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35-408: Early County was chartered in 1818 and Blakely was established as the county seat in 1825. Early County's first courthouse was a log building, first used in 1827. That building was sold for $ 13 and moved, making way for the second courthouse. That two-story wooden structure was built in 1834. The county's third courthouse, a western-facing building, was built in 1857-58 by Thomas Williams for $ 4,650; it

70-565: A degree by auto manufacturing, tourism, and energy production, among others. In light of the many social and economic changes that have occurred since the Civil War, many now use the term in a celebratory sense. The beginnings of the Civil Rights era in the 1950s and 1960s, led to a revival of the term to describe a South that would no longer be held back by Jim Crow Laws and other aspects of compulsory legal segregation . Racist conflicts during

105-614: A different role in the New South. Henry W. Grady made this term popular in his articles and speeches as editor of the Atlanta Constitution . Richard Hathaway Edmonds of the Baltimore Manufacturers' Record was another staunch advocate of New South industrialization. The Manufacturers' Record was one of the most widely read and powerful publications among turn of the 20th-century industrialists. Historian Paul Gaston coined

140-648: A trend, some switched party affiliations, notably Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . Richard Nixon 's Southern strategy in the 1968 campaign is thought by many to have vastly accelerated this process. From Nixon's time to the present, the South has often voted Republican at the presidential level. The term "New South" has also been used to refer to political leaders in the American South who embraced progressive ideas on education and economic growth and minimized racist rhetoric, even if not promoting integration. This term

175-679: Is a slogan in the history of the American South first used after the American Civil War . Reformers used it to call for a modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the United States as a whole, reject the economy and traditions of the Old South , and the slavery-based plantation system of the prewar period. The term was coined by its leading spokesman, Atlanta editor Henry W. Grady in 1874. The original use of

210-950: Is also home to many other major corporations including Lowe's , Duke Energy , Family Dollar , Lendingtree and Honeywell . Automotive manufacturing plants in U.S. have declined in cities like Detroit , Cleveland , Buffalo , and St. Louis , while lower wage, non-unionized work forces in the American South have attracted foreign manufacturers. Automobile manufacturers BMW , Toyota , Mercedes , Honda , Hyundai , Kia , Nissan , and Volkswagen have opened plants in states such as Georgia , Alabama , South Carolina , Kentucky , Tennessee , Texas , Mississippi , and West Virginia . Meanwhile, General Motors factories continue to operate in Kentucky, Louisiana, Tennessee and Texas, and two Ford factories operate in Kentucky's largest city of Louisville . High-profile companies such as IBM , Intel , Verizon and Microsoft have major corporate presence in

245-540: Is surrounded by smaller buildings, grass, and trees, providing a recreational space and a center for community activities. The courthouse in designed a cross plan; each of the building's four facades is fronted with four rusticated Georgia columns of solid granite , which support the porticoes facing Courthouse Square. The courthouse has a low dome, of the Beaux-Arts style. On the courthouse square stands an original wooden Confederate flagpole, erected in 1861, which flies

280-550: The Civil Rights Movement gave the American South a backward image in popular culture. Again, the initial slow pace of civil rights reforms, notably in the areas of school desegregation and voting rights , at first made the "New South" more of a slogan than a description of the South as it actually was. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 would bring an era of far more rapid change. During

315-727: The Journal of Southern History . Among the articles and books on history that Hackney published, Populism to Progressivism in Alabama won the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Association . Dixie Redux: Essays in Honor of Sheldon Hackney , an edited collection of essays authored by his former students and collaborators will be released in November 2013. Hackney was credited at

350-825: The NFL's New Orleans Saints played their final games there, hosting high school football games and an ill-fated ZZ Top concert in 1976, where many fights broke out during the show. Hackney was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1981 to 1993. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1988. He was also the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) from 1993 to 1997, appointed by President Clinton . His defining initiative in

385-662: The Research Triangle of North Carolina . Additionally, several Fortune 500 companies, including Tesla, Inc. and a number of technology companies , are now headquartered in Austin, Texas , giving it the nickname of " Silicon Hills ". American Airlines Group , the largest airline in the world as of 2019, is headquartered in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex in Fort Worth . Dallas is also home to many global corporations, including

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420-664: The University of Pennsylvania from 1981 to 1993. Hackney was born in Birmingham, Alabama on December 5, 1933, and educated in the Birmingham public school system. He had four brothers. He was a graduate of Ramsay High School and also took courses at Birmingham Southern College . After graduating from Vanderbilt University , Hackney earned his Ph.D. in American History at Yale University , where he worked with eminent Southern historian C. Vann Woodward . He subsequently served in

455-533: The 1960s, the black population finally began being enfranchised and represented in political offices. For over 100 years, from before the Civil War until the mid-1960s, the Democratic Party exercised a virtual monopoly on Southern politics, which came to be known as the Solid South . Thus elections were actually decided between Democratic factions in primary elections , often all white. The Democratic nomination

490-559: The American South. Since the late 20th century, this can be seen in many ways. The largest company in the world by revenue is Walmart , which is located in Bentonville, Arkansas . Two of the largest U.S. banks, Bank of America and Wells Fargo , have a major presence in Charlotte, North Carolina . Bank of America is headquartered there, and Wells Fargo has maintained much of the operation of Wachovia after acquiring it in 2008. Charlotte

525-500: The Navy for five years, beginning in 1956. He served on the USS James C. Owens from 1956 to 1959. Hackney began his career as a lecturer in history at Princeton University . There, he taught in an Upward Bound program for disadvantaged students and played a role in the creation of the university's African American Studies program. While at Princeton, he moved into administration, serving as

560-431: The New South are defined as cities that have seen a large boom over the last century, and cities that have become growing regional hubs. Notes Bibliography Sheldon Hackney Francis Sheldon Hackney (December 5, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American educator , historian, and chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities . He was president of Tulane University from 1975 to 1980 and president of

595-562: The South as an economic failure. World War II would usher in a degree of economic prosperity as efforts to industrialize in support of the War effort were employed. In the southern mountains, the Tennessee Valley Authority built dams, which generated employment and electricity that affected numerous residents and manufacturers alike. Other Southern industries, such as mining, steel and ship building, flourished during World War II, and set

630-504: The Stars and Stripes; it was hewn from a long leaf pine harvested about a mile from the county seat. The flagpole is 100 feet tall and is believed to be the only original Confederate flagpole still standing. The courthouse square also contains a monument to the peanut, carved in stone atop a pedestal, commemorating the enduring importance of this cash crop to the region. New South New South , New South Democracy or New South Creed

665-502: The University of Pennsylvania with raising undergraduate minority enrollment from 13 to 30 percent and with increasing the endowment from about $ 160 million to $ 1 billion. Towards the end of his tenure, there was the so-called Water buffalo incident , a controversial affair involving a student charged with racial harassment that raised issues involving free speech and university judicial procedures nationally. In particular, Hackney's role in

700-468: The gospel of work. The rise of the New South, however, involved the continued supremacy of whites over blacks, who had little or no political power once Reconstruction was over, Federal troops were withdrawn from the South as a result of the Compromise of 1877 , and Jim Crow laws were put in place to suppress black rights . For example, Grady stated in an 1888 speech about the New South, "The supremacy of

735-530: The incident was a subject of his 1993 Senate confirmation hearings for the NEH appointment. Hackney's memoir about the turmoil of his confirmation, The Politics of Presidential Appointment: A Memoir of the Culture War ISBN   1-58838-068-8 , was published in 2002. During his confirmation, critics derided him as the "pope of political correctness." "I resent bitterly being slandered by slogan", Dr. Hackney told

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770-520: The job was his first: "A National Conversation on American Pluralism and Identity," a project that helped finance and shape about 1,400 public meetings from 1994 to 1997. Hackney specialized in the history of the American South since the Civil War. He had in an interest in American utopias and other social movements with an emphasis on the Civil Rights Movement and the 1960s, and served on the Board of Editors of

805-592: The largest energy company in the world ExxonMobil , the largest Telecommunication company in the world AT&T , and the company where the microchip was first invented Texas Instruments . The Dallas-Fort Worth metro area is also the largest metro area in the South. Delta Air Lines , one of the world's largest airlines , is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia . Atlanta is also home to many global corporations, including The Coca-Cola Company , UPS , CNN , Norfolk Southern , NCR , Mercedes-Benz , and Porsche . Cities of

840-472: The last analysis, they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions. The New South campaign

875-433: The outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of the middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers is revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers . The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in

910-597: The proposed design by the architects Thomas Henry Morgan and John Robert Dillon , as "the handsomest structure of its kind in Southern Georgia", which would "be in keeping with the wealth and prosperity of Early County--the Garden spot of Georgia." The courthouse is two and half stories and is made of brick on the exterior, with marble floors in the main public spaces. It is in the Neoclassical (Classical Revival) style and

945-593: The provost from 1972 to 1975. From 1975 to 1980, Hackney was the president of Tulane University . At Tulane, Hackney was best known for approving the November 1979 decision to tear down Tulane Stadium , the on-campus home of the Green Wave football team from 1926 through 1974. The Wave moved to the Louisiana Superdome upon its completion in August 1975. Tulane Stadium stood vacant for nearly five years after Tulane and

980-465: The specific term "New South Creed" to describe the promises of visionaries like Grady, who said industrialization would bring prosperity to the region. The classic history was written by C. Vann Woodward : The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913 , published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press. Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student, hails the book but explains: Of one thing we may be certain at

1015-570: The stage for increased industrialization, urban development, and economic prosperity in Southern ports and cities in the second half of the 20th century. In the post-World War II era, American textiles makers and other light industries moved en masse to the South to capitalize on low wages, social conservatism , and anti- union sentiments. With the industrialization of the South came economic change, migration, immigration and population growth. Light industries would move offshore, but has been replaced to

1050-527: The term "New South" was an attempt to prescribe an attractive future based on a growing economy. The industrial revolution of the Northern U.S. was the model. The prewar South was heavily agrarian. Following the American Civil War , the South was impoverished and heavily rural ; it was mainly reliant on cotton and a few other crops with low market prices. Economically, it was in great need of industrialization. With slavery abolished, African Americans were playing

1085-479: The white race of the South must be maintained forever, and the domination of the negro race resisted at all points and at all hazards because the white race is the superior race ... [This declaration] shall run forever with the blood that feeds Anglo-Saxon hearts." The economic woes of the Great Depression dampened much New South enthusiasm, as investment capital dried up and the rest of the nation began to view

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1120-410: Was championed by Southern elites often outside of the old planter class. Their hopes were to make a fresh "new" start, forming partnerships with Northern capitalists in order to modernize and speed up economic development of the South. From Henry Grady to Black leader Booker T. Washington , New South advocates wanted southern economic regeneration, sectional reconciliation, racial harmony, and believed in

1155-636: Was considered to be tantamount to election . The "New South" period is double-edged. After the passage of civil rights legislation, African Americans began to vote in number for the Democratic Party. Many had supported Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal programs, along with Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson who had supported their causes. At the same time, in 1964, several white Southern politicians and state voters supported Republican Barry Goldwater for President over Democratic incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson. In what later became

1190-610: Was most commonly associated with the wave of Southern governors elected in the late 1960s and 1970s, including Terry Sanford in North Carolina , Carl Sanders and Jimmy Carter in Georgia , and Albert Brewer in Alabama . Similarly, the term "New South" has also been used to refer to areas of the South that have become more diverse and cosmopolitan over the last several decades. The "New South" also meant to describe economic growth in

1225-520: Was sold for $ 155 to make way for the fourth and present courthouse, built in 1904-1905. The third courthouse was described by the Early County News as dangerously unsafe and dilapidated. The proposal to build a new court building "was tinted with a light wash of New South fervor and an outpouring of self-promotion." The grand jury recommended a new courthouse, and a January 1905 piece by the Early County News praised an architectural rendering of

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