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20-541: Power was provided by a 16- cylinder 710G3A diesel engine, which could produce 3,800 horsepower (2,800 kW). This locomotive was 59 feet 9 inches long and featured a 3,700-US-gallon (14,000 L) fuel tank. The GP60 series shared the same frame as the GP59 . Cabless 'B' units of this locomotive model were also built; they were known as GP60B models. Units built with a North American Safety Cab were designated GP60M . These latter two types were purchased exclusively by

40-413: A steam engine is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder. Cylinders were cast in cast iron and later in steel. The cylinder casting can include other features such as valve ports and mounting feet. The cylinder is the space through which the piston travels, propelled by the energy generated from the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in

60-511: A high-output engine. The coating was further developed as a replacement for hard-chrome plated cylinder bores for Mercury Marine Racing, and Kohler Engines, and as a repair replacement for factory-chromed snowmobiles , dirt bikes , ATVs, watercraft, and automotive V8 liners/bores. Nikasil is short for nickel silicon carbide. Silicon carbide is a very hard ceramic (much harder than steel ) that can be dissolved in nickel . The nickel silicon carbide solution can then be electroplated onto

80-412: A more even temperature distribution; however, this design reduces the rigidity of the engine. Nikasil Nikasil is a trademarked electrodeposited lipophilic nickel matrix silicon carbide coating for engine components, mainly piston engine cylinder liners . Nikasil was introduced by Mahle in 1967 and was initially developed to allow Wankel engine apex seals to work directly against

100-450: A short time switched to Alusil due to cost savings for their base 911 . Nikasil cylinders were always used for the 911 Turbo and RS models. Nikasil coated aluminium cylinders allowed Porsche to build air-cooled engines that had the highest specific output of any engine of their time. Nikasil was very popular in the 1990s. It was used by companies such as BMW , Ducati , Jaguar and Moto Guzzi in their new engine families. However,

120-414: Is called a jug. For motorcycle engines, a "reverse cylinder engine" is where the intake ports are on the front side of each cylinder, and the exhaust ports are on the rear side of each cylinder. Cylinder liners (also known as sleeves) are thin metal cylinder-shaped parts which are inserted into the engine block to form the inner wall of the cylinder. Alternatively, an engine can be 'sleeveless', where

140-418: Is extremely durable, cylinders do not need to be reworked as often as you would an iron or chrome cylinder, usually only requiring deglazing before re-ringing. However, if there is damage to the plating, the cylinder must be stripped before it can be bored and re-plated. Porsche started using Nikasil on the 1970 917 race car, and later on the 1973 911 RS . Porsche also used it on production cars, but for

160-542: The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . A total of 294 GP60, 23 GP60B and 63 GP60M units were built by EMD. Due to the mainstream focus of railroads on powerful six-axle units, and strict emissions standards, aside from the collaborations with Motive Power Incorporated, the GP60 is the last new EMD "Geep". Santa Fe followed its 40 standard-cab GP60s with an order for 63 custom GP60Ms. The GP60M featured North American Safety cabs, and

180-457: The aluminium cylinder bore. After the cylinders are plated, the Nikasil bores are diamond-honed to a plateau finish. Pistons will need to be fitted with Nikasil compatible piston rings as chrome rings commonly used with cast iron bores are not compatible. Due to Nikasil's hardness, the resulting cylinder bores are usually long-lived with less cylinder wear than other types of cylinders. As Nikasil

200-481: The aluminum block. This coating allowed aluminum cylinders and pistons to work directly against each other with low wear and friction . Unlike other methods, including cast iron cylinder liners, Nikasil allowed very large cylinder bores with tight tolerances . This made it possible for existing engine designs to be expanded easily. The aluminum cylinders also gave a much better heat conductivity and lower friction than cast iron liners, an important attribute for

220-531: The dynamic brake equipment on the GP60B was moved forward and away from the prime mover. Santa Fe 325–347 were the only GP60Bs. Some of these remain in service with BNSF ; one of them, GP60B 347, was rebuilt into a standard GP60 by applying the cab of a Union Pacific SD40-2 to the locomotive in 2010. Rio Grande's first (and last) 60 series units were GP60s 3154–3156, built to SP specs in May 1990. Southern Pacific purchased

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240-452: The sulfur found in much of the world's low-quality gasoline caused some Nikasil cylinders to break down over time, causing costly engine failures. Porsche engines did suffer from many issues caused by high sulfur content fuels. Nikasil or similar coatings under other trademarks are also still widely used in racing engines, including those used in Formula One and ChampCar . Suzuki uses

260-413: The boring. Most engines use 'dry liners', where the liner is surrounded by the engine block and does not make contact with the coolant. However, cylinders with 'wet liners' are used in some water-cooled engines, especially French designs. The wet liners are formed separately from the main casting so that liquid coolant is free to flow around their outsides. The advantage of wet liners is better cooling and

280-418: The combustion chamber. In an air-cooled engine , the walls of the cylinders are exposed to the airflow, to provide the primary method of cooling to the engine. Most air-cooled engines have cooling fins on the cylinders and each cylinder has a separate case in order to maximise the surface area available for cooling. In engines where the cylinders are removable from the engine block, a removable single cylinder

300-400: The cylinder is formed from either a thin metallic liner (also called "sleeve") or a surface coating applied to the engine block. A piston is seated inside each cylinder by several metal piston rings , which also provide seals for compression and the lubricating oil. The piston rings do not actually touch the cylinder walls, instead they ride on a thin layer of lubricating oil. The cylinder in

320-409: The cylinder liner is replaceable, in case it becomes worn or damaged. On engines without replaceable sleeves, the cylinder can sometimes be repaired by boring out the existing liner to produce a new smooth and round surface (although the diameter of the cylinder is slightly increased). Another repair technique is 'sleeving' the cylinder— boring it and then installing a sleeve in the extra space created by

340-411: The cylinder walls are formed by the engine block with a wear-resistant coating, such as Nikasil or plasma-sprayed bores. During use, the cylinder liner is subject to wear from the rubbing action of the piston rings and piston skirt. This wear is minimized by the thin oil film which coats the cylinder walls and also by a layer of glaze which naturally forms as the engine is run-in. On some engines,

360-554: The first, last, and largest fleet of GP60s, ordering 195 units between December 1987 and February 1994. Nearly half of the SP Fleet was lettered for subsidiary Cotton Belt, but an even hundred were directly Southern Pacific. Two units built for the Texas Mexican Railway were returned to lessor Helm Financial after Kansas City Southern acquired the "Tex Mex". The pair operated for a while in lease service on CSX, then were briefly on

380-483: The roster of the Vermont Railway System (VRS) as its 381–382 before that carrier deemed them unsuitable for its operations. 381 was even repainted into VRS red and white before being returned to Helm in 2004. These units were then sold to BNSF as No. 168 and No. 169. Cylinder (engine) In a reciprocating engine , the cylinder is the space in which a piston travels. The inner surface of

400-407: Was the only 60 Series B-B locomotive with this feature. The nose has a headlight that is slightly offset to the right to accommodate the front door. The first new units delivered in the road's revived "Super Fleet" Warbonnet Paint Scheme. Santa Fe GP60Ms 100–162 were delivered between May and September 1990. 23 GP60 B units were built, all for Santa Fe. Taking advantage of the cabless configuration,

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