Enga is a language of the East New Guinea Highlands spoken by a quarter-million people in Enga Province , Papua New Guinea . It has the largest number of speakers of any Trans–New Guinea language, as well as any native language in New Guinea, and is second over all after Papuan Malay .
16-596: ENQ may refer to: Enga language EnQuest , a British petroleum company Enquiry character , in telecommunications Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ENQ . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ENQ&oldid=875781716 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
32-416: A central role in the syntax of the language, showing highly complex morphology . Enga is a mostly suffixing language. The basic word order is SOV . Akáli man dokó-mé DET - AG mená pig dóko DET p-í-á.y hit- PAST Akáli dokó-mé mená dóko p-í-á.y man DET-AG pig DET hit-PAST The man hit the pig. Suffix In linguistics , a suffix is an affix which
48-750: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Enga language An Enga-based pidgin is used by speakers of Arafundi languages . There are currently over 150,000 Enga people occupying the mountainous region ranging from Mount Hagen and westward to Porgera . Enga people are traditionally sedentary gardeners who grow sweet potatoes as their staple crop , and who keep pigs and fowls. Coffee and pyrethrum are also grown as cash crops in Enga culture. Pigs, pearls, shells, axes, and plumes are items of wealth and signify social occasions when exchanged or circulated. Enga clans have boundaries defining their homesteads across
64-537: Is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings , which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry grammatical information ( inflectional endings) or lexical information ( derivational /lexical suffixes) . Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation. Particularly in
80-419: Is pronounced as fricative [x] between low and back vowels. /t/ is pronounced as [r] intervocalically. /ts/ may also be realised as [s]. All final vowels are devoiced. Alveolar stops /t, ⁿd/ may be realised as retroflex [ʈ, ᶯɖ]. The Enga orthography includes 21 different letters. Enga nouns co-occur with modifiers dóko and méndé as the and a, some, or else , which play a role in the noun class system of
96-414: Is the conjunctive suffix -pi meaning 'and' or 'even', two different suffixes -le meaning 'rather' or -yalé 'like' to indicate similarity, two different suffixes -mba 'very' or an argumentative -mba to indicate emphasis or contrast. These two forms of -mba differ in meaning as well as tone. When it is used in a argumentative sense it is said with a higher tone than previous syllables versus when it
112-551: Is used to emphasize. Although it includes conjunctive suffixes, Enga does not actually include any conjunction words such as 'and' other than pánde 'or'. Instead those conjunctive suffixes are used to combine the noun or noun phrase with all the noun phrases and then typically followed by the determiner. Enga pronouns stand out morphosyntactically but can vary from dialects: These pronouns are similar to animates in that determiners may occur in agentive, and possessive cases, but not used instrumentally or locative. Enga verbs play
128-407: The agentive or possessive cases, but not used instrumentally or locative. Body parts are in the animate class and can include words like kíngi (arm), pungí (liver), and yanúngí (skin, body). These differ from the previous classes in which they may have a determiner occur either as the instrumental or locative, but not in the agentive or possessive cases. Location nouns are used to determine
144-464: The chart below it shows the case distribution and the noun classes in relation to one another. dóko or méndé (pronoun) (body part) (artifacts) Animates can occur in different subclasses such as proper names. Some examples of animates can include takánge (father), endángi (mother), Aluá (a man's name), Pasóne (a woman's name), or mená (pig). All of which would include a determiner being either demonstrative or indefinite and can be with
160-628: The grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . In several languages, this is realized by an inflectional suffix, also known as desinence . In the example: the suffix -d inflects the root -word fade to indicate past participle. Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after the inflection. Inflectional suffixes in Modern English include: Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation. In English, they include A suffix will often change
176-617: The language. Akáli man dóko the epe-ly-á-mo. come- PRES Akáli dóko epe-ly-á-mo. man the come-PRES The man is coming. Akáli man méndé a epe-ly-á-mo. come- PRES Akáli méndé epe-ly-á-mo. man a come-PRES A man is coming. Noun classes in Enga appear to be cued primarily through syntactic patterns. The classes denote animates, inanimates, body parts, locationals, events, colors, inner states, and other minor classes. Nouns may also be inflected for cases such as agentive AG , instrumental INST, possessive POSS, locative LOC , and temporal. In
SECTION 10
#1732848912150192-729: The noun such as tense, aspect, person, number, gender or mood. The suffixes can be broken down into two main groups: case suffixes and others. Case suffixes are exclusively expressed in noun and noun phrases while other suffixes can be on either noun and noun phrases or verb and verb phrases. Enga differentiates nouns from noun phrases though the case endings. There are seven different cases in which these are formally marked: associative -pa (only two)/ -pipa (two or more), agentive -me/-mi, instrumental -me/mi, possessive -nya, locative -nya/-sa/-ka, temporal -sa/-nya/-pa, and vocative -oo. Other suffixes, besides case suffixes, are broken into six different categories and occur only on nouns. There
208-412: The place. These words can include kákasa (bush), Wápaka (Wabag- a place), or Lakáipa (Lagaipa- a river). This class only uses a determiner in the location case and nothing else. The noun morphology of Enga is an exclusively suffixing language. These suffixes are generally the last member of the noun phrase, being either the determiner or the adjective. This expresses the inflectional categories of
224-445: The stress or accent pattern of a multi-syllable word, altering the phoneme pattern of the root word even if the root's morphology does not change. An example is the difference between "photograph" and "photography". In this case, the "-y" ending governs the stress pattern, causing the primary stress to shift from the first syllable ("pho-") to the antepenultimate ("-to-"). The unaccented syllables have their ordinary vowel sound changed to
240-447: The study of Semitic languages , suffixes are called affirmatives , as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies , a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root ). A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid or a semi-suffix (e.g., English -like or German -freundlich "friendly"). Inflection changes
256-415: The territory and have been known to fight with each other over land, marriage exchanges, or vengeance. Men and women traditionally occupy different homes because Enga myths postulate that women may be unclean and dangerous to men. Enga society is not organised around a single chief or headman, rather it is wealthy men who have political and administrative control. Vowel sounds include /i e ɑ o u/. /k/
#149850