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45-592: Duroc was born in Pont-à-Mousson on 25 October 1772, to a family of the noblesse de robe from Gévaudan . His father, Claude du Roc, was a former captain of the dragoons who had retired to Pont-à-Mousson due to hearing loss . Duroc entered the local military school in 1781, where he studied for eight years. He then entered the School of Artillery of Châlons as a second lieutenant, in March 1792. Around this time, he removed

90-758: A French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918"). In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President Charles de Gaulle . After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy , Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. The Arc de Triomphe

135-481: A cannonball ricocheted off a tree-trunk, hit Duroc in the stomach, tore open his belly and spilled out his intestines in a gory mess over uniform, saddle and horse, which Napoleon witnessed. Whilst Duroc lay dying inside a farmhouse, he requested Napoleon's presence where he apologised to the Emperor for not being able to serve him further, asked him to be a father to his daughter, and then requested him to withdraw so that he

180-550: A monumental sculpture by Alexandre Falguière topped the arch. Titled Le triomphe de la Révolution ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), it depicted a chariot drawn by horses preparing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism". Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist Maurice Benayoun and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007. Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of

225-568: Is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide. Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 m (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang , completed in 1982,

270-610: Is accessible by the RER and Métro , with exit at the Charles de Gaulle–Étoile station. Because of heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, pedestrians use the two underpasses located at the Champs-Élysées and the Avenue de la Grande Armée . A lift will take visitors almost to the top – to the attic, where a small museum contains large models of the Arc and tells its story from

315-486: Is an industrial town (mainly steel industry), situated on the river Moselle . Pont-à-Mousson has several historical monuments, including the 18th century Premonstratensian abbey. In 2018, 14,434 people lived in the town, while its agglomeration had a population of 23,824. In 1572 Cardinal Charles of Lorraine established a Jesuit university at Pont-à-Mousson. With the Protestant Revolution building in

360-498: Is by Jean Chalgrin (1739–1811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture . Major academic sculptors of France are represented in the sculpture of the Arc de Triomphe : Jean-Pierre Cortot ; François Rude ; Antoine Étex ; James Pradier and Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire . The main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as independent trophies applied to

405-547: Is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft). The Grande Arche in La Défense near Paris is 110 metres high, and, if considered to be a triumphal arch, is the world's tallest. The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues . It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at

450-518: Is one of the most famous monuments in Paris , France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle , formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three arrondissements , 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in

495-469: Is still producing ductile cast iron pipes and fittings for drinking water, irrigation and sewage applications; its logo still reflects the multi-arched bridge over the river. The plant of Pont-à-Mousson, having its 160th anniversary in 2016, is the largest employer in the city, with an average 1000 employees spread among two plants, a research center and the headquarters of the company. Strategically positioned at an important river crossing, Pont-à-Mousson and

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540-630: The Battle of Valmy Duroc deserted the royalist army. Along with two other deserters, he was arrested by the French in Fresnes-en-Woëvre following the battle, and in March 1793 he was allowed to return to Châlons and finish his education. Duroc joined the French Revolutionary Army on 1 June 1793, being assigned lieutenant en seconde of the 4th Foot Artillery Regiment, and advanced steadily in

585-553: The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I . The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to

630-645: The Grande Arche de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme pits heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail . It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome , Italy, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 50 m (164 ft), width of 45 m (148 ft) and depth of 22 m (72 ft), while its large vault

675-651: The Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective. In 1995, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a campaign of bombings . On 12 July 1998, when France won the FIFA World Cup for the first time after defeating Brazil 3–0 at the Stade de France , images of the players including double goal scorer Zinedine Zidane and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto

720-696: The Hôtel des Invalides , in Paris. His name is inscribed on the Eastern pillar of the Arc de Triomphe , on column 15. The metro station Duroc of the Paris Métro is named after him. Pont-%C3%A0-Mousson Pont-à-Mousson ( French pronunciation: [pɔ̃.t‿a.musɔ̃] ) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France . Its inhabitants are known as Mussipontains in French. It

765-525: The Lotharingian axis from the territories, including Lorraine, between France and the Habsburg Empire). During the seventeenth century the university of Pont-à-Mousson grew rapidly until there were about 2,000 students. There were four faculties covering theology, the arts, law and medicine. Students were drawn from across western and central Europe. Over time a rivalry grew up between students in

810-558: The Panthéon , the body of Victor Hugo was displayed under the Arc on the night of 22 May 1885. The sword carried by the Republic in the Marseillaise relief broke off on the day, it is said, that the Battle of Verdun began in 1916. The relief was immediately hidden by tarpaulins to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations. On 7 August 1919 three weeks after

855-574: The Tuileries Palace . After the Battle of Marengo , Duroc was sent on missions to Vienna , St Petersburg , Stockholm and Copenhagen . As Grand Marshal of the Palace , Duroc was responsible for the measures taken to secure Napoleon's personal safety, whether in France or on his campaigns, and he directed the minutest details of the imperial household. After the Battle of Austerlitz , where he commanded

900-509: The grenadiers in the absence of General Oudinot , he was employed in a series of important negotiations with Frederick William III of Prussia , with the elector of Saxony (December 1806), in the incorporation of certain states in the Confederation of the Rhine , and in the conclusion of the armistice of Znaim (July 1809). In 1808, he was created Duke of Frioul ( Duc de Frioul ): his duchy

945-530: The nobiliary particle de from his surname (changing it to Duroc ), in the context of the French Revolution . As a member of the nobility, Duroc opposed the new revolutionary government of France. In July 1792, he left the artillery school to become an emigré soldier in the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé , at the start of the Revolutionary Wars. He soon changed his mind, however, and after

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990-478: The Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the interment of the Unknown Soldier , however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both Hitler in 1940 and Charles de Gaulle in 1944 observed this custom. By

1035-748: The German-speaking lands, still part of the Holy Roman Empire , directly to the east, and the Duchy of Lorraine vulnerable to pressure from an increasingly assertive French state directly to the west, the Duchy participated in the wars of religion on the side of the Counter-Reformation . The Tridentine strategy promulgated by the Holy See involved the creation of a "Roman Catholic backbone" (sometimes termed

1080-469: The Paris victory parade in 1919 (marking the end of hostilities in World War I), Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel. Jean Navarre was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near Villacoublay while training for the flight Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became

1125-562: The President personally presented the town with the Croix de guerre , and shortly after this Désiré Ferry , the local deputy, was awarded the Légion d'honneur . After World War II , Pont-à-Mousson was again honoured, this time with the Croix de Guerre . Pont-à-Mousson was the birthplace of: Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile , often called simply the Arc de Triomphe ,

1170-505: The St Martin district, located on the right-bank of the river Moselle and dominated by Jesuits, and the left-bank students based in the St Laurent quarter and considered the rowdier of the two student tribes. Rivalry peaked with the violent "printers' battles" when the rival factions were known respectively as the "Ponti Mussoni" and the "Mussiponti". The "Mussiponti" won, and in the region

1215-520: The Unknown Soldier from World War I . Interred on Armistice Day 1920, an eternal flame burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars). A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed by the Entente Powers and Germany in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury

1260-477: The arch. In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism as part of the Yellow vests protests . The vandals sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its small museum. In September 2021, the arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope, as part of L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped , a posthumous project planned by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since the early 1960s. The astylar design

1305-516: The early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through bleaching . In the prolongation of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées , a new arch, the Grande Arche de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's Axe historique . After the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile ,

1350-463: The inhabitants of the town became known thereafter as "Mussipontains/Mussipontines". The Duchy of Lorraine became French following the death in 1766 of Duke Stanisław Leszczyński , and in 1769 Louis XV had the Jesuit Academy transferred to Nancy. The only notable educational establishment remaining at Pont-à-Mousson was a military training school. The town continued to flourish as a centre of

1395-584: The names of 660 people , among which are 558 French generals of the First French Empire ; The names of those generals killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. The battles that took place in the period between the departure of Napoleon from Elba to his final defeat at Waterloo are not included. For four years from 1882 to 1886,

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1440-673: The new and promising market for cast-iron water pipes. He focused the company on pipe production, and found a ready market when cities began to make large investment in water supply after 1871. He adopted the English method of casting pipes in vertical rather than horizontal moulds. He was succeeded by Camille Cavallier , who transformed the moderately sized cast iron pipe manufacturer into a giant, always concentrating on making pipes. Annual cast iron production rose from 80,000 to 183,000 tons between 1900 and 1913. The company, later known as Saint-Gobain PAM

1485-499: The peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, Jean Chalgrin , died in 1811 and the work was taken over by Jean-Nicolas Huyot . During the Bourbon Restoration , construction was halted, and it would not be completed until

1530-529: The rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day military parade . Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944 and 1945. A United States postage stamp of 1945 shows the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious American troops march down

1575-455: The reign of Louis Philippe I , between 1833 and 1836, by the architects Goust, then Huyot, under the direction of Héricart de Thury . The final cost was reported at about 10,000,000 francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $ 75 million in 2020). On 15 December 1840, brought back to France from Saint Helena , Napoleon's remains passed under it on their way to the Emperor's final resting place at Les Invalides . Before burial in

1620-544: The service. Captain Duroc became aide-de-camp to Napoleon in 1796, and distinguished himself at Isonzo , Brenta and Gradisca in the Italian campaigns of 1796-1797 . He served in Egypt , and was seriously wounded at the Battle of Abukir . His devotion to Napoleon was rewarded by complete confidence. He became first aide-de-camp (1798), general of brigade (1800) then governor of

1665-539: The surrounding region saw terrible fighting during the twentieth century wars between France and Germany. In the World War I fighting at Bois-le-Prêtre , Croix des Carmes , and Grand-Couronné are names that recall savage fighting between French and German soldiers. The town suffered further destruction in 1944, before being liberated by the U.S. Third Army under the command of Lieutenant General George S. Patton , supported by an active local resistance movement . In 1921

1710-501: The time of its construction. Another 40 steps remain to climb to reach the top, the terrasse , from where one can enjoy a panoramic view of Paris. The location of the arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three arrondissements , 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east). While many structures around the world resemble the Arc de Triomphe , some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as

1755-401: The unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon , but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921. The slab on top bears the inscription: Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918 ("Here rests

1800-502: The vast ashlar masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire furniture . The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are The Triumph of 1810 (Cortot), Resistance and Peace (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 commonly called La Marseillaise ( François Rude ). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last

1845-501: The visual arts, however, rivalling Épinal to the south in this respect. A papier-mâché factory also contributed to the cultural development of Pont-à-Mousson. It was the regional capital between 1790 and 1795, but underwent extensive destruction in the ensuing wars, and was subject to foreign occupation in 1814 and 1815. During the Franco-Prussian War it experienced severe street fighting. The Pont-à-Mousson Company (PAM)

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1890-625: Was created in 1856 by a group of Lorraine businessmen to operate the Marbache iron mine and to use the ore to manufacture cast iron. Xavier Rogé was the manager. In 1862 the enterprise was liquidated due to lack of sufficient capital to cover the high investment expenses. Rogé managed to raise capital in the Saarland and restart the business, selling most of its production to forges in the Ardennes and Champagne. In 1866, Rogé visited England and became aware of

1935-615: Was made duché grand-fief for his widow in 1813, a rare - but nominal - hereditary honour (extinguished in 1829), created in Napoleon's own Kingdom of Italy . In 1813, after the Russian campaign he was appointed to the Sénat conservateur as a senator. After the Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May 1813), the Grande Armée made a slow pursuit of Allied forces. At the Battle of Reichenbach on 22 May 1813,

1980-415: Was not present at the moment of death. Alternatively, Napoleon claimed in later life that "when his bowels were falling out before my eyes, he repeatedly cried to me to have him put out of his misery. I told him: 'I feel pity for you, my friend, but there is no remedy but to suffer till the end.'" Napoleon bought the farm and erected a monument to his memory. Duroc's remains were moved in 1847 to be buried in

2025-463: Was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal of France . Since the fall of Napoleon (1815), the sculpture representing Peace is interpreted as commemorating the Peace of 1815 . In the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the names of major French victories in the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars . The inside walls of the monument list

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