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30-473: ECF may refer to: Science, technology and medicine [ edit ] East Coast fever or theileriosis , a disease of cattle in Africa Electrochemical fluorination Elemental chlorine free , a form of paper bleaching Enterocutaneous fistula Evolving classification function Extracellular fluid Eye-controlled focusing ECF,

60-422: A Wright's stained peripheral blood smear , a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little to no eosinophilic cytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a red blood cell (about 7  μm in diameter). Some lymphocytes show a clear perinuclear zone (or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit a small clear zone to one side of

90-413: A chemotherapy regimen Sport [ edit ] English Chess Federation European Curling Federation Sustainable development [ edit ] European Climate Foundation European Climate Forum European Cyclists' Federation Other uses [ edit ] Eighteenth-Century Fiction , an academic journal Electronic court filing Enterprise Capital Fund , in

120-840: A decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count of over 4000 per μl in adults or over 8000 per μl in children. This is unique in that many bacterial infections illustrate neutrophil-predominance instead. Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) encompass a diverse group of diseases marked by uncontrolled lymphocyte production, leading to issues like lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and bone marrow infiltration. These disorders are common in immunocompromised individuals and involve abnormal proliferation of T and B cells, often resulting in immunodeficiency and immune system dysfunction. Various gene mutations, both iatrogenic and acquired, are implicated in LPD. One subtype, X-linked LPD,

150-417: A hierarchical fashion as well as in a more plastic fashion. The formation of lymphocytes is known as lymphopoiesis . In mammals , B cells mature in the bone marrow , which is at the core of most bones . In birds , B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius , a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, (B for bursa) and not from bone marrow as commonly believed. T cells migrate to

180-433: A strong and rapid response if the same pathogen is detected again; this is known as acquired immunity . NK cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a major role in defending the host from tumors and virally infected cells. NK cells modulate the functions of other cells, including macrophages and T cells, and distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of

210-421: A surface molecule called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I . NK cells are activated in response to a family of cytokines called interferons . Activated NK cells release cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules which then destroy the altered cells. They are named "natural killer cells" because they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I. The X lymphocyte

240-463: A wide array of disorders involving B-cell (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and T-cell (e.g., Sezary syndrome) abnormalities, each presenting distinct challenges in diagnosis and management. A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte concentration is associated with increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma . One basis for low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys T cells (specifically,

270-403: Is a reported cell type expressing both a B-cell receptor and T-cell receptor and is hypothesized to be implicated in type 1 diabetes. Its existence as a cell type has been challenged by two studies. However, the authors of original article pointed to the fact that the two studies have detected X cells by imaging microscopy and FACS as described. Additional studies are required to determine

300-464: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages East Coast fever A more acute form of East Coast fever called corridor disease occurs when buffalo -derived T. parva is transmitted to cattle. Another form, called January disease , only occurs over the winter months in Zimbabwe due to the tick lifecycle. Native cattle are often resistant to

330-405: Is linked to mutations in the X chromosome, predisposing individuals to natural killer cell LPD and T-cell LPD. Additionally, conditions like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and certain viral infections elevate the risk of LPD. Treatment methods, such as immunosuppressive drugs and tissue transplantation, can also increase susceptibility. LPDs encompass

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360-565: The CD4 subgroup of T lymphocytes, which become helper T cells). Without the key defense that these T cells provide, the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections that otherwise would not affect healthy people. The extent of HIV progression is typically determined by measuring the percentage of CD4 T cells in the patient's blood – HIV ultimately progresses to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The effects of other viruses or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting

390-466: The ELISPOT or secretion assay techniques can be used. In the circulatory system , they move from lymph node to lymph node. This contrasts with macrophages , which are rather stationary in the nodes. A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral complete blood cell count and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted. A general increase in

420-472: The central nervous system . Cattle in endemic areas which survive infection become carriers. For diagnosis, post mortem findings are characteristic and mainly include damage to the lymphoid and respiratory systems. One study using the medicinal plant Peganum harmala showed it to have a lifesaving effect on cattle infected with East Coast fever. The classical treatment with tetracyclines (1970–1990) cannot provide efficiency more than 50%. Since

450-418: The parasite , but not without symptoms. They are hosts to the parasite, but do not suffer as severely as foreign cattle. Mortality can be up to 100%, with death occurring around 18–30 days after the initial attachment of infected ticks, because the incubation required is around 10–25 days, and the parasite spreads quickly and is rather aggressive. Clinical signs include fever and enlarged lymph nodes near

480-608: The East Coast of Africa. Lymphocytes A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates . Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity ), B cells (for humoral , antibody -driven adaptive immunity ), and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an important subtype (which functions in cell-mediated , cytotoxic innate immunity ). They are

510-763: The United Kingdom European Cultural Foundation Economic Cooperation Foundation , in Israel Evangelize China Fellowship Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ECF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ECF&oldid=1105993260 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

540-434: The antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules ( cytotoxic T cells ) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system ( helper T cells ). Memory T cells remain in the peripheral tissues and circulation for an extended time ready to respond to the same antigen upon future exposure; they live weeks to several years, which is very long compared to other leukocytes. Microscopically, in

570-480: The blood stream and mature in a distinct primary organ, called the thymus . Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes ) where they survey for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells. The lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an antigen ; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate

600-494: The early 1990s, buparvaquone is used in bovine theileriosis with remarkable results (90 to 98% recovery). Other than the buparvaquones, other chemotherapeutic options are the parvaquones , e.g. Clexon. Halofuginone lactate has also been shown to have an 80.5% efficacy against Theirelia parva parva infections. The ultimate factor that causes death is pulmonary edema . In May 2010, a vaccine to protect cattle against East Coast fever reportedly had been approved and registered by

630-479: The governments of Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. This consists of cryopreserved sporozoites from crushed ticks, but it is expensive and can cause disease. Control of the disease relies on control of ticks of domestic animals . This is a major concern in tropical countries with large livestock populations, especially in the endemic area. Pesticides (acaricides) are applied in dipping baths or spray races, and cattle breeds with good ability to acquire immune resistance to

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660-445: The immune response, while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells , produce toxic granules that contain powerful enzymes which induce the death of pathogen-infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of memory cells . Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount

690-532: The main type of cell found in lymph , which prompted the name "lymphocyte" (with cyte meaning cell). Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells. The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells , B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They can also be classified as small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes based on their size and appearance. Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus. T cells ( thymus cells) and B cells ( bone marrow - or bursa -derived cells ) are

720-745: The major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity , whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies ). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific "non-self" antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation . Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored maximally to eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses . In response to pathogens some T cells, called T helper cells , produce cytokines that direct

750-416: The nature and properties of X cells (also called dual expressers). Mammalian stem cells differentiate into several kinds of blood cell within the bone marrow . This process is called haematopoiesis . All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. The differentiation of lymphocytes follows various pathways in

780-478: The nucleus. Polyribosomes are a prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with an electron microscope . The ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis , allowing the generation of large quantities of cytokines and immunoglobulins by these cells. It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a peripheral blood smear. Normally, flow cytometry testing is used for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to determine

810-505: The number of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis , whereas a decrease is known as lymphocytopenia . An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection (in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). A high lymphocyte count with a low neutrophil count might be caused by lymphoma . Pertussis toxin (PTx) of Bordetella pertussis , formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes

840-402: The percentage of lymphocytes that contain a particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such as immunoglobulins or cluster of differentiation (CD) markers or that produce particular proteins (for example, cytokines using intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other scientific techniques like

870-460: The tick bites. Smears and stains can also be done to check for the parasite. Schizonts (meronts, or segmentors ) can be found in infected lymphocytes . Pathology includes anorexia , dyspnea , corneal opacity , nasal discharge, frothy nasal discharge, diarrhea, pulmonary edema , leukopenia , and anemia . Endemic cattle given medication sometimes recover to varying degrees, or death follows due to blocked capillaries and parasites infecting

900-471: The vector ticks are used. Future treatment and control research will be informed by Gardner et al 2005's genome and protein expression and Bishop et al 2005's expression -by-stage and antigen results. This disease was first reported in southern Africa, south of the Zambezi river , in 1902. It became known as East Coast fever after it was determined that the disease had originated in cattle imported from

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