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87-1289: EPHE is a constituent college of the Université PSL (together with ENS Ulm , Paris Dauphine or Ecole des Mines ). The college is closely linked to École française d'Extrême-Orient and Institut français du Proche-Orient . Prominent researchers in military strategy have taught in EPHE in the past such as Hervé Coutau-Bégarie . In addition, researchers in natural sciences (including neurosciences and chemistry ) teach at EPHE (among them Jean Baptiste Charcot and Marcellin Berthelot ). The EPHE brings together 260 faculty members and about 3,000 students/attenders into three core departments called “Sections” : Earth and Life Sciences , Historical and Philological Sciences , and Religious Sciences . It has headquarters in Paris , and has several campuses across France (Paris and its region, Nancy , Dijon , Lyon , Grenoble , Montpellier , Perpignan , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Caen , Dinard , French Polynesia ). Teaching and research in human sciences are conducted in Paris, notably at

174-456: A "young European civilization" – to Algeria and even to the United States in his 1937 The Concept of a New Country . He would later call Algeria, with its "uneducable" population, "a failed Brazil". In 1937, Braudel returned to Paris from Brazil. He spent the twenty-day sea journey in the company of Febvre and his family as both had booked passage on the same ship. Braudel thus fell under

261-636: A Graduate program in the Humanities ( Translitterae ) and a PhD program in Cognitive science (FrontCog). The "Science Art Creation Research" (SACRe) doctoral program aims at developing new fields of research by exploring the interfaces between the arts, and between arts and science (hard sciences as well as the humanities and social sciences). The program implements a new kind of PhD in Art strongly articulating practice and theoretical thinking. It brings together, along with

348-538: A broad range of disciplines in science , engineering , humanities , social sciences , fine art and performing arts . PSL alumni and staff include 28 Nobel laureates , 11 Fields Medalists , 3 Abel laureates , 49 CNRS Gold Medalists, 50 César winners and 79 Molière winners. In 2004, institutions in the Latin Quarter began thinking of how to join forces to boost their international visibility. The French law on research promulgated in 2006, which encouraged

435-507: A detailed review process, nine institutions agreed to put in place an integrated budget and a multi-year strategy for academic recruitment, as well as to create a number of shared platforms and services. Chimie ParisTech, École Nationale des Chartes, École Normale Supérieure, École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, ESPCI Paris, Institut Curie, Observatoire de Paris, MINES ParisTech, Paris-Dauphine University decided to jointly form PSL University. The agreement approved by their respective boards calls for

522-644: A history course, but its rejection of the traditional event-based narrative was too radical for the French Ministry of Education , which in turn rejected it. He retired in 1968. In 1975, the Sixième section was transformed into School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences , a public institution of higher education in its own right. In 1984 he was elected to the Académie française and his introduction speech

609-439: A large number of foreign scholars as guest fellows. Topics covered may be grouped in nine broad categories: The Religious Sciences Section publishes two collections: The Doctoral School is also responsible for the attribution of scholarships, grants and financial aid. It implements the EPHE's doctoral studies program in accordance with the plan defined in the institution's quadriennal contract. It operates with other services of

696-433: A review of his first book, "Braudel's Mediterranean is a world unresponsive to human control" so that "Braudel's mountains move his men, but never his men the mountains". This preference for objective explanations at the expense of human decisions could lead Braudel towards dubious conclusions, as when he asserted that overpopulation was the principal reason for the expulsion of Jews from Spain , Portugal and Sicily at

783-541: A yearly summer school open to European students, to help understand the challenges of sustainable development: the European School of Positive Impact and Responsibility (ESPOIR). Université PSL offers training programs for graduate students through its constituent schools in a broad array of disciplines: engineering, fine and applied arts, management, economics, biology, humanities and social sciences, astronomy. The first post-graduate/Master programme to be created under

870-553: Is Alain Fuchs . He took over the position from Thierry Coulhon in 2017, when Coulhon was appointed advisor to the French President in charge of Education, Higher Education, and Research. PSL is administered by a Board of Directors chaired by the PSL president. It relies on the recommendations of an Academic Council and a Strategic Steering Committee. The executive organ of the university is

957-612: Is a choral symphonic ensemble open to all members of the Université PSL community. PSL Orchestra and Choir's musical season consists of five different programs and incorporates contemporary work from different countries. Business leaders Politicians Fernand Braudel Fernand Paul Achille Braudel ( French: [fɛʁnɑ̃ bʁodɛl] ; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and

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1044-483: Is also a persistent part of Mediterranean existence. Braudel's vast panoramic view used insights from other social sciences, employed the concept of the longue durée , and downplayed the importance of specific events. It was widely admired, but most historians did not try to replicate it and instead focused on their specialized monographs. The book firmly launched the study of the Mediterranean and dramatically raised

1131-519: Is co-leader of the SDSN Network for France, under the initiative of the United Nations ., together with Kedge Business School and Universite Cergy-Pontoise . In this context, Université PSL is promoting that all students shall have access to courses related to climate, biodiversity and sustainability. PSL has launched in 2020 a bachelor program dedicated to sustainability sciences. PSL organizes

1218-484: Is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in its various contexts, and the sea articulates with the plains and islands. Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity ( Catholicism and Islam ), as well as by intrusions, both cultural and economic, from the north. In other words, the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what

1305-473: Is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries falsifies the situation. The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Such change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises long-term social, economic, and cultural history, where Braudel discusses the Mediterranean economy, social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at that level

1392-508: Is in French Polynesia on the island of Moorea , where the EPHE has a research station. The School also has a station in coastal geomorphology in Dinard on the coast of Brittany . The Section's research is carried out within four networks: environment and cellular regulation; neurosciences; environment and Society; biodiversity dynamics. The Historical and Philological Sciences Section covers

1479-401: Is much more rapid than that of the environment. Braudel looks at two or three centuries to spot a particular pattern such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events ( histoire événementielle ). This is the history of individuals with names. That, for Braudel, is the time of surfaces and deceptive effects. It is the time of the courte durée proper and

1566-646: Is organised around a core of discipline-specific programs and interdisciplinary programs such as the laboratories of excellence (Labex) (fr) and the Interdisciplinary and Strategic Research Initiatives. Examples of interdisciplinary programs are Scripta (History and practices of writing), the OCAV program ( Origins and Conditions for the Emergence of Life ), or the Q-Life Institute. PSL's research landscape includes

1653-747: Is ranked among the best world universities in 39 of the 54 subjects, e.g., 10th in the world for Mathematics and for Physics, and 12th in Ecology. In 2022, Université PSL is ranked first in the Young University Rankings 2022. International in scope, PSL has cultivated framework agreements with the University of Cambridge , UCL , EPFL , Columbia , Berkeley , NYU , Technion , ANU , Peking University , Shanghai Jiao Tong , National Taiwan University , Tsinghua University , and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology . The PSL Orchestra and Choir

1740-423: Is the product not of its politics or economics but rather of its geography and culture, a thesis that Braudel had explored in a wide-ranging book that saw the bourg and the patois: histoire totale integrated into a broad sweep of both the place and the time. L'Identité de la France was much coloured by a romantic nostalgia, as Braudel argued for the existence of a France profonde , a "deep France" based upon

1827-501: Is usually assumed, entrepreneurs operating in competitive markets. He argued that capitalists did not specialize and did not use free markets, and he thus diverges from both liberal ( Adam Smith ) and Marxian interpretations. In Braudel's view, the state in capitalist countries has served as a guarantor of monopolists rather than a protector of competition, as it is usually portrayed. He asserted that capitalists have had power and cunning on their side, as they have arrayed themselves against

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1914-620: The Times Higher Education ranking in 72nd place globally and 1st place in France, and 41st place globally in 2018. In 2020, PSL University appears for the first time in two other major university rankings: CWTS Leiden Ranking and ARWU : in the Shanghai ranking it is ranked 36th and 2nd French University behind Paris-Saclay University . In ARWU Global Ranking of Academic Subjects (also known as Shanghai Ranking by Subjects) University PSL

2001-519: The Ecole normale supérieure , five French schools of creative and performing arts: CNSAD (French professional acting school), Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (dance, music and sound design), École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs , École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and La Fémis . PSL hosts some 140 laboratories, 2,900 research and teaching staff, and about 100 ERC grants . The scientific research strategy

2088-579: The Lycée Henri IV , along with Mines ParisTech , ESPCI Paris , Paris Dauphine University , Paris Observatory , Ecole normale supérieure and Lycée Louis-le-Grand have implemented a three-year undergraduate program : CPES Multidisciplinary undergraduate course. At Université Paris-Dauphine, a constituent of Université PSL, bachelor's degrees are available for students in the following fields: management, economics and finance, accounting, applied mathematics, computing, journalism (IPJ-Dauphine). PSL

2175-555: The Mediterranean , Middle-East and Asia . The École pratique des hautes études was established by imperial decree on 31 July 1868 at the initiative of Victor Duruy , then Minister of Education under Emperor Napoleon III . Its purpose was to introduce research in academia and, more importantly, to promote academic training through research. It was intended to promote a practical form of scholarship designed to produce knowledge and to be taught in seminars and laboratories , as

2262-653: The Mediterranean Sea and wrote a paper on the Spanish presence in the country during the 16th century. He also began there his doctoral thesis on the foreign policy of King Philip II of Spain ( r.  1556–1598 ), with archival research at the General Archive of Simancas in the summer of 1927. He visited several archives around the Mediterranean, including at Venice , Valencia  [ es ] and finally Dubrovnik in 1936/37, and microfilmed documents with

2349-736: The Munich Agreement in 1938. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he was called up for military service and on 29 June 1940 taken prisoner as lieutenant in the 156th Infantry Regiment by the Germans in the Vosges . He was initially held at a prisoner-of-war camp in Neuf-Brisach and then in the Oflag XII-B in the citadel of Mainz . In Mainz, he became the rector of the camp university, which gained him respectful treatment (per Magnifizenz ) from

2436-654: The Sorbonne , the historical house of the former University of Paris and in the building of Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. The college provides Master's and Doctorate degrees, and the postdoctoral Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches . The School also offers its specific postgraduate degrees – the “Diplôme EPHE” and the “Diplôme post-doctoral” – as well as joint degrees with other universities. The EPHE maintains extensive cooperative exchanges with universities and research institutions. Priority areas of cooperation are in Europe ,

2523-667: The Sorbonne , where he was taught by Henri Hauser and gained an agrégation in history in 1923. He taught at a lycée in Constantine in French Algeria in 1923/24, where he met his future second wife, Paule Pradel, and then at the University of Algiers until 1932, with a break for military service in the French Army of the Rhine in 1925/26. While in Algeria, he became fascinated by

2610-431: The longue durée approach to stress the slow and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past. The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and massive political upheavals in France, were very uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress inertia and the longue durée , arguing that

2697-399: The 12th century. Particular cities and later nation-states follow each other sequentially as centres of these cycles: Venice in the 13th through the 15th centuries (1250–1510); Antwerp and Genoa in the 16th century (1500–1569 and 1557–1627, respectively), Amsterdam in the 16th through 18th centuries (1627–1733); and London (and England) in the 18th and 19th centuries (1733–1896). He used

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2784-537: The Age of Philip II  [ fr ] ) without access to his personal collection of books and notes, which forced him to rely in that regard on his prodigious memory. According to his own account, the long-time perspective he took was in part a "direct existential" reaction to the troubling war news. By "choosing the position of God the Father himself as a refuge" he sought to assert the "perdurability and majestic immobility" of

2871-517: The Corail, HaStec, and TEPSIS Labex laboratories joined the list with EHESS and EPHE becoming members of PSL. Also in 2011, PSL's institutions presented ten projects under the "Equipped with excellence" (Equipex) program. Among the initial submissions, they obtained eight Equipex facilities: BEDOFIH, D-FIH, Equip@Meso, ICGex, IPGG, Paris-en-Resonnance, Planaqua, Ultrabrain. These projects have received funding ranging from 2 to 10 million euros. In 2017, after

2958-618: The EPHE has been setting up specialized centers which draw on the same scientific resources of the Sections, but whose primary purpose is to develop disciplinary expertise and vocational training, and to disseminate scholarly knowledge. Three institutes have been established to date : The European Institute of Religious Sciences (IESR), the Pacific Coral Reef Institute (IRCP) and the Transdisciplinary Institute for

3045-1018: The EPHE or worked in its laboratories. We may cite the following: Émile Benveniste (1928-1975), Fernand Braudel (1938-1953), Claude Bernard , André Berthelot (Vice-President), Marcellin Berthelot , Michel Bréal (1893-1913), Paul Broca , Jean-Baptiste Charcot , Henry Corbin (1938-1977), Georges Dumézil (1933-1967), Lucien Febvre (1943-1947), Étienne Gilson (1930-1941), Marcel Granet (1930-1939), Joseph Halévy (1887-1916), Bernard Halpern , Alexandre Kojève (1933-1939), Alexandre Koyré (1931-1961), Camille-Ernest Labrousse (1936-1952), Claude Lévi-Strauss (1950-1967), Sylvain Lévi , Alfred Loisy , Auguste Longnon (1887-1911), Gaston Maspero (1872-1915), Louis Massignon (1932-1957), Marcel Mauss (1930-1938), Gabriel Monod (1887-1911), Gaston Paris (1887-1904), Lucie Randoin , Jean Rouch (1959-1992), Émile Roux , Ferdinand de Saussure , Rolf Stein , William Henry Waddington , Henri Wallon ... Since 2006,

3132-494: The EPHE such as the Education and International Relations divisions. The Doctoral School is organized along three subject areas: 48°49′52″N 2°20′24″E  /  48.8311°N 2.3400°E  / 48.8311; 2.3400 PSL Research University Paris Sciences et Lettres University ( PSL University or simply PSL ) is a public research university and Grand établissement based in Paris , France. It

3219-546: The Executive Committee (the president, vice-presidents, and deans), supported by the Council of Members. PSL offers education from undergraduate to doctoral level, across all academic disciplines, including life sciences , physical sciences , humanities and social sciences , creative arts , economics , administration and management. All of PSL's institutions have adopted a model of education through research. PSL and

3306-537: The French civilizing mission , and helped the São Paulo elites in their project of achieving social and national hegemony. His colleagues included João Cruz Costa , Roberto Simonsen and Caio Prado Júnior . The evening lectures of French professors were attended by the city governor Armando de Sales Oliveira and Marshal Cândido Rondon . Braudel made use of his stay for intellectual experimentation and he later said that

3393-563: The French government launched a call for proposals to boost higher education: the Investing for the Future program (also called the grand emprunt ). PSL has successfully responded to several calls for proposals. In 2011, with the Initiatives for Excellence call for proposals, PSL was one of the first three projects selected, along with University of Bordeaux and University of Strasbourg . While

3480-778: The Master's and PhD level and offer a Bachelor's program, with an emphasis on equal opportunity students (40% scholarship students in the CPES multidisciplinary preparatory class). Between 2011 and 2012, ten new institutions joined the foundation: Conservatoire national supérieur d'Art dramatique , Conservatoire national supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris , École nationale supérieure des Arts décoratifs , École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts , La Fémis , Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Foundation for Research, Institut Curie , Institut Louis-Bachelier, MINES ParisTech and Université Paris-Dauphine . Their arrival reinforced PSL's scientific potential in

3567-678: The Mediterranean against the "fleeting occurrence" of political events which he associated with the "daily misery" of the camp. He sent completed copy books to Febvre in Paris , first apparently through the International Red Cross , and after obtaining written authorisation from the OKW in November 1942 via the German embassy in Paris . He occasionally dispatched books to Febvre as well. He edited his work after his release in 1945 by checking it against

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3654-565: The Study of Aging (ITEV). More recently the EPHE has undertaken, as one of nine project sponsors, to create a new research campus in the human and social sciences, the “ Campus Condorcet ”. Finally, the school has joined PSL, Paris Sciences et Lettres in December 2014. Courses at the EPHE are taught in accordance with the institution's founding educational principle: to train in research by means of adapted practice in lectures, seminars or lab sessions, in

3741-637: The University of Paris in 1947. In that year, with Febvre and Charles Morazé  [ fr ] , he obtained funding from the French government and the Rockefeller Foundation (which had previously supported the wartime exile École libre des hautes études in New York) to set up the Sixième section for economic and social sciences at the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), which then became

3828-574: The World", was strongly influenced by the work of German scholars like Werner Sombart . In it, Braudel traces the impact of the centers of Western capitalism on the rest of the world. Braudel wrote the series as a way of explanation for the modern way and partly as a refutation of the Marxist view of history. Braudel discussed the idea of long-term cycles in the capitalist economy that he saw developing in Europe in

3915-437: The archival material that survived the war in a metal container in the basement of his Paris house. He cut portions from the copy books and re-arranged the text with new insertions, then destroyed the manuscripts – only a fragment gifted to Febvre has survived. During the war, his wife and children lived in Algeria. Braudel became the leader of the second generation of Annales historians after 1945. He defended his thesis at

4002-492: The area of research extends into the most diverse cultural and linguistic fields, from Antiquity to modern and contemporary times. Strongly committed to the philological tradition, it also naturally draws on disciplines or resources as diverse and complementary as history, archeology, iconology, law, philosophy, ethnology, anthropology and sociology, as well as the cinema and new technologies. The Section included 54 full professors and 12 lecturers in 2010, and it welcomes every year

4089-548: The camp authorities and the right to borrow books and journals from the well-provisioned municipal library for his research. Under the Geneva Convention he received his pay, which he used to buy German books (e.g. the works of Werner Sombart and Max Weber ), and was able to order material from France, including the full collection of the Annales . In June 1942, suspected of " Gaullist " (i.e. French Resistance ) involvement, he

4176-534: The continuities in the deepest structures of society were central to history. Upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history, they argued, lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of revolutionaries . They rejected the Marxist idea that history should be used as a tool to foment and foster revolutions. A proponent of historical materialism himself, Braudel rejected Marxist dialectical , stressing

4263-550: The diversity of project participants has sometimes been cited as a weakness, the promoters of PSL underline the complementarity of its institutions and the potential for collaboration. The funding of the Excellence Initiative has, in addition, supported the creation of 11 Laboratories of excellence (Labex) within PSL: CelTisPhyBio, DCBIOL, DEEP, DYNAMO, ENS-ICFP, ESEP, IEC, IPGG , MemoLife, TransferS, and WIFI. In 2014,

4350-547: The département of the Meuse , France. He grew up in a pre-industrial rural setting with his grandmother until at the age of seven he joined his father in Paris . His father, a mathematics teacher, aided him in his studies. His maternal grandfather had been a Communard , and Braudel was reluctant to mention this side of his family. Braudel was educated at the Lycée Voltaire (1913–20), where he studied Latin and Greek , and at

4437-674: The editor-in-chief of the Annales in 1957, which completed his rise to unrivalled influence on the development of the historical studies in France in the post-war years. He received an additional $ 1 million from the Ford Foundation in 1960. In 1962, he and Gaston Berger used the Ford Foundation grant and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme  [ fr ] (FMSH), which Braudel directed from 1970 to his death. It

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4524-416: The equal importance of infrastructure and superstructure , both of which reflected enduring social, economic, and cultural realities. Braudel's structures, both mental and environmental, determine the long-term course of events by constraining actions on, and by, humans over a duration long enough that they are beyond the consciousness of the actors involved. A feature of Braudel's work was his compassion for

4611-492: The fields of engineering , biology , the arts , and management . In 2014, another four institutions specializing in humanities and social science joined the association: École française d'Extrême-Orient , École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École nationale des Chartes , and École pratique des hautes études (EPHE). In 2015, PSL organized itself into a university community ( ComUE : PSL Research University). PSL began awarding PhDs at that point. In 2010,

4698-449: The first edition. It was only with the publishing of the English translation of the second edition of his book that Braudel's work began to make an impact on Anglophone scholarship. After La Méditerranée , Braudel's most famous work is Civilisation Matérielle, Économie et Capitalisme, XV -XVIII ("Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century"). The first volume was published in 1967 and

4785-413: The focus of Part 3 of The Mediterranean , which treats of "events, politics and people." Braudel's Mediterranean is centered on the sea, but just as importantly, it is also the desert and the mountains. The desert creates a nomadic form of social organization where the whole community moves; mountain life is sedentary. Transhumance the movement from the mountain to the plain or vice versa in a given season

4872-706: The following areas: Earth and Life Sciences; Historical and Philological Sciences; Religious Sciences. This tradition, which has endured since the founding of the EPHE, is at the root of the EPHE's main vocation in preparing for research degrees today. The EPHE also confers the Habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR) and offers joint university degrees (“DIU”) in collaboration with other institutions. The Earth and Life Sciences Section groups faculty and laboratories in Paris and throughout France. All laboratories have joint research units in place with other institutions (universities, CNRS, INSERM, INRIA , MNHN). One laboratory

4959-553: The following research fields: law, economics, and business administration; literature, literary theory, and philosophy; aesthetics and art theory; life and health sciences; area studies; energy and engineering; physics; chemistry; history; anthropology; informatics and data science; mathematics; materials science and soft matter science; cognitive science; sociology; earth and space science; religious studies; archaeology and heritage science. The first recognition of PSL's existence as an integrated university came in 2017, when it appeared on

5046-593: The formation of research networks (in various forms including PRES and RTRA), paved the way for new projects such as Paris Universitas , PRES ParisTech and an early version of the PSL project. This new organization combined five institutions of higher education in the Latin Quarter: Chimie ParisTech , Collège de France , École normale supérieure (Paris) , École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris) , and Observatoire de Paris . Together, they adopted

5133-467: The francophile Julio de Mesquita Filho invited the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and Braudel to help develop one. The result was the establishment of the new University of São Paulo on 25 January 1934. Braudel left for Brazil in March 1935, after the birth of his daughter, and took up the post vacated by Émile Coornaert . He worked within the state-promoted ideological framework of Pan-Latinism , part of

5220-625: The funnel for all historical research in France. In 1948, the Centre de recherches historiques was established there, with Braudel as its director. In 1949 he was elected by the professors of the Collège de France as one of their number upon Febvre's retirement. He co-founded the academic journal Revue économique , in 1950. He became the head of the Sixième section at EPHE after the death of Febvre in 1956 and attracted scholars such as Roland Barthes and Jacques Lacan to join its activities. He became

5307-591: The governance of the University. Associate members contribute to the strategy of the University, receive financial resources from PSL University and may carry scientific programs on behalf and by delegation thereof. PSL is a collegiate university (17,000 students). It consists of 11 constituent schools, with plans to gradually expand to include some or all other associate colleges. Three national research organisations ( CNRS , Inserm , Inria ) are involved in governance and help to define PSL's strategy, with which they coordinate their own strategies. The current president

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5394-587: The help of his wife. From 1932 to 1935 he taught in the Paris lycées (secondary schools) of Pasteur , Condorcet and Henri-IV . During this period he first met Lucien Febvre , the co-founder of the Annales journal (1929). By 1900, the French had solidified their cultural influence in Brazil by the establishment of the Brazilian Academy of Fine Arts. São Paulo still lacked a university, however, and in 1934,

5481-424: The influence of the Annales School. In 1938 he entered the École pratique des hautes études as an instructor in history. He worked with Febvre, who would later read the early versions of Braudel's magnum opus and provide him with editorial advice. He started writing his book on Philip II's Mediterranean at Febvre's house in the Juras . He only took a stance on current politics when expressing condemnation of

5568-411: The majority of the population. An agrarian structure is a long-term structure in the Braudelian understanding of the concept. On a larger scale the agrarian structure is more dependent on the regional, social, cultural and historical factors than on the state's undertaken activities. Braudel's last and most personal book was L'Identité de la France ( The Identity of France ), which was unfinished at

5655-578: The new statutes of the University were published. A few changes had occurred in the list of constituents, with nine institutions approving the new statutes and becoming établissement-composante (constituent colleges): Chimie ParisTech , Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique , École Nationale des Chartes , École normale supérieure , École pratique des hautes études , ESPCI Paris , Observatoire de Paris , MINES ParisTech , Paris Dauphine . Additionally, College de France and Institut Curie became associate members, participating closely in

5742-518: The peasant mentalité , which despite all of the turmoil of French history and the Industrial Revolution, has survived intact right up to the present. In this book, he expressed a conviction that economics is "the most scientific of the sciences of man", while history is merely an imperfect one. According to Braudel, before the Annales approach, the writing of history was focused on the courte durée (short span), or on histoire événementielle (a history of events). His followers admired his use of

5829-412: The publisher Droz Publisher: Established in 1886, the Religious Sciences Section is reputed for its original scholarship in the subject of religions, which it examines in a secular and cross-cultural spirit. By emphasizing comparative and interdisciplinary study, it is the only academic body in France to cover this field so extensively, using a wide range of scientific approaches. The Section's teaching in

5916-758: The schools and institutions that form the university to adopt a unified strategy, to submit to the budgetary authority of the president of the university, to jointly plan their recruitment, and to transfer the whole of their diplomas to PSL. Towards the end of the process, in 2018, one of the former members, EHESS , did not approve the new statutes and decided not to be part of the target university. Beaux-Arts de Paris, Collège de France, Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique, Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris, École Française d'Extrême-Orient, École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, La Fémis, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique and Institut Louis Bachelier are recognized as associates of

6003-467: The status of a scientific cooperation foundation (FCS) (fr) . The new entity, called "Paris Sciences et Lettres – Quartier Latin", was initially conceived as a scientific alliance. In 2011, the five institutions submitted a joint application for the Initiatives for Excellence (IDEX) as part of France's Investing for the Future program (PIA), causing the project to evolve into a new form of French university. This university would have 70% of its students at

6090-486: The study of languages, the explanation and commentary of documentary sources, written and book history, and the history of knowledge. Geographically, the emphasis is on the Mediterranean, Asia and Europe, where writing was earliest developed. It remains a field of choice for philological and, more generally, scholarly criticism of written and unwritten sources, aimed at resolving questions of language and history. The Section may also be regarded as one large laboratory devoted to

6177-620: The study of works, cultures and power systems in periods preceding contemporary times, and reaching back over a very long time span within a vast Eurasian area. In 2010, the Section included 92 full professors and lecturers, and it welcomes every year a large number of foreign scholars as guest fellows. Topics covered by the Historical and Philological Sciences Section fall into eight broad categories: Historical and Philological Sciences Publications : The Historical and Philological Sciences Section publishes two collections at Editions Honoré Champion: It also publishes six other collections at

6264-543: The suffering of marginal people. He articulated the view that most surviving historical sources come from the literate wealthy classes. He emphasised the importance of the ephemeral lives of slaves, serfs, peasants and the urban poor, and demonstrated their contributions to the wealth and power of their respective masters and societies. His work was often illustrated with contemporary depictions of daily life and rarely with pictures of noblemen or kings. He chose to emphasise constraints on human agency – as J. H. Elliott noted in

6351-684: The time in Brazil had been the "greatest period of his life". Braudel was fascinated with Sao Paulo's rapid vertical growth in the early Vargas Era and noted the Paulista academics' claims that "there is no social question " in the new world. Unlike Lévi-Strauss, he did not actively support the Communist-backed National Liberation Alliance , but took a more centrist position. He compared Brazil favourably – on account of its "social malleability" and tabula rasa development as

6438-413: The time of his death in 1985. Unlike in many of Braudel's other books, he makes no secret of his profound love of his country in this book and remarks at the beginning that he had loved France as if she were a woman. Reflecting his interest with the longue durée , Braudel's concern in L'Identité de la France was with the centuries and millennia, instead of the years and decades. Braudel argued that France

6525-455: The umbrella of PSL between l' Université Paris-Dauphine and the Ecole normale supérieure , was the specialization Peace Studies launched in 2014 within the Master of International affairs and development. More than 70% of PSL students are at the Master's or PhD level. University PSL Graduate Programs are inspired by the graduate schools that can be found in most of the world's research universities. The first two programs of this kind are

6612-543: The unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). He was a member of the Annales School of French historiography and social history in the 1950s and 1960s. Braudel emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history. In a 2011 poll by History Today magazine, he was named the most important historian of the previous 60 years. Braudel was born in Luméville-en-Ornois in

6699-418: The university pending later integration. In December 2018, an opportunity to formally create a full university arose with a new Ordonnance (ordinance) allowing to create a collegiate university , whose constituents may keep their legal personality , similar to British collegiate universities like Oxford and Cambridge . In November 2019, a decree creating Université PSL as a collegiate university and

6786-660: The word "structures" to denote a variety of social structures , such as organized behaviours, attitudes, and conventions, as well as physical structures and infrastructures. He argued that the structures established in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to the successes of present-day European-based cultures. He attributed much of that to the long-standing independence of city-states, which, though later subjugated by larger geographic states, were not always completely suppressed, probably for reasons of utility. Braudel argues that capitalists have typically been monopolists and not, as

6873-552: The worldwide profile of the Annales School . In the 1966 second edition to his book, which went further in the direction of seeking scientific precision through economic quantification, Braudel claimed that over the previous twenty to thirty years "the chain of economic events and their short-term conjunctures" had been established as a less obvious alternative to the traditional "chain of political events". The second edition appeared in 70,000 copies, in contrast to 2,500 copies of

6960-568: Was added in 1869, but was not developed. Section V, Religious Sciences, was added in 1886. Section VI, called Economic and Social Sciences, was founded after the Second World War. This section included the study of anthropology, and the French made substantial contributions to these fields, particularly in the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss and others. Their scholars were doing research in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. There

7047-532: Was also research in ethnopsychoanalysis and ethnopsychiatry, particularly by Georges Devereux , who joined the Section in 1963 and influenced more than a generation of scholars. In 1975 Section VI was separated to establish a new school, the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS). The institution has been reorganized into three Sections: Earth and Life Sciences, Historical and Philological Sciences, Religious Sciences. Many renowned scholars have lectured at

7134-506: Was being practiced in Germany at the time. Faculty members were to be dedicated, available to students and others for collaboration, accessible, and advance a form of education dependent on a framework of a direct relationship between the master and his disciple. The School originally had four Sections: Mathematics (I); Physics and Chemistry (II); Natural Sciences and Physiology (III); Philological and Historical Sciences (IV). An Economics Section

7221-728: Was established in 2010 and formally created as a university in 2019. It is a collegiate university with 11 constituent schools, with the oldest founded in 1530. PSL is located in central Paris , with its main sites in the Latin Quarter , at the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève Campus, at the Jourdan Campus, at Dauphine Campus , at Condorcet Campus , and at Carré Richelieu . PSL awards Bachelor's , Master's , and PhD diplomas for its constituent schools and institutes. It offers an education based on research and interdisciplinary instruction, and its 17,000 students have access to

7308-464: Was given by Maurice Druon . His first book, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II (1949) ( The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II ) was his most influential and has been described as a "watershed". For Braudel there is no single Mediterranean Sea. There are many seas, indeed a "vast, complex expanse" within which men operate. Life

7395-403: Was housed in the building called "Maison des Sciences de l'Homme" . FMSH focused its activities on international networking in order to disseminate the Annales approach to the rest of Europe and to the world. In 1972 Braudel gave up all editorial responsibility on the Annales journal, but his name remained on the masthead. In 1962 Braudel wrote A History of Civilizations as the basis for

7482-401: Was transferred to a camp for special category prisoners ( Oflag X-C ) near Lübeck , where he remained for the rest of the war. In the camp, he befriended some Catholic clerics and the historian Henri Brunschwig  [ fr ] . Braudel drafted his great work La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II ( The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in

7569-495: Was translated to English in 1973. The last of the three-volume work appeared in 1979. The work is a broad-scale history of the pre-industrial modern world focusing on how regular people made economies work. Like all of Braudel's other major works, it mixes traditional economic material with thick description of the social impact of economic events on various facets of everyday life, including food , fashion and other social customs . The third volume, subtitled "The Perspective of

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