Misplaced Pages

#430569

96-637: The Earth Liberation Army ( ELA ), similar to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment", commonly known as ecotage or monkeywrenching . The name was first used in Canada , in 1995, which was the first Earth liberation direct action in North America , three years after

192-505: A 3D model of a human for example, the chest is a parent of the upper left arm, which is a parent of the lower left arm, which is a parent of the hand . This pattern is used in modeling and animation for almost everything built as a 3D digital model. Many grammatical theories, such as phrase-structure grammar , involve hierarchy. Direct–inverse languages such as Cree and Mapudungun distinguish subject and object on verbs not by different subject and object markers, but via

288-411: A branching hierarchy , one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more (and therefore the minimum degree is 2 or higher). For many people, the word "hierarchy" automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes . The broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on

384-514: A family tree ) and inheritance ( succession and heirship ). All the requisites of a well-rounded life and lifestyle can be organized using Maslow's hierarchy of human needs - according to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. Learning steps often follow a hierarchical scheme—to master differential equations one must first learn calculus ; to learn calculus one must first learn elementary algebra ; and so on. Nature offers hierarchical structures, as numerous schemes such as Linnaean taxonomy ,

480-475: A reverse hierarchy , the conceptual pyramid of authority is turned upside-down, so that the apex is at the bottom and the base is at the top. This mode represents the idea that members of the higher rankings are responsible for the members of the lower rankings. Empirically, when we observe in nature a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems, they exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in

576-662: A McDonald's restaurant in Oregon , the actions were the very first by the ELF in the United States. The same restaurant then had its locks glued and spraypainted again, but this time in support of the British McLibel Two , two activists who had distributed anti-McDonald's leaflets. The next day, it was reported that another two McDonald's restaurants, again in Oregon , had their locks glued by ELF activists. The only other reported action of

672-400: A business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague . Degree of branching refers to the number of direct subordinates or children an object has (in graph theory, equivalent to the number of other vertices connected to via outgoing arcs, in a directed graph) a node has. Hierarchies can be categorized based on the "maximum degree", the highest degree present in

768-491: A car were destroyed causing $ 90,000 in damages. Steve Dartnell of Fairview claimed responsibility for the attack. On August 1, a 206-unit condominium in San Diego was destroyed, with a banner left at the scene saying "If you build it, we will burn it", signed "The E.L.F.s are mad". The damages totaled $ 20 million after flames reached an estimated 200 feet (61 m) in the air, as over a hundred firefighters attempted to put out

864-455: A communique to the press, the ELF said: Vail, Inc. is already the largest ski operation in North America and now wants to expand even further. The 12 miles (19 km) of roads and 885 acres (3.58 km ) of clearcuts will ruin the last, best lynx habitat in the state. Putting profits ahead of Colorado's wildlife will not be tolerated. Actions also included sabotaging power lines ,

960-446: A containment hierarchy is demonstrated in class inheritance in object-oriented programming . Two types of containment hierarchies are the subsumptive containment hierarchy and the compositional containment hierarchy. A subsumptive hierarchy " subsumes " its children, and a compositional hierarchy is " composed " of its children. A hierarchy can also be both subsumptive and compositional . A subsumptive containment hierarchy

1056-402: A file on a computer desktop, one may first direct them towards the main folder, then the subfolders within the main folder. They will keep opening files within the folders until the designated file is located. For more complicated hierarchies, the stair structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. Visually imagine the top of a downward staircase beginning at

SECTION 10

#1732855147431

1152-484: A five-year ALF/ELF campaign. They were sentenced a year later each to three years for conspiracy to incite violence in the name of animal and earth liberation. The term Green Scare , alluding to the Red Scares , periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the radical environmentalist movement. It

1248-497: A gasoline bomb to cause $ 1.1 million in damages, because of a program to provide GMO plants to African farmers. ELF spokesmen claimed Monsanto had been a major contributor to funding the program; however, the only funding from Monsanto Corp. was a one-time sum of $ 2,000 to send five African students to a conference on biotechnology. The next day, commercial logging equipment was set on fire, with "ELF" and "Go Log in Hell" spraypainted on

1344-428: A generalized nested hierarchy allows for multiple objects within levels but with each object having only one parent at each level. The general concept is both demonstrated and mathematically formulated in the following example: A square can always also be referred to as a quadrilateral, polygon or shape. In this way, it is a hierarchy. However, consider the set of polygons using this classification. A square can only be

1440-460: A group calling itself Eco-Anarquista Por El Ataque Directo (Eco-anarchist cell supporting direct attack) claimed responsibility for several recent actions, including half a dozen Molotov cocktails thrown at tren férreo (metro rail) in Mexico City, incendiary sabotage against Telmex, and a Molotov cocktail thrown at a Banamex ATM. The group claimed that these attacks were a form of protest against

1536-485: A hierarchy is diagrammed (see below ). In an organizational context, the following terms are often used related to hierarchies: In a mathematical context (in graph theory ), the general terminology used is different. Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, but the idea behind them is the same. For example, with data structures , objects are known as nodes , superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children . In

1632-511: A hierarchy of persons. In this system, the three (or four with Algonquian languages ) persons occur in a hierarchy of salience . To distinguish which is subject and which object, inverse markers are used if the object outranks the subject. On the other hand, languages include a variety of phenomena that are not hierarchical. For example, the relationship between a pronoun and a prior noun-phrase to which it refers commonly crosses grammatical boundaries in non-hierarchical ways. The structure of

1728-455: A hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates , although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path . All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through

1824-406: A higher-level entity can have on x' s properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous . Kulish (2002) suggests that almost every system of organization which humans apply to the world is arranged hierarchically. Some conventional definitions of the terms "nation" and "government" suggest that every nation has a government and that every government

1920-524: A musical composition is often understood hierarchically (for example by Heinrich Schenker (1768–1835, see Schenkerian analysis ), and in the (1985) Generative Theory of Tonal Music , by composer Fred Lerdahl and linguist Ray Jackendoff ). The sum of all notes in a piece is understood to be an all-inclusive surface, which can be reduced to successively more sparse and more fundamental types of motion. The levels of structure that operate in Schenker's theory are

2016-449: A path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues ; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy is one such form. Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. These terms are easiest to understand when

SECTION 20

#1732855147431

2112-410: A problem. The use of parentheses is also a representation of hierarchy, for they show which operation is to be done prior to the following ones. For example: (2 + 5) × (7 - 4). In this problem, typically one would multiply 5 by 7 first, based on the rules of mathematical hierarchy. But when the parentheses are placed, one will know to do the operations within the parentheses first before continuing on with

2208-439: A quadrilateral; it can never be a triangle , hexagon , etc. Nested hierarchies are the organizational schemes behind taxonomies and systematic classifications. For example, using the original Linnaean taxonomy (the version he laid out in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae ), a human can be formulated as: Taxonomies may change frequently (as seen in biological taxonomy ), but the underlying concept of nested hierarchies

2304-404: A required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation . Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into

2400-454: A stolen excavator to overturn two AM radio towers belonging to the station KRKO near Seattle, Washington ; they claimed that radio waves are dangerous. A Texas man was arrested after construction workers found a disabled construction vehicle graffitied with the words "ANOTHER TRACTOR DECOMMISSIONED BY THE E.L.F." In 1994, Dutch authorities and police made claims that British ELF activists were traveling abroad to cause sabotage, which

2496-619: A truck. In March 2008, four activists were charged for both the arsons. On November 27, in Colorado, the ELF burned the Legend Ridge mansion and sent a message to the Boulder Weekly saying "Viva la revolution!" Damages were estimated at $ 2.5 million. In March, a total of thirty SUVs were torched, belonging to Joe Romania's dealership, in Oregon, with damages estimated at $ 1 million. The action

2592-424: A variety of different ideologies and theories. These include; animal liberationists , anti-capitalists , green anarchists , deep ecologists , eco-feminists , and anti-globalisationists . Elves argue that direct action is required to aid the earth liberation movement, also referred to as eco-resistance movement , and a part of the radical environmental movement . The ELF claim that it would be similar to how

2688-578: A wide variety of other activities, all charged by the ELF with exploiting the Earth, its environment and inhabitants. The Earth Liberation Front has no formal leadership, hierarchy , membership or official spokesperson and is entirely decentralized; instead consisting of individuals or cells who choose the term as a banner to use. Individuals are commonly known to work in affinity groups , known as cells, and are usually self-funded. Techniques involve destruction of property , by either using tools to disable or

2784-668: A wildlife museum and damaged a hunting lodge in British Columbia . The name was not commonly known by environmental activists until in 1998, when the ELA claimed the arson at Vail Resorts that severely damaged the resort in the Colorado Rockies costing $ 12 million in damages. Earth Liberation Front The ELF was founded in Brighton in the United Kingdom in 1992, and spread to

2880-466: A world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would become, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology . The theoretical foundations are summarized by thermodynamics . When biological systems are modeled as physical systems , in the most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and

2976-513: A year later, the ELA were the first to pursue an "Earth Liberation" action, which happened in 1995, in Canada. Because of the wave of ELF actions that was occurring across Europe, they were considered by the European Elves at the time to be "transatlantic cousins", because of the similarity in tactics. The first action was on 19 June 1995, when individuals claiming to be part of the ELA burned down

Earth Liberation Army - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-539: Is a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status). Possibly the first use of the English word hierarchy cited by the Oxford English Dictionary

3168-441: Is a classification of object classes from the general to the specific. Other names for this type of hierarchy are "taxonomic hierarchy" and " IS-A hierarchy". The last term describes the relationship between each level—a lower-level object "is a" member of the higher class. The taxonomical structure outlined above is a subsumptive containment hierarchy. Using again the example of Linnaean taxonomy, it can be seen that an object that

3264-404: Is a direct extrapolation of the nested hierarchy concept. All of the ordered sets are still nested, but every set must be " strict "—no two sets can be identical. The shapes example above can be modified to demonstrate this: The notation x ⊊ y {\displaystyle x\subsetneq y\,} means x is a subset of y but is not equal to  y . A general example of

3360-480: Is a hierarchical ordering of nested sets . The concept of nesting is exemplified in Russian matryoshka dolls . Each doll is encompassed by another doll, all the way to the outer doll. The outer doll holds all of the inner dolls, the next outer doll holds all the remaining inner dolls, and so on. Matryoshkas represent a nested hierarchy where each level contains only one object, i.e., there is only one of each size of doll;

3456-503: Is a member of the level Mammalia "is a" member of the level Animalia ; more specifically, a human "is a" primate, a primate "is a" mammal, and so on. A subsumptive hierarchy can also be defined abstractly as a hierarchy of " concepts ". For example, with the Linnaean hierarchy outlined above, an entity name like Animalia is a way to group all the species that fit the conceptualization of an animal. A compositional containment hierarchy

3552-405: Is always transitive . The second requirement asserts that a hierarchy must have a leader or root that is common to all of the objects. Mathematically, in its most general form, a hierarchy is a partially ordered set or poset . The system in this case is the entire poset, which is constituted of elements. Within this system, each element shares a particular unambiguous property. Objects with

3648-420: Is always the same. In many programming taxonomies and syntax models (as well as fractals in mathematics), nested hierarchies, including Russian dolls, are also used to illustrate the properties of self-similarity and recursion . Recursion itself is included as a subset of hierarchical programming, and recursive thinking can be synonymous with a form of hierarchical thinking and logic. A containment hierarchy

3744-507: Is an ordering of the parts that make up a system—the system is "composed" of these parts. Most engineered structures, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down in this manner. The compositional hierarchy that every person encounters at every moment is the hierarchy of life . Every person can be reduced to organ systems , which are composed of organs , which are composed of tissues , which are composed of cells , which are composed of molecules , which are composed of atoms . In fact,

3840-399: Is commonly used when undertaking an animal liberation action, that is inclusively an environmental issue. Or alternatively an ELF action that includes in some way liberating or rescuing animals; for example actions to protect the forests. Both names are also used by radical activists when engaging in direct action to liberate animals and defend the earth by using property destruction. This

3936-483: Is credited with first use of it as an abstract noun. Since hierarchical churches, such as the Roman Catholic (see Catholic Church hierarchy ) and Eastern Orthodox churches, had tables of organization that were "hierarchical" in the modern sense of the word (traditionally with God as the pinnacle or head of the hierarchy), the term came to refer to similar organizational methods in secular settings. A hierarchy

Earth Liberation Army - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-616: Is done within the guidelines of the Animal/Earth Liberation Front; to claim the action by both groups. Noel Molland, a former ELF activist, writes in Steven Best 's Igniting a Revolution that: Hierarchy A hierarchy (from Greek : ἱεραρχία , hierarkhia , 'rule of a high priest', from hierarkhes , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at

4128-584: Is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). In late 2005 and early 2006, as part of Operation Backfire , US grand juries indicted a total of 18 activists on a range of charges related to "violent acts in

4224-631: Is hierarchical. Sociologists can analyse socioeconomic systems in terms of stratification into a social hierarchy (the social stratification of societies), and all systematic classification schemes ( taxonomies ) are hierarchical. Most organized religions , regardless of their internal governance structures, operate as a hierarchy under deities and priesthoods . Many Christian denominations have an autocephalous ecclesiastical hierarchy of leadership . Families can be viewed as hierarchical structures in terms of cousinship (e.g., first cousin once removed, second cousin, etc.), ancestry (as depicted in

4320-598: Is infinitely hierarchical because there is no finite bound on the number of digits can be used after the decimal point. Organizations can be structured as a dominance hierarchy . In an organizational hierarchy, there is a single person or group with the most power or authority , and each subsequent level represents a lesser authority. Most organizations are structured in this manner, including governments , companies , armed forces , militia and organized religions . The units or persons within an organization may be depicted hierarchically in an organizational chart . In

4416-420: Is typically depicted as a pyramid , where the height of a level represents that level's status and width of a level represents the quantity of items at that level relative to the whole. For example, the few Directors of a company could be at the apex , and the base could be thousands of people who have no subordinates. These pyramids are often diagrammed with a triangle diagram which serves to emphasize

4512-484: The "postal district" , consists of 18 objects (letters). The next level down is the "zone", where the objects are the digits 0–9. This is an example of an overlapping hierarchy , because each of these 10 objects has 18 parents. The hierarchy continues downward to generate, in theory, 7,200,000 unique codes of the format A0A 0A0 (the second and third letter positions allow 20 objects each). Most library classification systems are also hierarchical. The Dewey Decimal System

4608-647: The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the March 22nd, 2009 burning of construction equipment in Guadalajara , Jalisco . Over the first months of 2012, several car arson cases in Buenos Aires were claimed by the "Frente de Liberacion de la Tierra", stating that "... we propose to destroy property from the bourgeoise class from Palermo to Villa Devoto who are sure that everything will stay

4704-472: The organization of life , and biomass pyramids attempt to document. While the above examples are often clearly depicted in a hierarchical form and are classic examples, hierarchies exist in numerous systems where this branching structure is not immediately apparent. For example, most postal-code systems are hierarchical. Using the Canadian postal code system as an example, the top level's binding concept,

4800-574: The set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy. Other hierarchical representations related to biology include ecological pyramids which illustrate energy flow or trophic levels in ecosystems , and taxonomic hierarchies, including the Linnean classification scheme and phylogenetic trees that reflect inferred patterns of evolutionary relationship among living and extinct species. CGI and computer-animation programs mostly use hierarchies for models. On

4896-522: The ALF has projected forward the animal liberation movement . There was also the intention that in the same way animal liberationists "help out" with legal campaigns, earth liberationists would aid above-ground environmental organizations, notably Earth First!, by acts of ecotage. The Earth Liberation Front was founded in 1992 in Brighton, England by members of the Earth First! (EF!) environmental movement at

SECTION 50

#1732855147431

4992-430: The ALF. The very first ELF action is unknown, or undocumented, but one of the first and most notable actions was on April Fool's Earth Night 1992, a night organized by activists to carry out ecotage and also one of the first of them. The Elves, as they were also known, targeted Fisons , a peat company accused of destroying the peat bogs causing £50,000–70,000 worth of damage. Pumps, trucks and other machinery belonging to

5088-518: The ELF had been founded in England . The ELA is also a radical, anarchist, leaderless movement , although in contrast to the ELF, the first group did not publish any guidelines. The ELA are considered to be " eco-terrorists " by governments, and are also known to also be active in the United States (see North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office ). It is designated as a terrorist organization by

5184-527: The Netherlands. Within two years, McDonald's had been vandalized in Germany and Poland, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol had been sabotaged, and high-emission vehicles had been destroyed. Hunting towers were torn down in the Netherlands and Germany, which was presumably inspired by similar actions against hunting by the ALF. The first time it was known that an earth liberation action had happened in North America,

5280-545: The U.S. through Mexico and are possibly hiding in Syria, Russia, China or India. The announcement of an increased manhunt came on the tenth anniversary of the bombing in Vail. A 2011 NPR report claimed some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication management unit . The name "Animal & Earth Liberation Front" or "Earth & Animal Liberation Front" (ALF and ELF, respectively)

5376-442: The bogs will dry out and die unless it is preserved fully. Fisons must leave all of it alone – now! The ELF quickly spread across to Europe by 1994, with actions first occurring in the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, France and Finland, and the name starting to be used across the globe. The Earth Liberation Front is widely regarded as the Animal Liberation Front 's younger sibling, because of

5472-554: The burning of an SUV dealership, and the burning down of a logging headquarters causing $ 1 million in damages. The Elves wrote to the local paper "Let this be a lesson to all greedy multinational corporations who don't respect their ecosystems," with most actions taking place in Oregon . The defendants in the case were later charged in the FBI 's " Operation Backfire ", which included 17 acts of property destruction. The ELF then set fire to Michigan State University on New Year's Eve , using

5568-474: The cells involved, although the press office claim they do not know the identities of ELF members. Prisoner support networks support ELF prisoners, such as Spirit of Freedom ( ELPSN ) , an English website listing all Earth Liberation prisoners, as well as a variety of other prisoners of conscience . There are also ELF support networks in Belgium , Italy , North America, and Poland , which collectively coordinate

5664-471: The company were destroyed after legal campaigners, Friends of the Earth , spent two years advocating a boycott of the company. Green Anarchist magazine publicized the communique with the demands from the ELF: All our peat bogs must be preserved in their entirety, for the sake of the plants, the animals and our national heritage. Cynically donating small amounts will do no good. The water table will drop, and

5760-505: The construction of a new rail line (line 12), in Mexico City (D.F.) and Mexico State . The construction had caused deforestation and the eviction of many families. Soon after this initial group of actions, the Frente de Liberación de la Tierra (Earth Liberation Front) claimed responsibility for a number of actions including the sabotage of a construction machine on December 30, 2008, arson at

5856-515: The degree. A flat hierarchy (also known for companies as flat organization ) is a branching hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity, i.e., that has a wide span. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span. Therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms that can be further decomposed into subatomic particles. An overlapping hierarchy

SECTION 60

#1732855147431

5952-644: The early morning hours. The devices failed, and on March 21, 2009, Wallace was sentenced to three years in prison for the incident by Judge Robert Holmes Bell, who said Wallace "didn't intend to hurt anybody, (but) this is a serious offense." Said Wallace after his conviction, "I have been consumed by shame for what I have done," Wallace said. "My greatest blessing is that no one got hurt." On January 1, in Girard, Pennsylvania , jugs of gasoline were set under three vehicles at Bob Ferrando Ford Lincoln Mercury and set ablaze. Two pickup trucks, one Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) and

6048-653: The environment. This was unsuccessful and the prisoner was sentenced to three years for damaging property. Due to the increased popularity of the environmental movement , as well as the animal liberation movement and estimates that five ALF actions occurred per day, police carried out a series of raids against animal rights and environmental activists. In total, there were 55 homes raided against suspected ALF and ELF activists, including an individual in Italy. The police had not managed to charge anyone with any illegal activities, until on January 16, 1996, when six men were charged for

6144-458: The fire. The destruction was the movement's most financially damaging action against a target, with a local preservation group calling the action pointless, noting that "You can go and burn something down, but it's just going to get built again." Exactly three weeks later, 125 SUVs and Hummers were torched in Los Angeles costing a total of $ 3.5 million, with "I love pollution " spray-painted at

6240-441: The first-ever national meeting. At the time, EF! had become very popular, so people's concerns were based on maintaining this popularity and by doing so not associating with overt law-breaking. There was no universal agreement over this, but it was accepted amongst the movement that British EF! would instead continue to advocate and focus on civil disobedience and mass demonstrations. If people wanted to participate in acts of ecotage,

6336-540: The governments of the United Nations, European Union, United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Paraguay, Greenland, Puerto Rico, Japan, CSTO, Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Israel, United Kingdom, Russia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and South Korea. Prior to ELF actions occurring in North America

6432-549: The homes were environmentally friendly: "Built Green? Nope black! McMansions in RCDs r not green. ELF." On March 23, the ELF claimed the burning of an excavator in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. In one of many recent anonymous communiques, the ELF reported to Bite Back ; "Maybe we have not collapsed the system of domination with these actions, but it begins with actions like these." On September 4, ELF claimed responsibility for using

6528-556: The incorrect belief that the university was involved in genetic engineering of poplar trees. No genetic engineering was being conducted. In the wake of the attack, an FBI spokeswoman in Portland, Oregon said "I don't think there's any doubt the ELF is upping the ante ". On November 7, ELF member Ian Wallace planted incendiary devices outside of two buildings on the campus of Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan during

6624-527: The last two levels apply to all matter , at least at the macroscopic scale . Moreover, each of these levels inherit all the properties of their children . In this particular example, there are also emergent properties —functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain )—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not

6720-429: The left and descending on the right. Child elements are towards the bottom of the stairs and parent elements are at the top. This structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. In plain English, a hierarchy can be thought of as a set in which: The first requirement is also interpreted to mean that a hierarchy can have no circular relationships ; the association between two objects

6816-591: The name of animal rights and environmental causes". According to the FBI, many of these acts were carried out on behalf of the ELF and was considered as one of the largest arrests of environmental activists in American history. The operation resulted in the arrest of Chelsea Dawn Gerlach , William C. Rodgers , and Daniel McGowan . In 2008, the FBI increased the reward for handing over four suspects to $ 50,000. The four, two Americans and two Canadians, are believed to have fled

6912-427: The new name "Earth Liberation Front" would be used, with its name and guidelines derived from the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), another movement that uses direct action to liberate animals or sabotage companies using them. It was understood that the simplicity of the guidelines was a crucial factor to engage as many people as possible to the new cause, with the intention that the ELF would quickly become as popular as

7008-407: The problem. These rules are largely dominant in algebraic problems, ones that include several steps to solve. The use of hierarchy in mathematics is beneficial to quickly and efficiently solve a problem without having to go through the process of slowly dissecting the problem. Most of these rules are now known as the proper way into solving certain equations. A nested hierarchy or inclusion hierarchy

7104-457: The reason a cell took an action. The ELF claimed that burning down the house was non-violent because it was searched for any living creatures; an issue which is much debated within the environmental movement . Some of the most common and notable attacks are against the development of multimillion-dollar houses, a frequent target in the ELF campaign. In a communique to the press from the group's "above-ground spokesperson", Craig Rosebraugh , that

7200-409: The relationship and cooperation between the two movements. It is believed that cells rapidly established themselves in new countries because of the global outreach of Earth First! and the connection between the two groups. British Elves were also making contact with like-minded activists, informing them about the ELF and its tactics, with missionaries targeting specifically France, Spain, Germany, and

7296-547: The rest of Europe by 1994. The ELF acronym derived from the original ELF guerrilla group, the Environmental Life Force , that was founded in 1977 in Santa Cruz, California by activist John Clark Hanna. The Earth Liberation Front is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between

7392-477: The rules of visual hierarchy . Visual hierarchy is also important for proper organization of files on computers. An example of visually representing hierarchy is through nested clusters. Nested clusters represent hierarchical relationships using layers of information. The child element is within the parent element, such as in a Venn diagram . This structure is most effective in representing simple hierarchical relationships. For example, when directing someone to open

7488-427: The same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as architecture , philosophy , design , mathematics , computer science , organizational theory , systems theory , systematic biology , and the social sciences (especially political science ). A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in

7584-469: The same property value are grouped together, and each of those resulting levels is referred to as a class . "Hierarchy" is particularly used to refer to a poset in which the classes are organized in terms of increasing complexity. Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are often performed in a certain sequence or order. Usually, addition and subtraction are performed after multiplication and division has already been applied to

7680-568: The same, but some individuals are tired of this and pretend to continue with this initiative to expand the daily riots..." The ELF gained state attention in the state of Oregon in 1996 when they burned down the Oakridge Ranger Station. The ELF gained national attention for a series of actions which earned them the label of eco-terrorists . This came after the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado , on October 19, costing $ 12 million. In

7776-553: The scene, and a month later, homes being built in San Diego were targeted again, this time costing an estimated $ 450,000 in damages. The FBI's most recent report stated that there had been over 1,200 "criminal incidents", within January 2006. A nearly completed 9,600-square-foot (890 m ) house, worth $ 3 million, was burnt to the ground in Washington . It was reported that a bed-sheet

7872-470: The size differences between the levels (but not all triangle/pyramid diagrams are hierarchical; for example, the 1992 USDA food guide pyramid ). An example of a triangle diagram appears to the right. Another common representation of a hierarchical scheme is as a tree diagram . Phylogenetic trees , charts showing the structure of § Organizations , and playoff brackets in sports are often illustrated this way. More recently, as computers have allowed

7968-399: The storage and navigation of ever larger data sets, various methods have been developed to represent hierarchies in a manner that makes more efficient use of the available space on a computer's screen. Examples include fractal maps, TreeMaps and Radial Trees . In the design field, mainly graphic design, successful layouts and formatting of the content on documents are heavily dependent on

8064-417: The support of prisoners, as well as websites for specific prisoners, such as for; Rod Coronado, Jeff "Free" Luers, Daniel McGowan, Briana Waters and Tre Arrow . The networks distribute literature written by those in prison, to their supporters and other support groups, and sometimes raise funds for those who require financial aid in their cases. Earth liberationists , are a diverse group of individuals with

8160-517: The system as a whole. Categorization in this way yields two broad classes: linear and branching . In a linear hierarchy , the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a line-up, and each object (excluding the top and bottom ones) has exactly one direct subordinate and one direct superior. This is referring to the objects and not the levels ; every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. In

8256-476: The two movements. Using the same leaderless resistance model, as well as similar guidelines to the ALF , sympathizers say that it is an eco-defense group dedicated to taking the profit motive out of environmental destruction by causing economic damage to businesses through the use of property damage. The name came to public prominence when they were featured on the television show 60 Minutes in 2005. The group

8352-557: The use of arson to destroy what activists believe is being used to injure animals, people or the environment . These actions are sometimes called ecotage and there are marked differences between their actions in the United States and the United Kingdom. With many different reasons why ELF activists carry out economic sabotage, a communique to the press claiming the responsibility for arson against urban sprawl in December 2000, described

8448-569: The year was on Christmas Day , when a fur farm was raided in Michigan and 150 mink released into the wild by the Great Lakes ELF. The Fox , a Chicago area Fox River environmental activist, began ELF style operations in the early 1970s and continued into the 1980s, while the peak number of ELF actions occurred in the early 1990s. ELF activities declined in the United States after 2003, and by 2012 there were next to none. In late November 2008,

8544-543: Was claimed in support of Jeff "Free" Luers, who targeted the very same dealership and was in court for the charges at the time. He was then sentenced to twenty-two years in jail, later revised to ten. On May 21, a fire destroyed laboratories, offices, and archives at the Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington , causing a total of $ 7 million in damages. The arson destroyed 20 years of research and plant and book collections. The ELF claimed responsibility based upon

8640-406: Was disputed by ELF. Later that year the first Earth Liberation Prisoner (ELP) was caught and later charged. Known as Paul S., he was arrested and accused of carrying out an 18-month campaign of vandalism in the Netherlands against road construction sites. The Dutch government attempted to declare him insane, because of his inability to provide a political reason for his actions, other than his care for

8736-527: Was draped across the front gate, with a message reading "Built Green? Nope black. McMansions and RCDs r not green," a reference to rural cluster developments . On the morning of March 3, explosive devices set fire to four multimillion-dollar homes from the 2007 Seattle Street of Dreams in Echo Lake, Washington , causing $ 7 million in damage. Authorities described the act as "domestic terrorism" after finding "ELF" spray-painted in red letters, mocking claims that

8832-427: Was further highlighted in the 2011 Academy Award–nominated documentary If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front . ELF " monkeywrenching " is carried out against facilities and companies involved in logging , genetic engineering , GMO crops , deforestation , sport utility vehicle (SUV) sales, urban sprawl , rural cluster and developments with larger homes, energy production and distribution, and

8928-600: Was in 1881, when it was used in reference to the three orders of three angels as depicted by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th–6th centuries). Pseudo-Dionysius used the related Greek word (ἱεραρχία, hierarchia ) both in reference to the celestial hierarchy and the ecclesiastical hierarchy . The Greek term hierarchia means 'rule of a high priest', from hierarches (ἱεράρχης, 'president of sacred rites, high-priest') and that from hiereus (ἱερεύς, 'priest') and arche (ἀρχή, 'first place or power, rule'). Dionysius

9024-535: Was in 1995, in Canada, by a group calling itself the Earth Liberation Army (ELA). They were considered by the European Elves at the time to be "transatlantic cousins". On 19 June 1995, the ELA burned down a wildlife museum and damaged a hunting lodge in British Columbia . On Columbus Day 1996, activists spraypainted "504 years of genocide" and "ELF" on the walls of a public relations office, as well as

9120-541: Was later published in The Environmental Magazine , the group said in November 2000: Urban sprawl has undoubtedly served to alter nearly 90 percent of Long Island's habitats, either by physically removing them, paving them, or polluting them with toxic man-made materials, making them either undesirable or unsustainable for most species. The North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office ( NAELFPO or ELFPO )

9216-528: Was relaunched in October 2008, receiving anonymous communiques from activists, for distributing to the press and public, to discuss the motives, ideologies and history behind such actions. Craig Rosebraugh served as an unofficial spokesperson for the ELF Press Office in North America from 1997 to early September 2001. Doubts have been raised about whether Rosebraugh or other unofficial spokespeople have ties to

#430569