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23-526: E12 or E-12 may refer to: Science, technology and mathematics [ edit ] the E12 series of preferred numbers E12 screw , a type of Edison screw the code name for Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Siding Spring Survey code Transport [ edit ] Roads and trails [ edit ] European route E12 E12 European long distance path Ampang–Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway (AKLEH),

46-880: A fully elevated expressway in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Vehicles [ edit ] BMW E12 HMS E12 , a United Kingdom Royal Navy submarine which saw service during World War I Spyker E12 , a Dutch Spyker car Other uses [ edit ] Queen's Indian Defense , Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code E12, a postcode district in the E postcode area E-12 equal temperament consisting of twelve equal semitones per octave See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "e12"  or "e-12" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with E-12 All pages with titles beginning with E12 All pages with titles containing e-12 All pages with titles containing e12 12E (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

69-508: A linear scale where each unit of distance corresponds to the same increment, on a logarithmic scale each unit of length is a multiple of some base value raised to a power, and corresponds to the multiplication of the previous value in the scale by the base value. In common use, logarithmic scales are in base 10 (unless otherwise specified). A logarithmic scale is nonlinear , and as such numbers with equal distance between them such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are not equally spaced. Equally spaced values on

92-399: A logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data: A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers. Before the advent of computer graphics, logarithmic graph paper was a commonly used scientific tool. If both the vertical and horizontal axes of a plot are scaled logarithmically, the plot

115-430: A logarithmic scale have exponents that increment uniformly. Examples of equally spaced values are 10, 100, 1000, 10000, and 100000 (i.e., 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 (i.e., 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ). Exponential growth curves are often depicted on a logarithmic scale graph . The markings on slide rules are arranged in a log scale for multiplying or dividing numbers by adding or subtracting lengths on

138-698: A quantity ( physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type. The choice of unit generally indicates the type of quantity and the base of the logarithm. Examples of logarithmic units include units of information and information entropy ( nat , shannon , ban ) and of signal level ( decibel , bel, neper ). Frequency levels or logarithmic frequency quantities have various units are used in electronics ( decade , octave ) and for music pitch intervals ( octave , semitone , cent , etc.). Other logarithmic scale units include

161-480: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages E12 series The E series is a system of preferred numbers (also called preferred values) derived for use in electronic components . It consists of the E3 , E6 , E12 , E24 , E48 , E96 and E192 series, where the number after the 'E' designates the quantity of logarithmic value "steps" per decade . Although it

184-412: Is referred to as a log–log plot . If only the ordinate or abscissa is scaled logarithmically, the plot is referred to as a semi-logarithmic plot. A modified log transform can be defined for negative input ( y < 0) to avoid the singularity for zero input ( y = 0), and so produce symmetric log plots: for a constant C =1/ln(10). A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express

207-519: Is theoretically possible to produce components of any value, in practice the need for inventory simplification has led the industry to settle on the E ;series for resistors , capacitors , inductors , and zener diodes . Other types of electrical components are either specified by the Renard series (for example fuses ) or are defined in relevant product standards (for example IEC 60228 for wires). During

230-451: The Golden Age of Radio (1920s to 1950s), numerous companies manufactured vacuum tube based AM radio receivers for consumer use. In the early years, many components were not standardized between numerous AM radio manufacturers. The capacitance values of capacitors (previously called condensers) and resistance values of resistors were not standardized as they are today. In 1924,

253-680: The Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA) was formed in Chicago, Illinois by 50 radio manufacturers to license and share patents. Over time, this group created some of the earliest standards for electronics components. In 1936, the RMA adopted a preferred number system for the resistance values of fixed composition resistors. Over time, resistor manufacturers migrated from older values to the 1936 resistance value standard. During World War II (1940s), American and British military production

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276-528: The dashed E24 values don't exist in E48 / E96 / E192 series: If a manufacturer sold resistors with all values in a range of 1 ohm to 10 megaohms, the available resistance values for E3 through E12 would be: If a manufacturer sold capacitors with all values in a range of 1 pF to 10,000 μF, the available capacitance values for E3 and E6 would be: List of official values for each E series: Printable E series tables Logarithmic scale Unlike

299-485: The 1950s. As portable transistor radio manufacturing migrated from United States towards Japan during the late-1950s, it was critical for the electronic industry to have international standards. After being worked on by the RMA, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) began work on an international standard in 1948. The first version of this IEC Publication 63 (IEC 63)

322-452: The E24 series do not exist in the E48 / E96 / E192 series, some resistor manufacturers have added missing E24 values into some of their 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1% tolerance resistor families. This allows easier purchasing migration between various tolerances. This E series merging is noted on resistor datasheets and webpages as "E96 + E24" or "E192 + E24". In the following table,

345-803: The former established historical values. The first standard was accepted in Paris in 1950, then published as IEC 63 in 1952. The official values of the E3 / E6 / E12 series are subsets of the following official E24 values. The E3 series is rarely used, except for some components with high variations like electrolytic capacitors , where the given tolerance is often unbalanced between negative and positive such as −30% or −20% , or for components with uncritical values such as pull-up resistors . The calculated constant tangential tolerance for this series gives ( √ 10  − 1) ÷ ( √ 10  + 1) = 36.60%, approximately. While

368-631: The maximum error will be divided in the order of 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. Also, the E192 series is used for 0.25% and 0.1% tolerance resistors. Historically, the E series is split into two major groupings: The formula for each value is determined by the m-th root , but unfortunately the calculated values don't match the official values of all E series. V n = r o u n d ( 10 n m ) {\displaystyle V_{n}=\mathrm {round} ({\sqrt[{m}]{10^{n}}})} For E3 / E6 / E12 / E24,

391-567: The most natural display of numbers in some cultures. The top left graph is linear in the X- and Y-axes, and the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 10. A base-10 log scale is used for the Y-axis of the bottom left graph, and the Y-axis ranges from 0.1 to 1000. The top right graph uses a log-10 scale for just the X-axis, and the bottom right graph uses a log-10 scale for both the X axis and the Y-axis. Presentation of data on

414-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E12&oldid=1186468012 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

437-622: The scales. The following are examples of commonly used logarithmic scales, where a larger quantity results in a higher value: The following are examples of commonly used logarithmic scales, where a larger quantity results in a lower (or negative) value: Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion ( Weber–Fechner law ), which makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular, our sense of hearing perceives equal ratios of frequencies as equal differences in pitch. In addition, studies of young children in an isolated tribe have shown logarithmic scales to be

460-451: The standard only specifies a tolerance greater than 20%, other sources indicate 40% or 50%. Currently, most electrolytic capacitors are manufactured with values in the E6 or E12 series, thus E3 series is mostly obsolete. For E48 / E96 / E192, the values from the formula are rounded to 3 significant figures, but one value (shown in bold) is different from the calculated values. Since some values of

483-478: The values from the formula are rounded to 2 significant figures, but eight official values (shown in bold & green) are different from the calculated values (shown in red). During the early half of the 20th century, electronic components had different sets of component values than today. In the late-1940s, standards organizations started working towards codifying a standard set of official component values, and they decided that it wasn't practical to change some of

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506-444: Was a major influence for establishing common standards across many industries, especially in electronics, where it was essential to produce large quantities of standardized electronic parts for military devices, such as wireless communications , radars , radar jammers , LORAN navigation, and more . Later, the mid-20th century baby boom and the invention of the transistor kicked off demand for consumer electronics goods during

529-500: Was released in 1952. Later, IEC 63 was revised, amended, and renamed into the current version known as IEC 60063:2015 . IEC 60063 release history: The E series of preferred numbers was chosen such that when a component is manufactured it will end up in a range of roughly equally spaced values ( geometric progression ) on a logarithmic scale . Each E series subdivides each decade magnitude into steps of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 values. Subdivisions of E3 to E192 ensure

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