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39-725: Earl of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times. It was first created for William de Warenne , a close companion of William the Conqueror . It is currently held as a subsidiary title by the Dukes of Norfolk . The chequer arms of the Count of Vermandois were first adopted by William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey on his marriage to Elizabeth of Vermandois, Countess of Leicester , daughter to Hugh, Count of Vermandois . Similar arms were also adopted by his brother in law,

78-532: A common jail system managed by the county sheriffs departments. For example, in Texas, county courts exclusively handle Class A and B misdemeanors (these carry jail time as well as fines), share jurisdiction with justice of the peace and district courts on some mid-size civil cases, and have appellate jurisdiction from municipal and justice of the peace court cases. With the growth of the largest cities, many large urban centers have subsumed whole or most of counties within

117-566: A court in person, by post or via the Internet in some cases through the County Court Bulk Centre . Cases are normally heard at the court having jurisdiction over the area where the claimant lives. Most matters are decided by a district judge or circuit judge sitting alone. Civil matters in England (with minor exceptions, e.g. in some actions against the police) do not have juries. Judges in

156-403: A defined "county court district" from which it took claims. County court districts did not have the same boundaries as counties: the name was used because the county courts had evolved from courts which did in fact correspond to a county's territory. Today the court sits in many County Court centres, currently corresponding to the old individual county courts. County Court matters can be lodged at

195-410: A few hundreds of thousands of dollars. The limits vary between states. In some states the same level of court is called a district court . Below them are the magistrates courts . Above them are the state supreme courts . Some states adopt the two-tier appellate system, with the magistrates courts below and the state supreme courts above. In Northern Ireland there are seven county courts, following

234-504: A particular rank, including extinct, dormant, and abeyant peerages, see: Each peer is listed only by their highest English title. Peers known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are shown in blue, and peers with more than one title of the same rank in the Peerage of England are shown in orange.     Subsidiary title     Subsidiary title County court Since 2014, England and Wales have had what

273-557: Is a court of original jurisdiction , and thus handles mostly trials of accused felons. The New York County Court "is established in each county outside New York City. It is authorized to handle the prosecution of all crimes committed within the County. The County Court also has limited jurisdiction in civil cases ...." More specifically, the New York County Court is: authorized to handle the prosecution of all crimes committed within

312-618: Is not a separate court). Claims between £10,000 and £25,000 (£15,000 for cases started before April 2009) that are capable of being tried within one day are allocated to the "fast track" and claims over £25,000 (£15,000 for cases started before April 2009) to the "multi track." These 'tracks' are labels for the use of the court system - the actual cases will be heard in the County Court or the High Court depending on their value. For personal injury , defamation , and some landlord-tenant dispute cases

351-515: Is officially described as "a single civil court" named the County Court, with unlimited financial jurisdiction. However it should be understood that there are County Court buildings and courtrooms throughout England and Wales, not one single location. It is "a single civil court" in the sense of a single centrally organised and administered court system . Before 2014 there were numerous separate county court systems, each with jurisdiction across England and Wales for enforcement of its orders, but each with

390-500: Is the name given to the intermediate court in one Australian state , namely the County Court of Victoria (in other states and territories it is called the 'District Court'). They hear indictable (serious) criminal offences except for treason , murder , and manslaughter . Their civil jurisdiction is also intermediate, typically over civil disputes where the amount claimed is greater than a few tens of thousands of dollars but less than

429-435: Is used in consumer credit scores , making it difficult or more expensive for the defendant to obtain credit. In order to avoid the record being kept for years in the register, the debt must be settled within thirty days after the date the County Court judgment was served (unless the judgment was later set aside). If the debt was not fully paid within the statutory period, the entry will remain for six full years. County court

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468-555: The High Court of Justice in Ireland or the assizes . Its jurisdiction was similar to that of the county courts in England and Wales. However, they differed from those court in their procedures. Claims were initiated by way of civil bill . Most matters were tried by a county court judge, and where necessary, a jury. The main administrative officer of the county court in each county was the Clerk of

507-554: The House of Lords Act 1999 all Peers of England could sit in the House of Lords . The ranks of the English peerage are, in descending order, duke , marquess , earl , viscount , and baron . While most newer English peerages descend only in the male line, many of the older ones (particularly older baronies) can descend through females. Such peerages follow the old English inheritance law of moieties so all daughters (or granddaughters through

546-705: The Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. From that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were closed to new creations, and new peers were created in a single Peerage of Great Britain . There are five peerages in the United Kingdom in total. English Peeresses obtained their first seats in the House of Lords under the Peerage Act 1963 from which date until the passage of

585-401: The county . It has exclusive authority to handle trials in felony matters and shares authority with the local city, town and village courts to handle trials in misdemeanor cases (offenses punishable by less than one year in prison) and other minor offenses and violations. The County Court also has limited authority to hear civil cases involving monetary awards of $ 25,000 or less. Although

624-515: The county court fines. The numbering of the earls follows the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ; some sources number Isabel's husbands as the fourth and fifth earls, increasing the numbering of the later earls by one. Source: The earldom has subsequently always been held by the Duke of Norfolk . Peerage of England The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in

663-462: The County Court are either former barristers or former solicitors, whereas in the High Court they are more likely to have formerly been a barrister . Civil claims with an amount in controversy under £10,000 (the Jackson Reforms have increased this from £5,000) are dealt with in the County Court under the small claims track (sometimes known to the lay public as "small claims court," although it

702-662: The County Court is primarily a trial court, in the Third and Fourth Departments it also has appellate jurisdiction over cases originating in City, Town and Village Courts. In New York City, the New York City Criminal Court handles such jurisdiction. Otherwise in the United States, the courts of original jurisdiction in most states have jurisdiction over a particular county, parish, shire, or borough (comparable area entities in

741-765: The Crown and Peace. The Courts of Justice Act 1924 abolished the county courts in the Irish Free State and transferred their jurisdiction (together with that of the quarter sessions) to the Circuit Court . The Circuit Court is still based on the organisational structure established for the county courts and the main administrative officer of each circuit is now called the County Registrar. County courts continue to exist in Northern Ireland . Civil bills are still used as

780-639: The United States). In those states with an administrative county court, the body acts as the executive agency for the local government. For example, Harry S. Truman was county judge of Jackson County, Missouri in the 1930s, an executive position rather than a judicial post. The County Commissioners in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts manage the county government, including funding civil and criminal courts, jails and Sheriffs departments overseeing said jails, as well as recording deeds, maintaining county roads and

819-575: The county superior or circuit court. In New York, 'superior'/'circuit' courts are called "supreme court". The court that in other US jurisdictions is called "supreme court" is called "court of appeal" in New York, Maryland and the District of Columbia. Prior to 1924, the county courts were the main civil courts in Ireland , having jurisdiction over most civil matters, except for the larger actions which were heard by

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858-458: The death of the previous earl's widow in 1361. It was also held by his son, who forfeited it upon his execution in 1397. John Holland, who was a grandson of the first Fitzalan earl of Surrey, was then created Duke of Surrey . He held the title for 2 years until he was stripped of it by Henry IV , who restored the earldom to the Fitzalans. The restored earl died in 1415 without male heirs, whereupon

897-549: The earldom came to be more commonly called of Warenne . The name Warenne comes from the name of their property in Normandy where the family's ancestral castle, Bellencombre , was located on the Varenne River . It was held by William de Warenne's son and grandson, both also named William, and then by the husbands of Isabella, daughter of the third William de Warenne. The first of these was William of Blois , son of King Stephen , and

936-436: The earldom of Surrey became either extinct or abeyant (authorities disagree on this), while the earldom of Arundel passed to his 1st cousin once removed , who was great-grandson of the 9th Earl of Surrey (and consequently also descended from the de Warennes). The title was revived several times during the 15th century, for John de Mowbray in 1451, and then for Richard of Shrewsbury in 1477. Both died without issue, leaving

975-512: The family proceedings courts. Many United States states have a county court system which, least common, may be purely administrative (such as in Missouri ), focused primarily on registration of properties and deeds, or, most often, may have jurisdiction over civil cases such as lawsuits and criminal courts and jails (such as in New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, et cetera) where trials from misdemeanors to felony cases are centered about

1014-629: The famous Crusader Ralph I de Beaugency who had married an older sister, Matilda. These arms continue to be used as the Flag of Surrey . The Earldom of Surrey was first created in 1088 for William de Warenne , as a reward for loyal service to William during the Conquest. He received the lordship of Reigate Castle in Surrey, but also had holdings in twelve other counties. Perhaps because he held little property in Surrey ,

1053-412: The like. In point of fact, each state has adjusted local governments powers and interactions to suit their own needs, so no one model is uniform even within the same state when the county is interfacing with a major city. In counties of Tennessee , the primary legislative body was called a county court until the ratification by the voters of the state of the constitutional amendments of 1978, which change

1092-507: The lower two tiers split original jurisdiction for both criminal and civil matters. broadly speaking, the jurisdiction of "county courts" is limited to misdemeanors and civil actions involving amounts in controversy less than $ 15,000.00, while the "circuit courts" handle felonies and larger civil cases. In the states that have a judicial county court, such as New York, it generally handles trials for felonies, as well as appeals of misdemeanors from local courts and some small claims cases. It

1131-523: The request of the claimant in a number of ways, including requesting the court bailiffs to seize goods, the proceeds of any sale being used to pay the debt, or an Attachment of Earnings Order, where the defendant's employer is ordered to make deductions from the gross wages to pay the claimant. County Court judgments are recorded in the Register of Judgments, Orders and Fines and in the defendant's credit records held by credit reference agencies. This information

1170-470: The same model as those of England and Wales before unification in 2014. These are the main civil courts. While higher-value cases are heard in the High Court, the county courts hear a wide range of civil actions, consumer claims, and appeals from magistrates' courts. The county courts are called family care centres when hearing proceedings brought under the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 and appeals from

1209-446: The same root) stand as co-heirs, so some such titles are in such a state of abeyance between these. Baronets , while holders of hereditary titles, as such are not peers and not entitled to stand for election in the House of Lords. Knights , dames and holders of other non-hereditary orders, decorations, and medals are also not peers. The following tables only show peerages, still in existence. For lists of every peerage created at

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1248-417: The second was Hamelin , half-brother of Henry II . The latter took the de Warenne surname, and a son, grandson, and great-great-grandson of Hamelin and Isabella subsequently held the earldom. With the failure of the second de Warenne male line in 1347, the earldom passed to Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel , who was a nephew of the last de Warenne earl, although he did not assume the title until after

1287-489: The term for this body in all but consolidated city-counties to county commission . Colloquially, the county commission is still frequently referred to as the "county court", particularly in rural areas. (The analogous body in consolidated city-counties is the metropolitan county council, usually shortened to "Metro council".) Likewise, five counties in Oregon are governed by a county court. In Florida 's four-tiered court system,

1326-469: The thresholds for each track have different values. Appeals are to a higher judge (a circuit judge hears district judge appeals), the High Court of Justice or to the Court of Appeal , as the case may be. In debt cases, the aim of a claimant taking County Court action against a defendant is to secure a County Court judgment . This is a legal order to pay the full amount of the debt. Judgments can be enforced at

1365-402: The title extinct once more. In 1483 the title was revived for Thomas Howard , who later became Duke of Norfolk , and it has been held by this family ever since (with some breaks during which their titles were forfeited but later restored). The Dukes of Norfolk quarter the de Warrenne arms on their coat of arms. The 4th earl of this creation also inherited the earldom of Arundel, thus re-uniting

1404-558: The two earldoms. William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey was granted the Manor of Wakefield by the crown and his descendants, the Earls Warenne, inherited it when he died in 1088. The building of Sandal Castle was begun early in the 12th century by William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (1081–1138) who was granted the Sandal estates in 1107 and it became the stronghold of the manor. A second castle

1443-454: The unofficial or official municipal borders, blurring the distinction between the types of government and their jurisdictions in the mind of the common inhabitant, but even television police drama's occasionally point out a county function (coroners, sheriffs, jails, courts, probation departments) different from a metropolis' police agencies, city governments, and district attorney's (prosecutors) offices (politically elected or appointed in most of

1482-487: The various states of the USA); in other cases, instead of being called "county court" they are called "district courts" or "circuit courts" with a hierarchy of state "superior court" districts up to that state's 'supreme court'. Multiple courts of typically limited original jurisdiction within a county are usually called "district courts" or, if located in and serving a particular municipality, "municipal courts"; and are subordinate to

1521-545: Was built at Lawe Hill on the north side of the Calder but was abandoned. Wakefield formed the caput of an extensive baronial holding that extended to Cheshire and Lancashire and was held by the Warennes until the 14th century, when it passed to Warenne heirs. The Warenne Earls were called Earl de Warenne at least as often as Earl of Surrey; but they received the 'third penny' of Surrey, which means that they were entitled to one third of

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