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14-510: Ethoxyquin was initially registered as a pesticide in 1965 as an antioxidant used as a deterrent of scald in pears through post-harvest indoor application via a drench and/or impregnated wrap. As an antioxidant to control the browning of pears, ethoxyquin is approved in the United States and in the European Union. In the United States, it is approved for use as an animal feed additive and

28-596: Is limited as a food additive to use only in the spices chili powder, paprika, and ground chili. Ethoxyquin is not permitted for use as food additive in Australia nor within the European Union. Ethoxyquin is allowed in the fishing industry in Norway and France as a feed stabilizer, so is commonly used in food pellets fed to farmed salmon . Norway made this practice illegal when the EU suspended authorization in 2017 and in accordance with

42-515: Is reported. However, most pet foods that contain ethoxyquin have never exceeded this amount. In 2017, reports from the Swiss Department for regional affairs laboratory, service of consummation and veterinary affairs showed that farmed salmon often exceeded the set limits for ethoxyquin contamination by several orders of magnitude and that health effects of the chemical on the human body were not studied in sufficient detail. In 2013, researchers at

56-548: The European Food Safety Authority indicated that data to assess the safety of ethoxyquin as a feed additive for target animals, or its safety for consumers and the environment are lacking. The agency found one of its metabolites , ethoxyquin quinone imine, to be possibly genotoxic, and p -phenetidine , an impurity that could be present from the manufacturing process, to be possibly mutagenic. In response, feed manufacturers have taken steps to significantly reduce

70-509: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has only found a verifiable connection between ethoxyquin and buildup of protoporphyrin IX in the liver, as well as elevations in liver-related enzymes in some animals, but no health consequences from these effects are known. In 1997, the Center for Veterinary Medicine asked pet food manufacturers to voluntarily limit ethoxyquin levels to 75 ppm until further evidence

84-692: The Department of General Genetics, Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Poland, summarized the health effects of animals and humans exposed to varying levels of ethoxyquin observed in scientific studies. The summary includes: loss of weight, changes in liver, kidney, alimentary duct, urinary bladder and mitochondria, anemia, lethargy, discolored urine, skin, or fur, increase in mortality, detrimental effect on immunity, condition factor of final body weight in relation to body length of fish and inducement of allergies (contact exposure). A 2015 review by

98-512: The EU, and replaced with probiotic alternatives. Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide ( EDDI ) is a water-soluble salt derived from ethylenediamine and hydroiodic acid . It is a colorless to light yellow crystalline powder. The salt consists of the ethylenediammonium di cation C 2 H 4 (NH 3 ) 2 and iodide anions. EDDI is used as an additive in pet food and cattle feed with high bioavailability . Used to prevent iodine deficiency , this salt

112-522: The amount of p -phenetidine in their products. Feed additive A feed additive is an additive of extra nutrient or drug for livestock . Such additives include vitamins , amino acids , fatty acids , minerals , pharmaceutical , fungal products and steroidal compounds. The additives might impact feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, or effect on intestinal health. Methionine , lysine , and tryptophan are commonly deficient in animal diets, so these amino acids are added to feed. In

126-412: The animals, consumers and factory workers. For additives claiming an increase in "zootechnical" performance, sufficient empirical data must be presented to confirm those claims. 1. A feed additive shall be allocated to one or more of the following categories, depending on its functions and properties, in accordance with the procedure set out at Articles 7, 8 and 9: The last category was banned in 2009 by

140-416: The case of methionine, 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid is often use in the place of methionine. Several elements enhance the growth characteristics of animals. Elements themselves are rarely used as additives but derivatives thereof. Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is added to pet food and cattle feed to prevent iodine deficiency . A controversial additive is arsenic , often supplied in

154-558: The cobalt-containing vitamin B12 , cobalt compounds are used in animal feeds, especially for ruminants . Prior to the Animal Drug Availability Act 1996 , animal feed was available in two fashions: over-the-counter transacted, and by prescription from a veterinarian . Its associated regulation introduced the concept of a medicated feed , which is also available over-the-counter. The terminology for Veterinary Feed Directive

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168-479: The form of the organoarsenic compound called roxarsone . It has been used in poultry production to increase weight gain and improve feed efficiency , and as a coccidiostat . As of June 2011, it was approved for chicken feed in the United States , Canada , Australia , and 12 other countries. The drug was also approved in the United States and elsewhere for use in pigs . Because of the essential character of

182-615: The suspension utilized a transition period which allowed the sale of feed containing ethoxyquin until December 31, 2019, after this date it was illegal to sell feed containing ethoxyquin. Feed containing ethoxyquin had to be used by June 20, 2020. Ethoxyquin is used in pellets fed to chickens on chicken farms. In 2017 the EU suspended authorization for use as a feed additive, with various dates between 2017 and 2019 for final allowance of sale of goods so that alternatives may be phased in. Some speculation exists that ethoxyquin in pet foods might be responsible for multiple health problems. To date,

196-679: Was introduced by the Act. According to EU Regulation 1831/2003, all feed additives to be placed on the market within the European Union have to undergo a thorough approval process. Those who seek approval for the products as livestock food additives must submit them to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Reference Laboratory, the European Commission and the member states. Evaluation criteria include safety for

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