited. During the later 1820s and into the 1830s, Stockton primarily devoted his attention to business affairs in New Jersey . In addition, Stockton owned and operated the Tellurium gold mine in Goochland and Fluvanna counties in Virginia. He had purchased it in 1848, after its discovery in 1832. His son John P. Stockton

184-612: A Democrat from New Jersey to the United States Senate, where he sponsored a bill to abolish flogging as a Navy punishment. He resigned on January 10, 1853, to serve as president of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company , a position he held until 1866. He was a delegate to the unsuccessful Peace Conference of 1861 that attempted to settle the secession crisis; instead the American Civil War began later that year. In 1863, he

230-495: A home for his family. The real estate agent told him that he could not sell to Mexicans, and Roybal's first act as councilman was to protest racial discrimination and to create a community that represented inter-racial politics in Boyle Heights. (Bernstein, 224). This Latino-Jewish relationship shaped politics in that when Antonio Villaraigosa became mayor of Los Angeles in 2005, "not only did he have ties to Boyle Heights, but he

276-653: A political family; his father Richard Stockton was a U.S. senator and representative, and his grandfather, Judge Richard Stockton was attorney general for New Jersey and a signer of the Declaration of Independence . Robert F. Stockton was of English descent , and his family had been in what is now the United States since the early colonial period. On March 4, 1823, he married Harriet Maria Potter in Charleston, South Carolina. Ten children were born to this marriage. Stockton

322-435: A small settlement of relocated Tongva refugees from the village of Yaanga in 1845. The villagers were relocated to this new site known as Pueblito after being forcibly evicted from their previous location on the corner Alameda and Commercial Street by German immigrant Juan Domingo (John Groningen), who paid Governor Pío Pico $ 200 for the land. On August 13, 1846, Commodore Stockton 's forces captured Los Angeles for

368-676: A subdivision in the hills on the eastern bank of the Los Angeles River that centered on Prospect Park. From 1889 through 1909 the city was divided into nine wards. In 1899 a motion was introduced at the Ninth Ward Development Association to use the name Boyle Heights to apply to all the highlands of the Ninth Ward, including Brooklyn Heights and Euclid Heights. XLNT Foods had a factory making tamales here early in their history. The company started in 1894, when tamales were

414-651: A tight unity between the two communities. The two groups helped to elect Edward R. Roybal to the City Council over Councilman Christensen; with the help from the Community Service Organization (CSO). In order for Roybal to win a landslide victory over Christensen, "the JCRC, with representation from business and labor leaders, associated with both Jewish left traditions, had become the prime financial benefactor to CSO .. labor historically backed incumbents ... [and]

460-557: Is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California , located east of the Los Angeles River . It is one of the city's most notable and historic Chicano / Mexican American communities, and is home to cultural landmarks like Mariachi Plaza and events like the annual Día de los Muertos celebrations. Historically known as Paredón Blanco ( Spanish for "White Bluff") during Mexican rule, what would become Boyle Heights became home to

506-542: Is four: The interchange is so complex because the intersecting freeways shift alignments and directions: There is not complete freedom of movement within the interchange. Traffic flowing into it on certain freeways cannot leave it on all of the others. Further complication is caused by the varying designs of each intersecting freeway and their related transition roads. Some have four lanes and are relatively straight and wide, while others have one lane, are narrow, or have curves with tighter radii or cambers. Traffic congestion

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552-832: Is now a ruin, but was occupied during the Mexican–American War . In Mariposa County, California Stockton Creek is named after him due to a mine he owned in the California Gold Rush . In Liberia, Stockton Creek, a tidal channel that connects the Mesurado River and the Saint Paul River , and that separates Bushrod Island from the mainland in Monrovia , is also named for him. Formerly Commodore Stockton Elementary School in San Francisco between Clay and Pacific Streets

598-748: Is thus exacerbated as vehicles moving at high speed on the wider transition roads try to merge with slower moving vehicles coming from the narrow transition roads. Construction of the 135-acre (55 ha) freeway interchange began in 1961. The vastness of the structure and the complexity of its many routes called for a $ 17,000 blueprint model of the highway. It has thirty-two bridges and twenty walls with 1,500,000 cubic yards (1,100,000 m) of earth being excavated. The project laid 23,545 feet (7,177 m) of concrete pipe, used 4,200,000 cubic yards (3,200,000 m) of concrete and 13,200,000 pounds (6,000,000 kg) of reinforcing and structural steel. Although not commonly called such by residents and other reporters,

644-558: The 2000 census: The emergence of Latino politics in Boyle Heights influenced the diversity in the community. Boyle Heights was a predominantly Jewish community with "a vibrant, pre-World War II, Yiddish -speaking community, replete with small shops along Brooklyn Avenue, union halls, synagogues and hyperactive politics ... shaped by the enduring influence of the Socialist and Communist parties" before Boyle Heights became predominantly associated with Mexicans/Mexican Americans. The rise of

690-647: The Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles , serving Boyle Heights. The United States Postal Service 's Boyle Heights Post Office is located at 2016 East 1st Street. The Social Security Administration is located at 215 North Soto Street Los Angeles, CA 90033 1-800-772-1213 Boyle Heights is home to four stations of the Los Angeles Metro Rail , all served by the E Line : Just 5% of Boyle Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned

736-567: The Cold War struggle for the hearts and minds of minority workers also influenced the larger political dynamic". In the 1947 election, Edward Roybal lost, but Jewish community activist Saul Alinsky and the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) garnered support from Mexican Americans to bring Roybal to victory two years later 1949. (Bernstein, 243) When Roybal took office as city councilman in 1949, he experienced racism when trying to buy

782-470: The East Los Angeles Interchange was considered a civil engineering marvel. Located along the east bank of the Los Angeles River in the Los Angeles district of Boyle Heights , east of Downtown Los Angeles , the interchange comprises six freeway segments; that is, there are six freeway paths of travel into the complex. The actual number of numbered highways intersecting at this interchange

828-635: The First Street Corridor into Boyle Heights in the early 1910s. Boyle Heights became Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community. These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America, the Konko Church, and

874-626: The Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple; all designed by Yos Hirose. The Japanese Baptist Church was built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society. A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community. By the 1920s through the 1960s, Boyle Heights was racially and ethnically diverse as a center of Jewish , Mexican and Japanese immigrant life in

920-572: The Navy's first screw-propelled steamer . The ship was designed by John Ericsson . Stockton commanded her when she was completed in 1843. The ship was armed with two long 225-pounder wrought iron guns, called the " Peacemaker " and the " Oregon ". Although he was the deviser of the defective gun, Captain Stockton's political influence allowed him to be absolved of all responsibility for the February 1844 explosion of

966-621: The U.S.S. Alligator along the African Windward Coast, Lt. Stockton, along with Dr. Eli Ayers of the American Colonization Society , negotiated a treaty that led to the founding of the state of Liberia . One source said that Stockton "leveled a pistol at King Peter 's head and thereby convinced the latter to sell some of his territory". Another source states that, before Stockton leveled his pistol at King Peter, he handed another pistol to Ayers, directing him to shoot

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1012-774: The United States with no resistance. Under American rule, the Indigenous were relocated, and the Pueblito site was razed to the ground in 1847. The destruction of Pueblito was reportedly approved by the Los Angeles City Council and largely displaced the final generation of the villagers, known as Yaangavit, into the Calle de los Negros ("street of the dark ones") district. The area was renamed for Andrew Boyle , an Irishman born in Ballinrobe , who purchased 22 acres (8.9 ha) on

1058-657: The ailing Commodore John D. Sloat of the Pacific Squadron of U.S. naval forces in the Pacific Ocean. Commodore Sloat had previously raised the US flag, without resistance, at Monterey, but had no plan to conduct any further military operations on shore and once relieved, sailed home to the United States, leaving Commodore Stockton in command of all US forces. Stockton's command ship was USS  Congress and his combined fleet of three frigates with about 480 men each, one ship of

1104-480: The bluffs overlooking the Los Angeles River after fighting in the Mexican–American War for $ 4,000. Boyle established his home on the land in 1858. In the 1860s, he began growing grapes and sold the wine under the "Paredon Blanc" name. His son-in-law William Workman served as early mayor and city councilman and also built early infrastructure for the area. To the north of Boyle Heights was Brooklyn Heights,

1150-510: The borough was established in 1918. In 1838, Stockton resumed active naval service as a captain . He served in the European area but took leave in 1840 to undertake political work. Offered the post of U.S. Secretary of the Navy by President John Tyler in 1841, he declined the offer but worked successfully to gain support for the construction of an advanced steam warship with a battery of very heavy guns. This ship became USS  Princeton ,

1196-753: The combined forces consolidated control over San Diego, and in January 1847 won the minor skirmishes at the Battle of Rio San Gabriel and Battle of La Mesa taking back control of Los Angeles. Faced with the approximate 200 men under John C. Fremont 's California Battalion as well as Stockton and Kearny's troops, the Californios sued for peace and signed the Treaty of Cahuenga , which ending fighting in Alta California. Stockton, as senior military authority and military governor of

1242-534: The community was Hispanic and Latino. The community had Mexican Americans , Mexican immigrants, and Central American ethnic residents. Hector Tobar of the Los Angeles Times said, "The diversity that exists in Boyle Heights today is exclusively Latino". Latino communities These were the ten cities or neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Latino residents , according to

1288-561: The community. In 1961, the construction of the East LA Interchange began. At 135 acres in size, the interchange is three times larger than the average highway system, even expanding at some points to 27 lanes in width. The interchange handles around 1.7 million vehicles daily and has produced one of the most traffic congested regions in the world as well as one of the most concentrated pockets of air pollution in America. This resulted in

1334-539: The development of Boyle Heights, a multicultural, interethnic neighborhood in East Los Angeles whose celebration of cultural difference has made it a role model for democracy. In 2017, some residents were protesting gentrification of their neighborhood by the influx of new businesses, a theme found in the TV series Vida and Gentefied , both set in the neighborhood. As of the 2000 census, there were 92,785 people in

1380-407: The early 20th century, and also hosted significant Yugoslav , Armenian , African-American and Russian populations. Bruce Phillips, a sociologist who tracked Jewish communities across the United States, said that Jewish families left Boyle Heights not because of racism, but instead because of banks redlining the neighborhood (denying home loans) and the construction of several freeways through

1426-420: The freeway intersection was often called " Malfunction Junction " by former KNX traffic reporter Bill Keene , because of its complicated interchange structure. The interchange has also been referred to as "The Beast" L.A. Interchange and the "East Delay" Interchange, names attributed to KNX's Jim Thornton , as well as the "Nickel/Dime" during traffic reports. Boyle Heights, Los Angeles Boyle Heights

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1472-611: The gun, the Peacemaker , on board the ship. The explosion killed two cabinet secretaries and several others. Cleared by the court of any wrongdoing in the explosion incident, Stockton was sent by President James K. Polk to Texas . Stockton carried with him Polk's offer to annex Texas, sailing on the Princeton and arriving in Galveston . Stockton's observations while in Texas made him aware of

1518-472: The imminent arrival of Commodore Stockton, Castro retired, leaving behind all his artillery and made off in the direction of Sonora. Immediately after these events Stockton dispatched a courier, Kit Carson , to inform Washington of the proceedings and details of his conquest of California. On December 6, 1846, Stockton learned that General Stephen Kearny had arrived in California with a small force and that he

1564-449: The interchange: Interstate 5 (I-5), I-10 , U.S. Route 101 (US 101), and State Route 60 (SR 60), but the freeway segments shift alignments and directions. The interchange was named the Eugene A. Obregon Memorial Interchange to honor U.S. Marine Corps member and Medal of Honor recipient Eugene A. Obregon . At the time of its construction in the early 1960s,

1610-440: The line with about 780 men and up to four sloops with about 200 men each as well as three storeships made him the strongest force in California as well as the senior military commander and military governor . He was the main driving force in continuing to take possession of Alta California . On August 11, 1846, Commodore Stockton marched on Pueblo de Los Angeles to meet in battle with General Castro 's army. Upon learning of

1656-715: The looming war with Mexico , a fact he communicated directly to Polk once he arrived back in Washington . No vessel during the Mexican war was more useful than the Princeton in the Gulf of Mexico. The records of the Navy Department showed she performed more service than all the rest of the Gulf squadron put together. Conquest of California On July 23, 1846, Commodore Stockton arrived in Monterey, California , and took over command from

1702-561: The most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California. In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color. The Japanese community of Little Tokyo continued to grow and extended to

1748-441: The neighborhood, which was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically, with the racial composition of the neighborhood at 94.0% Latino , 2.3% Asian , 2.0% White (non-Hispanic), 0.9% African American , and 0.8% other races. The median household income was $ 33,235, low in comparison to the rest of the city. The neighborhood's population was also one of the youngest in the city, with a median age of just 25. As of 2011, 95% of

1794-522: The occupied territory, authorized John C. Fremont's appointment to succeed him as military governor and commander of the California Battalion militia force. When General Kearny finally arrived with orders to assume control of the temporary government Stockton turned over control to Kearny. Stockton resigned from the Navy in May 1850 and returned to business and political pursuits. In 1851, he was elected as

1840-471: The socialist and communist parties increased the people's involvement in politics in the community because the "liberal-left exercised great influence in the immigrant community". Even with an ever-growing diversity in Boyle Heights, "Jews remained culturally and politically dominant after World War II". Nevertheless, as the Jewish community was moving westward into new homes, the largest growing group, Latinos,

1886-641: Was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. Navy in September 1811, shortly after his 16th birthday, and served at sea and ashore during the War of 1812 . After that conflict, Lieutenant Stockton was assigned to ships operating in the Mediterranean, in the Caribbean and off the coast of West Africa. He was the first naval officer to act against the slave trade and captured several slave ships. In December 1821, while commanding

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1932-724: Was appointed to command the New Jersey militia when the Confederate Army invaded Pennsylvania . Stockton died at Princeton, New Jersey , in October 1866, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery . Four U.S. Navy ships have been named USS  Stockton in his honor. The cities of Stockton, California and Stockton, Missouri are named in his honor, as is the borough of Stockton, New Jersey , Stockton Street in San Francisco , and Fort Stockton , San Diego, California , which

1978-439: Was besieged by vastly superior enemy forces at the Battle of San Pasqual . Kearny was among the wounded and in command of only 60 weary dragoons mounted on tired mules who were in a perilous position and under attack from a Californio -Mexican cavalry force under Andrés Pico . However, for Commodore Stockton's immediate decision to take personal command of a relief column, the outcome could have been disastrous for Kearny. Later,

2024-457: Was born during this period. He later followed his father into politics and was elected as a U.S. senator representing New Jersey. In 1835, Stockton purchased a property in Monmouth County, New Jersey , called "Sea Girt". The property was purchased in 1875 by a group of land developers, with the name of Stockton's estate ultimately leading to the choice of the name Sea Girt, New Jersey , when

2070-565: Was elected by replicating the labor-based, multicultural coalition that Congressman Edward Roybal assembled in 1949 to become Los Angeles's first city council member of Latino heritage". Further, the Vladeck Center (named after Borukh Charney Vladeck) contributed to the community of Boyle Heights in a big way because it was not just a building, it was "a venue for a wide range of activities that promoted Jewish culture and politics". The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates

2116-597: Was moving into Boyle Heights because to them this neighborhood was represented as upward mobility. With Jews and Latinos both in Boyle Heights, these men, part of the Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC) — Louis Levy, Ben Solnit, Pinkhas Karl, Harry Sheer, and Julius Levitt — helped to empower the Latinos who either lived among the Jewish people or who worked together in the factories. The combination of Jewish people and Latinos in Boyle Heights symbolized

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