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58-550: Blender was initially developed as an in-house application by the Dutch animation studio NeoGeo (no relation to the video game brand ), and was officially launched on January 2, 1994. Version 1.00 was released in January 1995, with the primary author being the company co-owner and software developer Ton Roosendaal . The name Blender was inspired by a song by the Swiss electronic band Yello , from

116-438: A 3D accelerated graphics card . There are many disadvantages to representing an object using polygons. Polygons are incapable of accurately representing curved surfaces, so a large number of them must be used to approximate curves in a visually appealing manner. The use of complex models has a cost in lowered speed. In scanline conversion , each polygon must be converted and displayed, regardless of size, and there are frequently

174-486: A Number Technologies (NaN) in June 1998 to further develop Blender, initially distributing it as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. This also resulted in the discontinuation of Blender's development. In May 2002, Roosendaal started the non-profit Blender Foundation , with the first goal to find a way to continue developing and promoting Blender as a community-based open-source project. On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal started

232-534: A US$ 650 console, SNK expanded sales and marketing into the home console market. The Neo Geo console was officially launched on 31 January 1990 in Osaka , Japan. The AES is identical to its arcade counterpart, the MVS, so arcade games released for the home market are nearly identical conversions. The Neo Geo CD, released in 1994, was initially an upgrade from the original AES. This console uses CDs instead of ROM cartridges like

290-453: A certain object. (Note that the shader nodes editor is shown in the image, although mostly correct, has undergone a slight change, changing how the UI is structured and looks. Materials define the look of meshes , NURBS curves , and other geometric objects. They consist of three shaders to define the mesh's surface appearance, volume inside, and surface displacement. The surface shader defines

348-926: A cube or plane. The largest Blender contest gives out an award called the Suzanne Award , underscoring the significance of this unique 3D model in the Blender community. Blender has support for a variety of geometric primitives , including polygon meshes , Bézier curves , NURBS surfaces, metaballs , icospheres , text, and an n-gon modeling system called B-mesh. There is also an advanced polygonal modelling system which can be accessed through an edit mode. It supports features such as extrusion, bevelling , and subdividing. Modifiers apply non-destructive effects which can be applied upon rendering or exporting, such as subdivision surfaces . Blender has multi-resolution digital sculpting , which includes dynamic topology, "baking", remeshing, re-symmetrization, and decimation. The latter

406-442: A cup. It uses Lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) to simulate fluids and allows for plenty of adjustment of particles and resolution. The particle physics fluid simulation creates particles that follow the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics method. Blender has simulation tools for soft-body dynamics , including mesh collision detection , LBM fluid dynamics , smoke simulation, Bullet rigid-body dynamics, an ocean generator with waves,

464-607: A full 3D pipeline. Blender includes three render engines since version 2.80: EEVEE, Workbench and Cycles. Cycles is a path tracing render engine. It supports rendering through both the CPU and the GPU . Cycles supports the Open Shading Language since Blender 2.65. Cycles Hybrid Rendering is possible in Version 2.92 with Optix. Tiles are calculated with GPU in combination with CPU. EEVEE

522-443: A large number of models on the screen at any given time. Often, programmers must use multiple models at varying levels of detail to represent the same object in order to cut down on the number of polygons being rendered. The main advantage of polygons is that they are faster than other representations. While a modern graphics card can show a highly detailed scene at a frame rate of 60 frames per second or higher, surface modelers ,

580-674: A non-linear video editor called the Video Sequence Editor (VSE), with support for effects like Gaussian blur , color grading , fade and wipe transitions, and other video transformations. However, there is no built-in multi-core support for rendering video with the VSE. Blender supports Python scripting for the creation of custom tools, prototyping, importing/exporting from other formats, and task automation. This allows for integration with several external render engines through plugins/addons. Blender itself can also be compiled & imported as

638-474: A particle system that includes support for particle-based hair, and real-time control during physics simulation and rendering. In Blender 2.82, a new fluid simulation system called Mantaflow was added, replacing the old FLIP system. In Blender 2.92, another fluid simulation system called APIC, which builds on Mantaflow, was added. Vortices and more stable calculations are improved from the FLIP system. Cloth simulation

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696-408: A polygon. Another way of looking at this is that the mesh cannot pierce itself. It is also desirable that the mesh not contain any errors such as doubled vertices, edges, or faces. For some purposes it is important that the mesh be a manifold – that is, that it does not contain holes or singularities (locations where two distinct sections of the mesh are connected by a single vertex). Although it

754-563: A python library for further automation and development. Blender features an internal file system that can pack multiple scenes into a single ".blend" file. A wide variety of import/export scripts that extend Blender capabilities (accessing the object data via an internal API ) make it possible to interoperate with other 3D tools. Blender organizes data as various kinds of "data blocks" (akin to glTF ), such as Objects, Meshes, Lamps, Scenes, Materials, Images, and so on. An object in Blender consists of multiple data blocks – for example, what

812-457: A sale of the company in 2001. Despite that, the original Neo Geo arcade and console continued receiving new games under new ownership until 2004. The Neo Geo brand was revived in 2012 with the release of the Neo Geo X handheld. Since then, a number of other Neo Geo products have been released based on the original Neo Geo. SNK's first two products using the Neo Geo name are an arcade system called

870-480: A skeleton for animation. Meshes can also be assigned weights and centers of gravity for use in physical simulation . To display a model on a computer screen outside of the modeling environment, it is necessary to store that model in one of the file formats listed below, and then use or write a program capable of loading from that format. The two main methods of displaying 3D polygon models are OpenGL and Direct3D . Both of these methods can be used with or without

928-436: A standard JAMMA system. The AES was the first video game console in the family. The hardware features comparatively colorful 2D graphics . The hardware was in part designed by Alpha Denshi (later ADK). Initially, the home system was only available for rent to commercial establishments, such as hotel chains, bars and restaurants, and other venues. When customer response indicated that some gamers were willing to buy

986-492: A three-dimensional vector perpendicular to the triangle's surface. Surface normals are useful for determining light transport in ray tracing, and are a key component of the popular Phong shading model. Some rendering systems use vertex normals instead of face normals to create a better-looking lighting system at the cost of more processing. Note that every triangle has two face normals, which point to opposite directions from each other. In many systems only one of these normals

1044-428: A very large number of operations which may be performed on polygonal meshes. Some of these roughly correspond to real-world manipulations of 3D objects, while others do not. Polygonal mesh operations include: Once a polygonal mesh has been constructed, further steps must be taken before it is useful for games, animation, etc. The model must be texture mapped to add colors and texture to the surface and it must be given

1102-441: Is a path-tracing render engine that is designed to be interactive and easy to use, while still supporting many features. It has been included with Blender since 2011, with the release of Blender 2.61. Cycles supports with AVX, AVX2 and AVX-512 extensions, as well as CPU acceleration in modern hardware. Cycles supports GPU rendering, which is used to speed up rendering times. There are three GPU rendering modes: CUDA , which

1160-483: Is a vertex , a point in three-dimensional space. Two vertices connected by a straight line become an edge . Three vertices, connected to each other by three edges, define a triangle , which is the simplest polygon in Euclidean space . More complex polygons can be created out of multiple triangles, or as a single object with more than 3 vertices. Four sided polygons (generally referred to as quads) and triangles are

1218-420: Is a "pure" path tracer. This integrator works by sending several light rays that act as photons from the camera out into the scene. These rays will eventually hit either: a light source, an object, or the world background. If these rays hit an object, they will bounce based on the angle of impact, and continue bouncing until a light source has been reached or until a maximum number of bounces, as determined by

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1276-417: Is a branched path tracing integrator, which works mostly the same way. Branched path tracing splits the light rays at each intersection with an object according to different surface components, and takes all lights into account for shading instead of just one. This added complexity makes computing each ray slower but reduces noise in the render, especially in scenes dominated by direct (one-bounce) lighting. This

1334-426: Is a new physically based real-time renderer. While it is capable of driving Blender's real-time viewport for creating assets thanks to its speed, it can also work as a renderer for final frames. Workbench is a real-time render engine designed for fast rendering during modelling and animation preview. It is not intended for final rendering. Workbench supports assigning colors to objects for visual distinction. Cycles

1392-412: Is considered valid – the other side of the polygon is referred to as a backface , and can be made visible or invisible depending on the programmer’s desires. Many modeling programs do not strictly enforce geometric theory; for example, it is possible for two vertices to have two distinct edges connecting them, occupying exactly the same spatial location. It is also possible for two vertices to exist at

1450-419: Is done by simulating vertices with a rigid body simulation. If done on a 3D mesh, it will produce similar effects as the soft body simulation. Blender's keyframed animation capabilities include inverse kinematics , armatures , hooks, curve- and lattice-based deformations , shape keys , non-linear animation, constraints, and vertex weighting . In addition, its Grease Pencil tools allow for 2D animation within

1508-474: Is possible to construct a mesh by manually specifying vertices and faces, it is much more common to build meshes using a variety of tools. A wide variety of 3D graphics software packages are available for use in constructing polygon meshes. One of the more popular methods of constructing meshes is box modeling , which uses two simple tools: A second common modeling method is sometimes referred to as inflation modeling or extrusion modeling . In this method,

1566-429: Is the core rendering algorithm used for lighting computations . Cycles currently supports a path tracing integrator with direct light sampling. It works well for a variety of lighting setups, but it is not as suitable for caustics and certain other complex lighting situations. Rays are traced from the camera into the scene, bouncing around until they find a light source (a lamp, an object material emitting light, or

1624-512: Is the preferred method for older Nvidia graphics cards; OptiX , which utilizes the hardware ray-tracing capabilities of Nvidia's Turing architecture & Ampere architecture ; HIP , which supports rendering on AMD Radeon graphics cards; and oneAPI for Intel Arc GPUs. The toolkit software associated with these rendering modes does not come within Blender and needs to be separately installed and configured as per their respective source instructions. Multiple GPUs are also supported (with

1682-623: Is used to simplify models for exporting purposes (an example being game assets). Blender has a node graph system for procedurally and non-destructively creating and manipulating geometry. It was first added to Blender 2.92, which focuses on object scattering and instancing. It takes the form of a modifier, so it can be stacked over other different modifiers. The system uses object attributes, which can be modified and overridden with string inputs. Attributes can include positions , normals and UV maps . All attributes can be viewed in an attribute spreadsheet editor. The Geometry Nodes utility also has

1740-480: Is what allows the use of .blend files as reusable resource libraries. Neo Geo Neo Geo is a brand of video game hardware developed by SNK . It was launched with the Neo Geo , an arcade system (called MVS) with a home console counterpart (AES). Games on the Neo Geo (MVS and AES) were well received and it spawned several long-running and critically acclaimed series, mostly 2D fighters. Later, SNK released

1798-544: The CDZ , which featured a faster CD drive and was only released in Japan. All three versions of the system have no region-lock. The Neo Geo CD was bundled with a control pad instead of a joystick like the AES. However, the original AES joystick can be used with all 3 Neo Geo CD models instead of the included control pads. The Hyper Neo Geo 64 is SNK 's second and final arcade system board in

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1856-643: The Neo Geo CD , a more cost-effective console with games released on compact discs , which was met with limited success. A new arcade system, Hyper Neo Geo 64 , was released in 1997, but it did not fare well. SNK also released a handheld console under the brand, the Neo Geo Pocket , which was quickly succeeded by the Neo Geo Pocket Color , which have been given praise despite its short lifetime. SNK encountered various legal and financial issues resulting in

1914-467: The surface normals to give the impression of displacement (also known as bump mapping ) – real, or a combination of real displacement with bump mapping. EEVEE (or Eevee) is a real-time PBR renderer included in Blender from version 2.8. This render engine was given the nickname EEVEE, after the Pokémon . The name was later made into the backronym "Extra Easy Virtual Environment Engine" or EEVEE. With

1972-483: The "Free Blender" campaign, a crowdfunding precursor. The campaign aimed at open-sourcing Blender for a one-time payment of €100,000 (USD 100,670 at the time), with the money being collected from the community. On September 7, 2002, it was announced that they had collected enough funds and would release the Blender source code . Today, Blender is free and open-source software, largely developed by its community as well as 26 full-time employees and 12 freelancers employed by

2030-411: The AES. The unit's (approximately) 1X CD-ROM drive was slow, making loading times very long with the system loading up to 56  Mbits of data between loads. Neo Geo CD game prices were low at US$ 50, in contrast to Neo Geo AES game cartridges which cost as much as US$ 300. The system could also play Audio CDs . Three models were released, the original top loader model, a revised front loader, and

2088-571: The Blender Institute. The Blender Foundation initially reserved the right to use dual licensing so that, in addition to GPL 2.0-or-later , Blender would have been available also under the "Blender License", which did not require disclosing source code but required payments to the Blender Foundation. However, this option was never exercised and was suspended indefinitely in 2005. Blender is solely available under "GNU GPLv2 or any later" and

2146-550: The Neo Geo Multi Video System (MVS) and a companion console called the Advanced Entertainment System (AES), both released in 1990. The MVS offers arcade operators the ability to put up to six different arcade games into a single cabinet, a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace. It comes in many different cabinets but basically consists of an add on board that can be linked to

2204-504: The Neo Geo family, released in 1997. The Hyper Neo Geo 64 was conceived as SNK's 3D debut into the fifth generation video game consoles . It provided the hardware basis for a home system that would replace their aging Neo Geo AES, one that SNK hoped would be capable of competing with fifth generation video game consoles. In 1999, the Hyper Neo Geo 64 was discontinued, with only seven games released for it in two years. The Neo Geo Pocket

2262-554: The album Baby , which NeoGeo used in its showreel . Some design choices and experiences for Blender were carried over from an earlier software application, called Traces, that Roosendaal developed for NeoGeo on the Commodore Amiga platform during the 1987–1991 period. On January 1, 1998, Blender was released publicly online as SGI freeware. NeoGeo was later dissolved, and its client contracts were taken over by another company. After NeoGeo's dissolution, Ton Roosendaal founded Not

2320-538: The capability of creating primitive meshes. In Blender 3.0, support for creating and modifying curves objects was added to Geometry Nodes; in the same release, the Geometry Nodes workflow was completely redesigned with fields, in order to make the system more intuitive and work like shader nodes. Blender can be used to simulate smoke, rain, dust, cloth, fluids, hair, and rigid bodies . The fluid simulator can be used for simulating liquids, like water being poured into

2378-423: The default 3D viewport drawing system for modeling, texturing, etc. Free and open-source: Proprietary : Blender allows procedural and node-based textures, as well as texture painting , projective painting, vertex painting , weight painting and dynamic painting. Blender has a node-based compositor within the rendering pipeline, which is accelerated with OpenCL , and in 4.0 it supports GPU. It also includes

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2436-452: The fate of the Blender software company, NaN, became evident as it faced imminent closure in March. Nevertheless, one more release was pushed out, Blender 2.25. As a sort of Easter egg and last personal tag, the artists and developers decided to add a 3D model of a chimpanzee head (called a "monkey" in the software). It was created by Willem-Paul van Overbruggen (SLiD3), who named it Suzanne, after

2494-495: The light interaction at the surface of the mesh. One or more bidirectional scattering distribution functions, or BSDFs , can specify if incoming light is reflected , refracted into the mesh, or absorbed . The alpha value is one measure of translucency. When the surface shader does not reflect or absorb light, it enters the volume (light transmission). If no volume shader is specified, it will pass straight through (or be refracted, see refractive index or IOR ) to another side of

2552-424: The mesh. If one is defined, a volume shader describes the light interaction as it passes through the volume of the mesh. Light may be scattered, absorbed, or even emitted at any point in the volume. The shape of the surface may be altered by displacement shaders . In this way, textures can be used to make the mesh surface more detailed. Depending on the settings, the displacement may be virtual-only modifying

2610-507: The most common shapes used in polygonal modeling. A group of polygons, connected to each other by shared vertices, is generally referred to as an element . Each of the polygons making up an element is called a face . In Euclidean geometry , any three non-collinear points determine a plane . For this reason, triangles always inhabit a single plane. This is not necessarily true of more complex polygons, however. The flat nature of triangles makes it simple to determine their surface normal ,

2668-550: The notable exception of the EEVEE render engine) which can be used to create a render farm to speed up rendering by processing frames or tiles in parallel—having multiple GPUs, however, does not increase the available memory since each GPU can only access its own memory. Since Version 2.90, this limitation of SLI cards is broken with Nvidia's NVLink . Apple's Metal API got initial implementation in Blender 3.1 for Apple computers with M1 chips and AMD graphics cards . The integrator

2726-591: The orangutan in the Kevin Smith film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back . Suzanne is Blender's alternative to more common test models such as the Utah Teapot and the Stanford Bunny . A low-polygon model with only 500 faces, Suzanne is included in Blender and often used as a quick and easy way to test materials, animations, rigs, textures, and lighting setups. It is as easily added to a scene as primitives such as

2784-809: The release of Blender 4.2 LTS in July 2024, EEVEE received an overhaul by its lead developer, Clément Foucault, called EEVEE Next. EEVEE Next boasts a variety of new features for Blender's real-time and rasterised renderer, including screen-space global illumination (SSGI) , virtual shadowmapping , sunlight extraction from HDRIs, and a rewritten system for reflections and indirect lighting via light probe volumes and cubemaps. EEVEE Next also brings improved volumetric rendering, along with support for displacement shaders and an improved depth of field system similar to Cycles. Plans for future releases of EEVEE include support for hardware-accelerated ray-tracing and continued improvements to performance and shader compilation. Using

2842-483: The same spatial coordinates, or two faces to exist at the same location. Situations such as these are usually not desired and many packages support an auto-cleanup function. If auto-cleanup is not present, however, they must be deleted manually. A group of polygons which are connected by shared vertices is referred to as a mesh . In order for a mesh to appear attractive when rendered , it is desirable that it be non-self-intersecting , meaning that no edge passes through

2900-775: The two pieces together. This ensures that the model will be symmetrical. Another common method of creating a polygonal mesh is by connecting together various primitives , which are predefined polygonal meshes created by the modeling environment. Common primitives include: Finally, some specialized methods of constructing high or low detail meshes exist. Sketch based modeling is a user-friendly interface for constructing low-detail models quickly, while 3D scanners can be used to create high detail meshes based on existing real-world objects in an almost automatic way. These devices are very expensive, and are generally only used by researchers and industry professionals but can generate high accuracy sub-millimetric digital representations. There are

2958-450: The user creates a 2D shape which traces the outline of an object from a photograph or a drawing. The user then uses a second image of the subject from a different angle and extrudes the 2D shape into 3D, again following the shape’s outline. This method is especially common for creating faces and heads. In general, the artist will model half of the head and then duplicate the vertices, invert their location relative to some plane, and connect

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3016-481: The user would describe as a polygon mesh consists of at least an Object and a Mesh data block, and usually also a Material and many more, linked together. This allows various data blocks to refer to each other. There may be, for example, multiple Objects that refer to the same Mesh, and making subsequent editing of the shared mesh results in shape changes in all Objects using this Mesh. Objects, meshes, materials, textures, etc. can also be linked to other .blend files, which

3074-479: The user, which will cause it to terminate and result in a black, unlit pixel. Multiple rays are calculated and averaged out for each pixel, a process known as "sampling". This sampling number is set by the user and greatly affects the final image. Lower sampling often results in more noise and has the potential to create "fireflies" (which are uncharacteristically bright pixels), while higher sampling greatly reduces noise, but also increases render times. The alternative

3132-448: The world background), or until they are simply terminated based on the number of maximum bounces determined in the light path settings for the renderer. To find lamps and surfaces emitting light, both indirect light sampling (letting the ray follow the surface bidirectional scattering distribution function, or BSDF ) and direct light sampling (picking a light source and tracing a ray towards it) are used. The default path tracing integrator

3190-532: Was SNK's first handheld console in the Neo Geo family. Featuring a monochrome display, it was originally released in late 1998 exclusively in the Japan and Hong Kong markets. Lower than expected sales resulted in its discontinuation in 1999, whereupon it was immediately succeeded by the Neo Geo Pocket Color , which had a color screen. This time it was also released in the North American and European markets. About two million units were sold worldwide. The system

3248-689: Was discontinued in 2000 in Europe and North America but continued to sell in Japan until October 30, 2001. Polygonal modeling In 3D computer graphics , polygonal modeling is an approach for modeling objects by representing or approximating their surfaces using polygon meshes . Polygonal modeling is well suited to scanline rendering and is therefore the method of choice for real-time computer graphics . Alternate methods of representing 3D objects include NURBS surfaces, subdivision surfaces , and equation-based (implicit surface) representations used in ray tracers . The basic object used in mesh modeling

3306-487: Was not updated to the GPLv3 , as "no evident benefits" were seen. The binary releases of Blender are under GNU GPLv3 or later because of the incorporated Apache libraries. In 2019, with the release of version 2.80, the integrated game engine for making and prototyping video games was removed; Blender's developers recommended that users migrate to more powerful open source game engines such as Godot instead. In February 2002,

3364-462: Was removed in Blender 3.0 with the advent of Cycles X, as improvements to the pure path tracing integrator made the branched path tracing integrator redundant Blender users can create their own nodes using the Open Shading Language (OSL); this allows users to create stunning materials that are entirely procedural, which allows them to be used on any objects without stretching the texture as opposed to image-based textures which need to be made to fit

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