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68-483: Iris lacustris , the dwarf lake iris , is a plant species in the genus Iris , subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris (crested irises). It is a rhizomatous , beardless perennial plant , native to the Great Lakes region of eastern North America. It has lavender blue or violet-blue flowers, a very short stem and long fan-like green leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It

136-584: A broader expanded portion ("limb" or "blade" ) and can be adorned with veining, lines or dots. In the centre of the blade, some of the rhizomatous irises have a "beard", a row of fuzzy hairs at the base of each falls petal which gives pollinators a landing place and guides them to the nectar. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called "standards". Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards, but generally limb and standards differ markedly in appearance. They are united at their base into

204-547: A careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae , Amygdaloideae , Taraxacum officinale ). Depending on rank , botanical names may be in one part ( genus and above), two parts (various situations below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing

272-503: A circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3–10 basal sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species also have 2–10 narrow leaves growing from the bulb. The inflorescences are in the shape of a fan and contain one or more symmetrical six-lobed flowers . These grow on a pedicel or peduncle . The three sepals , which are usually spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as "falls". They expand from their narrow base (the "claw" or "haft" ), into

340-717: A covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fiber. Rhizomes of the German iris ( I. germanica ) and sweet iris ( I. pallida ) are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today, Iris essential oil ( absolute ) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color. For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time,

408-467: A floral tube that lies above the ovary (This flower, with the petals, and other flower parts, above the ovary is known as an epigynous flower, and it is said to have an inferior ovary , that is an ovary below the other flower parts). The three styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches; this is significant in pollination . The iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of

476-446: A flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower. The iris fruit is a capsule which opens up in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. In some species, the seeds bear an aril , such as Iris stolonifera which has light brown seeds with thick white aril. The genus takes its name from the Greek word ἶρις îris " rainbow ", which

544-569: A friend of John James Audubon – painted a precise image of what was then known as the Louisiana flag or copper iris ( Iris fulva ), to which Audubon subsequently added two Northern paraula birds ( Parula americana ) for inclusion as Plate 15 in his Birds of America . The artist Philip Hermogenes Calderon painted an iris in his 1856 work Broken Vows ; he followed the principles of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . An ancient belief

612-648: A hybrid iris (falsely called German iris , I. germanica which is sterile) and its numerous cultivars . Various wild forms (including Iris aphylla ) and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris ( I. pallida ) and the Hungarian iris ( I. variegata ) form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf species like Iris pumila . The "beard", short hairs arranged to look like

680-494: A long furry caterpillar, is found toward the back of the lower petals and its purpose is to guide pollinating insects toward the reproductive parts of the plant. Bearded irises have been cultivated to have much larger blooms than historically; the flowers are now twice the size of those a hundred years ago. Ruffles were introduced in the 1960s to help stabilize the larger petals. Bearded iris are easy to cultivate and propagate and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection

748-457: A maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp.", an abbreviation for subspecies . In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term"

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816-497: A number of further subdivisions. Due to a wide variety of geographic origins, and thus great genetic diversity, cultivation needs of iris vary greatly. Generally, Irises grow well in most garden soil types providing they are well-drained, depending on the species. The earliest to bloom are species like I. reticulata and I. reichenbachii , which flower as early as February and March in the Northern Hemisphere, followed by

884-515: A plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East , where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later, the plant was introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages. English names for this plant species include: daisy, English daisy, and lawn daisy. The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. The botanical name itself

952-820: A popular garden flower. The often-segregated, monotypic genera Belamcanda (blackberry lily, I. domestica ), Hermodactylus (snake's head iris, I. tuberosa ), and Pardanthopsis (vesper iris, I. dichotoma ) are currently included in Iris . Three Iris varieties are used in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems as an example of linear discriminant analysis . Irises are perennial plants , growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises) or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect flowering stems which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have

1020-509: A protected species, plants can not be dug up or seeds gathered. A permit is required for any project (including research, development, and construction) which may "take" or "harm" threatened or endangered species in Michigan. Also 37% of the Canadian population is on land in protected areas. Shoreline development has also improved some habitats by opening up the canopy and creating new open ground. It

1088-437: A roundly triangular, or ovoid, seed capsule, which is covered by the spathes. The capsules are 1.2 mm long and 8 mm wide. Inside the capsule, are 3 mm wide, dark brown seeds, which have a white appendage (or aril , fleshy thickening of seed coat), spiralled around the seed. This spiral or corkscrew-like appendage is called an eliaosome . The eliaosomes are used as energy-rich food sources by ants, who help pollinate

1156-448: A small number of scattered, disjunct populations, whose geographical isolation is enhanced by their pollination strategy and myrmecochory seed dispersal. Morphological divergence between populations usually follows a cline reflecting local adaptation to environment conditions; furthermore, this largely overlaps divergence between species, making it difficult to identify discrete species boundaries in these irises. Compared with other irises,

1224-514: A varying circumscription , depending on the taxonomic system , thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example, the traditional view of the family Malvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families. Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae , Magnoliaceae ) while for other names

1292-859: A white flowered member of the lily family whose leaves are much narrower) which lives in similar habitats. Although, the flower stem of false asphodel is much longer than that of iris and very sticky. It has very short stems, which are 0.8–5 cm (0–2 in) long. The stems and flowers are shorter than the leaves. It has green spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are slightly keeled, and 3–4.5 cm (1–2 in) long. They have scarious (membranous) edges. The short stems have 1 to 2 flowers, in Spring, or summer (in Europe), in April, or May, or early June, or July. In Spring, it can flower up to 7 to 10 days earlier than Iris cristata , and it can have later flush of flowers in

1360-682: Is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 and Zone 7. and European Zone H2 It is hardy in Europe, and in the UK. It is tolerant of a range of soils, but prefers moist, slightly acidic neutral soils. It flowers mostly in semi-open habitats with partial sun. Although it can tolerate sunny sites. It can grow in a peat bank , or can be grown in a six-inch pot or similar container. It is rarely offered for sale in Europe. A specimen has been grown in Cambridge Botanic Garden . Like many other irises, most parts of

1428-631: Is native to temperate regions of northern America. It is found in Canada within the province of Ontario (on the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island ). It is found in the U.S. within the states of Michigan , and Wisconsin , It is found on northern shores and smaller islands of Lake Michigan ,and Lake Huron , within the Great Lakes region. The majority of iris populations are within 500 m of

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1496-399: Is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers . As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos , particularly in horticulture . It is

1564-480: Is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name is Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. ( ICN Art 24: Ex 1). Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed in italics . The example set by the ICN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though the ICN preface states: "The Code sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography

1632-438: Is a close relative to Iris cristata , the only other crested iris native to North America. However, unlike it, Iris lacustris is found only in small areas of the Great Lakes region that have been glacier -free for only 11,000 years. While it was once thought to be a form of Iris cristata (by William Rickatson Dykes in 1913 and other authors), later chromosomal studies confirmed the two were separate species. Iris lacustris

1700-668: Is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts a well attended iris breeders' competition. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show . For garden cultivation, iris classification differs from taxonomic classification. Garden iris are classed as either bulb iris or rhizome iris (called rhizomatous) with

1768-438: Is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which is in keeping with two of the three other kinds of scientific name : zoological and bacterial ( viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s). For botanical nomenclature,

1836-572: Is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris . Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. Iris is the largest genus of the family Iridaceae with up to 300 species – many of them natural hybrids . Plants of the World Online lists 310 accepted species from this genus as of 2022. Modern classifications, starting with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to

1904-467: Is closely related to Iris cristata (another North American crested iris). It is similar in form to Iris cristata but is chromosomally different and smaller. It has slender, wiry, or cord-like, greenish-brown, or yellow rhizomes . It has a large central section and outer sections, which are 3–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 0.8–1.2 cm wide. The outer sections have fibrous roots (underneath), and 2–3 brown scale-like leaves above. It creeps across

1972-549: Is crippled and they have never been commercializable. The following is a selection of bearded irises that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : This section contains the cushion irises or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Species of section Oncocyclus are generally strict endemics, typically occurring in

2040-401: Is fixed by a type , which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have

2108-410: Is normally published as 2n = 32, 42. The Latin name is pronounced Iris (EYE-ris) lacustris (lak-US-triss). It has the common name of dwarf lake iris , lake iris , and Great Lakes iris . The Latin specific epithet lacustris means "of lakes". The iris was found on Mackinac Island in 1810 by Thomas Nuttall . The botanist travelled from Detroit by canoe with French Canadian voyagers and

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2176-459: Is not used in zoology). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this is "subg.", an abbreviation for subgenus ). The connecting term is not part of the name itself. A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: " Saxifraga aizoon var. aizoon subvar. brevifolia f. multicaulis subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch." but this

2244-608: Is now considered a noxious weed and prohibited in some states of the US where it is found clogging natural waterways. The iris has been used in art and as a symbol, including in heraldry . The symbolic meaning has evolved, in Christendom moving from a symbol of Mary mother of Jesus, to a French heraldic sign, the fleur-de-lis , and from French royalty it spread throughout Europe and beyond. Vincent van Gogh has painted several famous pictures of irises . The American artist Joseph Mason –

2312-440: Is predominantly found in dry, semi-desert , or colder rocky mountainous areas . Other habitats include grassy slopes, meadowlands, woodland, bogs and riverbanks . Some irises like Iris setosa Pall. can tolerate damp (bogs) or dry sites (meadows), and Iris foetidissima can be found in woodland, hedge banks and scrub areas. Narcissus mosaic virus is most commonly known from Narcissus . Wylie et al. , 2014, made

2380-664: Is promoted in the United Kingdom by the British Iris Society. The National Collection of Arthur Bliss Irises is held in Gloucestershire . The American Iris Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Iris , and recognises over 30,000 registered cultivar names. Bearded iris are classified as dwarf, tall, or aril. In Europe, the most commonly found garden iris is

2448-476: Is that the iris serves as a warning to be heeded, as it was named for the messenger of Olympus. It also conveys images of lost love and silent grief, for young girls were led into the afterlife by the goddess Iris. Broken Vows was accompanied with poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow when it was first exhibited. Contemporary artist George Gessert , who introduced the cultivation of flowers as an art form, has specialised in breeding irises. Iris nigricans ,

2516-418: Is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers (more than 30,000 cultivars of tall bearded iris). They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when

2584-420: The ICN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including, the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part ( infraspecific name ). A binary name consists of the name of a genus and an epithet. In the case of cultivated plants, there is an additional epithet which is an often non-Latin part, not written in italics. For cultivars, it

2652-460: The Old World ; the sixth (subgenus Limniris ) has a Holarctic distribution. The two largest subgenera are further divided into sections. The Iris subgenus has been divided into six sections; bearded irises (or pogon irises), Psammiris, Oncocyclus, Regelia, Hexapogon and Pseudoregelia. Iris subg. Limniris has been divided into 2 sections; Lophiris (or 'Evansias' or crested iris) and Limniris which

2720-466: The black iris is the national flower of Jordan . Iris bismarckiana , the Nazareth Iris , is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth . The Iris croatica is the unofficial national flower of Croatia . A stylized yellow iris is the symbol of Brussels , since historically the important Saint Gaugericus Island was carpeted in them. The iris symbol is now the sole feature on the flag of

2788-413: The blood iris ( I. sanguinea , ayame ) and the rabbit-ear iris ( I. laevigata, kakitsubata ). I. unguicularis is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers with a yellow streak in the centre of each petal, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is I. ruthenica , which has much the same requirements and characteristics as

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2856-528: The Brussels-Capital Region . In 1998, Iris lacustris , the Dwarf Lake iris , was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist. Botanical name#Binary name The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis denotes

2924-608: The beardless iris, depending on origin. They are divided into Pacific Coast, Siberica, Spuria, Louisiana, Japanese, and other. Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the European garden are the Siberian iris ( I. sibirica ) and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris ( I. ensata ) and its hybrids. " Japanese iris " is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper ( hanashōbu ),

2992-429: The claw (section closest to the stem). They have a white signal patch, which has a deep violet margin, and 3 central, orange, gold, or yellow and white toothed (or fimbriated – fringed) ridges (or crests). The signal patch guides bumblebees in to the middle of the flower, to pollinate it. The standards are narrowly oblanceolate, 1–1.5 cm (0–1 in) long and 0.4–0.5 cm wide. They are shorter and narrower than

3060-402: The clumps become congested. A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose , remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris ( I. fulva ), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus,

3128-420: The cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle-shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks; they are often very dark and in some almost blackish. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered

3196-470: The dwarf forms of I. pumila and others. In May or June, most of the tall bearded varieties start to bloom, such as the German iris and its variety florentina , sweet iris, Hungarian iris, lemon-yellow iris ( I. flavescens ), Iris sambucina , and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like I. neglecta or I. squalens and best united under I. × lurida . The iris

3264-773: The edges of coniferous woods (in Canada and Michigan). Iris lacustris is designated a "vulnerable" threatened species by federal, state and provincial laws throughout its distribution range . It was added to the U.S. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants on September 28, 1988. It is on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 's endangered species program. It was listed by the federal U.S. government as 'threatened' since February 1, 2001. It has become threatened due to habitat destruction, from shoreline development, from road-widening projects, chemical spraying and salting, and off-road vehicle use have caused disturbance and destruction of habitat, and degradation of habitats. Due to being

3332-489: The fall (or Autumn), or October. The flowers are 4–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter, come in shades of blue, violet-blue, sky blue, deep blue, lavender blue, lilac, or deep purple. A white form has occasionally, also been found. It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals ), known as the 'standards'. The obovate shaped, falls are 2–2.3 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.8 cm wide. They taper towards

3400-446: The falls. It has a yellow funnel-like, perianth tube, which is 1–2 cm long. The tube is shorter than Iris cristata . It has a trigonal (or triangular), ovary, which is 0.8–1 cm long. It has a 1–2 cm long style, which has linear crests and wavy (crenate) edges. The style arm guides bumblebees to the lower section of the sepal, to reach the nectar . After the iris has flowered, between late June to late July, it produces

3468-654: The fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation , which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets . The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or orris oil . Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes , and organic acids such as ascorbic acid , myristic acid , tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid . Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag ( I. versicolor ) and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of

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3536-610: The first identification of Narcissus mosaic virus infecting this garden plant genus, and the first record in Australia . Japanese iris necrotic ring virus also, commonly infects this genus. It was, however, unknown in Australia until Wylie et al. , 2012, identified it in Australia on I. ensata . Iris is extensively grown as ornamental plant in home and botanical gardens . Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example,

3604-404: The flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth , then with the three stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels . The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of

3672-459: The ground, creating thick clumps of plants. It has 8–12 sheathing, (fan-like), green or light green, basal leaves. They are falcate ( sickle -shaped) or sword-shaped, and linear, and 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 10–8 mm wide. After flowering, the leaves elongate up to 15–16 cm (6–6 in) long and 10 mm wide. When the plant is not in flower, the leaves of the iris might be confused with false asphodel, ( Triantha glutinosa ,

3740-602: The latter kept Hermodactylus as a distinct genus, to include Hermodactylus tuberosus , now returned to Hermodactyloides as Iris tuberosa . Rodionenko also reduced the number of sections in subgenus Iris, from six to two, depending on the presence ( Hexapogon ) or absence ( Iris ) of arils on the seeds , referred to as arilate or nonarilate . Taylor (1976) provides arguments for not including all arilate species in Hexapogon . In general, modern classifications usually recognise six subgenera, of which five are restricted to

3808-620: The major subgroupings as sections . Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko (1987) have generally called them subgenera , while essentially retaining Dykes' groupings, using six subgenera further divided into twelve sections. Of these, section Limneris (subgenus Limneris ) was further divided into sixteen series . Like some older sources, Rodionenko moved some of the bulbous subgenera ( Xiphium , Scorpiris and Hermodactyloides ) into separate genera ( Xiphion , Juno and Iridodictyum respectively), but this has not been accepted by later writers such as Mathew (1989), although

3876-624: The plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may also cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. In 1998, Iris lacustris was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist. [REDACTED] Data related to Iris lacustris at Wikispecies Iris (plant) Hermodactyloides Iris Limniris Nepalensis Scorpiris Xiphium Belamcanda Hermodactylus Iridodictyum Juno Junopsis Pardanthopsis × Pardancanda Xiphion Iris

3944-466: The plant. In 1994, a study was carried out on the genetic make-up of Iris lacustris . In 2000, a study was carried out on Iris cristata and Iris lacustris , looking at the genetic variation of both irises. As most irises are diploid , having two sets of chromosomes , this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has been counted several times, 2n=42, Simonet, 1934; n=21, 2n=42, Chimphamba, 1973 and 2n=32, Pringle, 1976. It

4012-530: The precursor, and this is probably the case here as well. The other metabolic difficulty is the presence of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase , which in Chrysanthemum inhibits pelargonidin synthesis. The bias in irises towards delphinidin-anthocyanins is so pronounced that they have served as the gene donors for transgenic attempts at the aforementioned blue roses. Although these have been technically successful – over 99% of their anthocyanins are blue – their growth

4080-479: The roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally. This section, closely allied to the cushion irises, includes several garden hybrids with species in section Oncocyclus , known as Regelio-cyclus irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered. There are six major subgroupings of

4148-435: The shore, but the largest ones can occur up several kilometres away from the lake. It grows near the Great Lakes shorelines in cool, moist lake shore air or limestone glades. It is found on sand, or in thin soil over limestone-rich gravel, in calcareous (chalky) soil, or bedrock. It also grows on alvar limestone barrens, and along shorelines, old beach ridges, beside streams, in ditches, on cliffs, behind open dunes, or at

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4216-401: The stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma ; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of

4284-773: The surveyor for the Michigan Territory. It was first then published and described by Thomas Nuttall, in 'The Genera of North American Plants' (published in Philadelphia, US) Volume 1, Issue 23 on 14 July 1818. An illustration of the iris was published in Wild flowers of the United States by Rickett, plate 11 in 1966. It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 April 1994, then updated on 3 December 2004. It

4352-479: The tall bearded irises. In North America, Louisiana iris and its hybrids are often cultivated. One specific species, Iris cristata from North America. Often called ' junos ', this type of iris is one of the more popular bulb irises in cultivation. They are generally earliest to bloom. This group includes irises generally of European descent, and are also classified as Dutch, English, or Spanish iris. Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including

4420-515: The toxic glycoside iridin . These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance. In water purification, yellow iris ( I. pseudacorus ) is often used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed -setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants , such as from agricultural runoff . This highly aggressive grower

4488-543: The vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available. Irises – like many related genera – lack red-based hues because their anthocyanins are delphinidin -derived. Pelargonidin -derived anthocyanins would lend the sought-after blue-based colors but these genera are metabolically disinclined to produce pelargonidin. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductases in Iris ' s relatives selectively do not catalyse dihydrokaempferol to leucopelargonidin ,

4556-480: The yellow I. danfordiae , and the various blue-purple I. histrioides and I. reticulata , flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by

4624-415: Was further divided into 16 series . The concept of introgressive hybridization (or "introgression") was first coined to describe the pattern of interspecific hybridization followed by backcrossing to the parentals that is common in this genus. Nearly all species are found in temperate Northern Hemisphere zones, from Europe to Asia and across North America. Although diverse in ecology, Iris

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