60-427: (Redirected from Duke Tai ) Taigong or Duke Tai may refer to: Jiang Ziya ( fl. 12th–11th century BC?), also known as Duke Tai of Qi Bo Qin (died 998 BC?), also known as Duke Tai of Lu Duke Tai of Tian Qi (died 384 BC) Liu Taigong (282–197 BC), father of Emperor Gaozu of Han See also [ edit ] King Tai of Zhou Topics referred to by
120-512: A country could become powerful only when the people prospered. If the officials enriched themselves while the people remained poor, the ruler would not last long. The major principle in ruling a country should be to love the people; and to love the people meant to reduce taxes and corvée labour. By following these ideas, King Wen is said to have made the Zhou state prosper very rapidly. His treatise on military strategy, Six Secret Strategic Teachings ,
180-465: A few have three. Some names are given several generations later—this is the case for Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Antoku , for example. Others are provided immediately after death, like that Emperor Monmu . A shigō ( 諡号 ) , or okuri-na ( 諡 ) , name describes the accomplishments and the virtues of the rulers. There are two styles of emperors' shigō : Chinese or Han style ( 漢風諡号 ) and Japanese style ( 和風諡号 ) . Tsuigō names are derived from
240-499: A given name are subjective, repetitive, and highly stereotypical , meaning posthumous names are often chosen arbitrarily. Court historians usually provide such names according to the deceased's notable deeds. When combining an emperor's temple name and posthumous name, the temple name is placed first. For example, the Shunzhi Emperor , whose full posthumous title would be "Shizu, Emperor Zhang" ( 世祖章皇帝 ), combines his temple name and
300-453: A posthumous name, one or more adjectives are inserted before the deceased's title. The name of the state or domain of the owner may be added to avoid ambiguity. Early mythological rulers such as Emperor Yao were known to have posthumous names. Archaeological discoveries have shown that the titles of kings as far back as the Zhou dynasty ( c. 1046 to 256 BC) are posthumous names, as in
360-453: A voodoo-like ritual involving building a straw effigy of his rival which is later shot at with arrows, leading to Zhao's death. In Chinese and Taoist belief, Jiang Ziya is sometimes considered to have been a Taoist adept. In one legend , he used the knowledge he gained at Kunlun to defeat the Shang's supernatural protectors Qianliyan and Shunfeng'er , by using magic and invocations. He
420-489: A while, he finally caught a large carp with a military book in its belly. King Wen saw a sage in a dream, and then heard of Lü Shang, and ordered to bring him [to the Court]. And then, when king Wu fought king Zhou , Lü Shang suggested more than 100 military gimmicks. He consumed zézhī lotus , lichen and rock-marrow [or zézhī lotus and earth-marrow], lived two hundred years, and then announced his death . Due to
480-605: Is a Chinese term that means posthumous name and title. The names of living Chinese people may be any combination of characters. Most often, posthumous names are chosen from a relatively small list, with their literal meaning eroding as a result. The Chinese language format for posthumous names is "[ state ] [ adjective ] [ title ]". When translated into English, they take on the format "[ title ] [ adjective ] of [ state ]", such as King Wen of Zhou ('Cultured King of Zhou'), Duke Mu of Qin ('Solemn Duke of Qin'), and King Cheng of Chu ('Accomplished King of Chu'). The literal meaning of
540-525: Is also a prominent character in the Ming-era Investiture of the Gods , in which he is Daji's archrival and is personally responsible for her execution. The storyline present throughout the novel revolves around the fate of Jiang Ziya. He is destined to deify the souls of both humans and immortals who die in battle using the "List of Creation" (Fengshen bang, 封神榜), an index of preordained names agreed upon at
600-571: Is also celebrated as one of the main heroes in the Investiture of the Gods . The first ruler of Qi bore the given name Shang . The nobility of ancient China bore two surnames , an ancestral temple surname and a lineage surname . His were Jiang ( 姜 ) and Lü ( 呂 ), respectively. He had two courtesy names , Shangfu ( 尚父 ; "Esteemed Father") and Ziya ( 子牙 ; lit. "Master Ivory , Master Tusk "), which were used for respectful address by his peers. The names Jiang Shang and Jiang Ziya became
660-516: Is always initial. The number of characters in posthumous names increased over time. The emperors of the Tang dynasty have posthumous names between 7 and 18 characters, while most in the Qing dynasty have more than 20 characters. For instance, the Shunzhi Emperor 's posthumous name has 25 characters. The woman with the longest posthumous name (also 25 characters) is Empress Dowager Cixi ; the shortened version of
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#1732854989374720-631: Is an honorary name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian culture . It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China , Korea , Vietnam , Japan , and Thailand . Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or reputation, the title is assigned after death and essentially replaces the name used during life. Although most posthumous names are given to royalty, some posthumous names are given to honour significant people without hereditary titles , such as courtiers or military generals . To create
780-515: Is considered one of the Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. In the Tang dynasty he was accorded his own state temple as the martial patron and thereby attained officially sanctioned status approaching that of Confucius . Wives: Sons: Daughters: His descendants acquired his personal name Shang as their surname. In the popular Ming-era novel Investiture of the Gods, Jiang Ziya
840-540: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jiang Ziya Jiang Ziya ( fl. 12th century BC – 11th century BC), also known by several other names , also known by his posthumous name as the Duke Tai of Qi , was the founding monarch of the Qi state . He was a military general and strategist who assisted King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou overthrow
900-544: Is represented as a disciple of the Kunlun sect practicing Chan Taoism. Aside from fortune-telling, he is able to perform supernatural feats such as mounting clouds, using his internal energy to breathe out a divine fire from his mouth, releasing thunder and lightning at will, creating illusions to conceal the presence of an entire army, and through the use of ritual and incantation, of summoning wind storms to carry away hundreds of refugees, of bringing about snow in order to freeze
960-451: Is said that, while in exile, he continued to wait placidly, fishing in a tributary of the Wei River (near today's Xi'an ) using a barbless hook or even no hook at all, on the theory that the fish would come to him of their own volition when they were ready. King Wen of Zhou, (central Shaanxi), found Jiang Ziya fishing. King Wen, following the advice of his father and grandfather before him,
1020-465: The Eastern Han dynasty , has the character of ' filial ' ( 孝 ; xiào ) at the beginning of his posthumous name. 'Filial' is also used in the full posthumous names of virtually all emperors and empresses of the Tang , Song , Ming and Qing dynasties. For Qing emperors, the character xiào is placed in various positions in the string of characters. For Qing empresses given posthumous names, xiào
1080-692: The Shang dynasty and establish the Zhou dynasty . Following their victory in the Battle of Muye , he continued to serve as a Zhou minister. He remained loyal to the regent Ji Dan (Duke Wen of Zhou) during the Rebellion of the Three Guards ; following the Ji Dan's punitive raids against the restive Dongyi , Jiang was enfeoffed with the land of Qi. He established his seat at Yingqiu (in modern-day Linzi , Zibo , Shandong ). He
1140-437: The "Hoped-for Lü" (Lü Wang; 呂望). as Jiang Ziya was seen as the sage – whom King Wen of Zhou 's ancestor Revered Uncle Ancestor Lei ( 公叔祖類 ) (also titled 太公 "Great ~ Grand Lord") had prophesied about and hoped for – to help the Zhou prosper. The last ruler of the Shang dynasty, King Zhou of Shang , was a tyrant who spent his days with his favorite concubine Daji and executing or punishing officials. After faithfully serving
1200-487: The Shang army encamped in a mountain valley, and of conjuring a barrier made of the water of the North Sea in order to protect the Zhou capital. He is ruthless with his enemies, usually executing captive generals from the Shang side, but is loyal to the Zhou cause. When outmatched by another wielder of supernatural powers, Zhao Gongming, he employs underhanded means on the advice of another thaumaturge named Lu Ya, employing
1260-467: The Shang court for approximately twenty years, Jiang came to find King Zhou insufferable, and feigned madness in order to escape court life and the ruler's power. Jiang was an expert in military affairs and hoped that someday someone would call on him to help overthrow the king. Jiang disappeared, only to resurface in the Zhou countryside at the apocryphal age of seventy-two, when he was recruited by King Wen of Zhou and became instrumental in Zhou affairs. It
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#17328549893741320-404: The adjective usually needs to be translated. All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the characters for " emperor ", huángdì ( 皇帝 ), which can be shortened to Dì , except about a dozen less-recognized ones who have had only Dì and not Huáng . Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han (more commonly Emperor Wen), every single Han emperor, except the first of
1380-507: The basis of the text in the Six Secret Teachings . When King Wen met Jiang Ziya, at first sight he felt that this was an unusual old man who is angling with a straight hook hanging out of water, and began to converse with him. He discovered that this white-haired fisherman was actually an astute political thinker and military strategist. This, he felt, must be the man his grandfather was waiting for. He took Jiang Ziya in his coach to
1440-444: The beginning of time by the leaders of the three religions. This list is housed in the "Terrace of Creation" (Fengshen tai, 封神臺), a reed pavilion in which the souls of the deceased are gathered to await their apotheosis. In the end, after defeating the Shang forces, Jiang deifies a total of 365 major gods, along with thousands of lesser gods, representing a wide range of domains, from holy mountains, weather, and plagues to constellations,
1500-437: The cases of King Wu and King Wen . Posthumous names commonly made tracing linear genealogies simpler and kept a bloodline apparent. In the Zhou dynasty, the posthumous name was usually only one character, such as Wen ('cultured') or Wu ('martial'). Over time, rulers began adding more characters to their ancestors' posthumous names. By the time of the first emperor of Tang , the length had grown to seven characters, which
1560-466: The court and appointed him prime minister and gave him the title Jiang Taigong Wang ("The Great Duke's Hope", or "The expected of the Great Duke") in reference to a prophetic dream Danfu, grandfather of Wenwang, had had many years before. This was later shortened to Jiang Taigong. King Wu married Jiang Ziya's daughter Yi Jiang, who bore him several sons. After King Wen died, his son King Wu , who inherited
1620-487: The cyclical nature of time, and the five elements. There are two xiehouyu about him: Liexian Zhuan , a book on Taoist immortals, contains his short legendary biography: 呂尚者冀州人也。 生而內智，預見[or 豫知]存亡。 避紂之亂，隱於遼東四[or 三]十年。 適西周，匿於南山，釣於溪[or 磻溪, or 卞谿]。 三年不獲魚，比閭皆曰：「可以止矣。」 尚曰：「非爾所及也。」 已而，果得大鯉，有兵鈐在腹中。 文王夢得聖人，聞尚，遂載而歸。 至武王伐紂，尚作陰謀百餘篇。 服澤芝地衣石髓[or 澤芝地髓]， 具二百年而告亡。 有難而不葬。 後子葬之，無屍， 唯有《玉鈐》六篇在棺中云。 呂尚隱釣，瑞得赬鱗。 通夢西伯，同乘入臣。 沈謀籍世，芝體煉身。 遠代所稱，美哉天人。 Lü Shang
1680-443: The deceased king was called Daehaeng daewang ( 대행대왕 ; 大行大王 ). The Ministry of Culture and Education ( 예조 ; 禮曹 ) was in charge of the naming. The Ministry of Culture and Education selected three candidates and reported them to the next king, who chose the name he liked best. The deposed kings' names were made up of three parts: the temple name ( 묘호 ), eulogistic names ( 존호 ), and posthumous names ( 시호 ). A deposed king
1740-450: The difficulties, he wasn't buried. His descendants buried him with no corpse, only Six Chapters of Jade Tactics were placed to the coffin. Lü Shang hid and fished, blessed with pale-red scales. Passed in a dream of Lord Zhou , and was carried to him to become a minister. He carefully planned his years, refined his body with lotus. For generations it'll be said, "Oh, beautiful saint!" Posthumous name A posthumous name
1800-570: The disfavored monarchs of the Joseon dynasty did not receive posthumous names. Posthumous names can be praises ( 褒字 ) or deprecations ( 貶字 ). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful names ( 尊號 ; zūnhào ) in Chinese. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian extensively outlines the rules behind choosing the names. Most qualifications for
1860-466: The earlier emperor's name: The posthumous name of some emperors was derived from the combination of characters from two previous emperors' posthumous names: Official posthumous names are still used in Japan. This tradition began with Emperor Meiji . Since the death of Emperor Meiji ( 明治天皇 , Meiji Tennō ) in 1912, the posthumous name of an emperor has always been the era name of his reign. In such cases,
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1920-419: The fact that many surrendered or revolted, enabled Zhou to take the capital. King Zhou set fire to his palace and perished in it, and King Wu and his successors as the Zhou dynasty established rule over all of China. As for Daji, one version has it that she was captured and executed by the order of Jiang Taigong himself, another that she took her own life, another that she was killed by King Zhou. Jiang Taigong
1980-562: The fall of the Qin. Posthumous names were used by non- Han rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms , Nanzhao , Liao dynasty , Western Xia , Jin dynasty , Yuan dynasty , Qing dynasty , Silla , Japan, and Vietnam. King names of Hồng Bàng dynasty and Mahan followed the posthumous naming but are considered later works. Some rulers, such as Wu Zetian or rebel leaders, had similarly styled regnal names when they were alive. Most monarchs inherited
2040-485: The king would be successful. The divinations revealed that, "'While hunting on the north bank of the Wei river you will get a great catch. It will not be any form of dragon, nor a tiger or great bear. According to the signs, you will find a duke or marquis there whom Heaven has sent to be your teacher. If employed as your assistant, you will flourish and the benefits will extend to three generations of Zhou Kings.'" Recognizing that
2100-759: The last three characters of his posthumous reputation, which is the form most commonly seen in formal documents. Some monarchs' and royal members' posthumous names were extended, such as Hongwu Emperor , Nurhaci , Crown Prince Hyomyeong , Sunjo of Joseon , and Empress Dowager Cixi . Some monarchs did not follow these guidelines; for example, monarchs of Ju , Chu , and Qi used place names, while some monarchs of Yue had Chinese transliterated posthumous words, and some monarchs of Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje had differently styled posthumous names. Some early Japanese monarchs also had Japanese-style posthumous names ( 和風諡号 ) . Shihao ( traditional Chinese : 諡號 ; simplified Chinese : 谥号 ; pinyin : shì hào )
2160-467: The living name. In the Malay sultanates and other related sultanates and kingdoms of Southeast Asia, the posthumous names of the sultans and rulers always begin with the word Marhum ( Jawi : مرحوم ), an Arabic loanword meaning 'the late ruler'. The word Marhum is followed by either the place of death or the burial site. Mahmud II of Johor , who was killed while being carried on a royal litter in 1699,
2220-458: The middle. The characters used are mainly those used for emperors. For example, Prince Gong of the Qing dynasty was posthumously named Zhong ( 忠 ) and thus is referred to as Prince Gongzhong ( 恭忠親王 ; Gōngzhōng qīnwáng ). Prince Chun was posthumously named Xian ( 賢 ), and is therefore referred to as Prince Chunxian ( 醇賢親王 ; Chúnxián qīnwáng ). The posthumous name could include more than one character. For example, Prince Shuncheng Lekdehun
2280-534: The most common after their use in the popular Ming-era novel Fengshen Bang , written over 2,500 years after his death. Following the elevation of Qi to a duchy , he was given the posthumous name 齊太公 Grand ~ Great Lord of Qi , on occasions left untranslated as "Duke Tai". It is under this name that he appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian . He is also less often known as "Grand Lord Jiang" ( 姜太公 ; Jiang Taigong), Taigong Wang ( 太公望 ), and
2340-403: The most commonly used was Zhìshèngxiānshī ( 至聖先師 ). Sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names ( 私諡 ; sīshì ). For example, the sīshì given to Tao Qian was Jìngjié ( 靖節 ). The emperors of China continued to receive posthumous names of increasing length as a matter of ritual long after
2400-408: The name of locations and era names , among others. Those Japanese emperors are also sometimes called teigō ( 帝号 , 'emperor name(s)') . Those who were named after the place where the emperor was born, lived or frequented: Those who were named after an emperor whose admirable characteristics resemble those of an earlier one by adding Go ( 後 , lit. ' later ' ) as a prefix to
2460-471: The name was 孝欽顯皇后 ('the Distinguished Empress who was Admirably Filial'). According to the noble system since the Zhou dynasty , the immediate family members of the emperor were given the titles like King, Prince, Duke, or Earl, with or without actual control over a region. After their death, they would be referred to by the same title, with the posthumous name (usually one character) inserted in
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2520-456: The naming convention had been abandoned in casual speech and writing. The Guangxu Emperor , who died in 1908 and was the last emperor to receive a posthumous name, has a 21-character title: "Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing". Puyi , the last emperor of China, did not receive a posthumous name upon his death in 1967. In Silla , every monarch
2580-487: The posthumous names belong to the category of tsuigō . After his death, Hirohito was formally renamed Emperor Shōwa ( 昭和天皇 , Shōwa Tennō ) after his era ; Japanese people now refer to him by only that name, and not by his given name Hirohito. Most Japanese people never refer to emperors by their given names, as it is considered disrespectful . A non-royal deceased person may be given a posthumous Buddhist name known as kaimyō but is, in practice, still referred to by
2640-440: The recognition the government , to Empress Sunjeonghyo ; Crown Prince Euimin ; and Gu, Prince Imperial Hoeun . In Japan, posthumous names are divided into two types: shigō (Japanese: 諡号 ) and tsuigō ( 追号 ) . In addition to the title, Tennō ( 天皇 , 'heavenly sovereign', usually translated as 'emperor') is a part of all Japanese emperors' posthumous names, most of them consisting of two kanji characters, although
2700-436: The result of this divination was similar to the result of divinations given to his eldest ancestor, King Wen observed a vegetarian diet for three days in order to spiritually purify himself for the meeting. While on the hunt, King Wen encountered Jiang fishing on a grass mat, and courteously began a conversation with him concerning military tactics and statecraft. The subsequent conversation between Jiang Ziya and King Wen forms
2760-517: The rulers of Goryeo and Joseon end in two of the characters for Daewang ( 대왕 ; 大王 ; lit. great king). This is a longer name made up of adjectives characteristic of the king's rule. Details of the system of posthumous names were recorded during the Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon dynasty, officials discussed and decided on the king's posthumous name five days after the king's funeral. Before his temple and posthumous names were chosen,
2820-508: The same as those used for emperors. The length, however, was restricted to one or two characters. The posthumous name is sometimes rendered canonization in English, for the scholar-official to Confucianism is considered analogous to the saint in the Catholic Church . However, the process is shorter. Confucius has been given long posthumous names in almost every prominent dynasty; one of
2880-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Taigong . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taigong&oldid=1081291646 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2940-644: The throne and did not give negative posthumous names to the previous monarch. Later monarchs lengthened or changed some names. Emperor Aizong of Jin and the Chongzhen Emperor were referred to by different names by different people. Qin Hui of the Song dynasty had a name with a positive connotation, was then given a negative one, and later had the positive name restored. After the Song dynasty, few received negative names. In Korea,
3000-459: The throne, decided to send troops to overthrow the King of Shang. But Jiang Taigong stopped him, saying: "While I was fishing at Panxi, I realised one truth – if you want to succeed you need to be patient. We must wait for the appropriate opportunity to eliminate the King of Shang". Soon it was reported that the people of Shang were so oppressed that no one dared speak. King Wu and Jiang Taigong decided this
3060-644: The title of emperor, thus the posthumous names of Gojong and Sunjong end in two of the characters for Hwangje ( 황제 ; 皇帝 ; lit. emperor). Crown Prince Hyomyeong has been given the longest posthumous name in Korea. He was posthumously elevated in status and given the title Emperor Munjo with 117 characters in posthumous names in 1899. In the Republic of Korea, the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association has issued posthumous names, without
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#17328549893743120-591: Was from Jizhou . Born with inherent wisdom, he could foresee life and death. Avoiding the chaos of king Zhou , he has been hiding in Liaodong for 40 [or 30] years. Then at Western Zhou he fled to Nanshan , and fished in mountain creeks [or in Panxi , or in Bianxi]. For three years he hadn't caught any fish, and the villagers told him, "You maybe should stop". But he said: "That's not what you can understand". And after
3180-438: Was given the title of wang ( Korean : 왕 ; Hanja : 王 ; lit. king) with two characters in posthumous names from Jijeung of Silla . On the other hand, all posthumous names for kings of Balhae were restricted to one character. Most of the kings of Goryeo and Joseon were more often given temple names than posthumous names, unlike in the dynasties of ancient Korea. All posthumous names for
3240-628: Was in search of talented people. In fact, he had been told by his grandfather, the Grand Duke of Zhou, that one day a sage would appear to help rule the Zhou state. The first meeting between King Wen and Jiang Ziya is recorded in the book that records Jiang's teachings to King Wen and King Wu, the Six Secret Teachings (太公六韜). The meeting was recorded as being characterized by a mythic aura common to meetings between great historical figures in ancient China. Before going hunting, King Wen consulted his chief scribe to perform divination in order to discover if
3300-511: Was made duke of the State of Qi (today's Shandong province), which thrived with better communications and exploitation of its fish and salt resources under him. As the most notable prime minister employed by King Wen and King Wu, he was declared "the master of strategy"—resulting in the Zhou government growing far stronger than that of the Shang dynasty as the years elapsed. An account of Jiang Ziya's life written long after his time says he held that
3360-481: Was not given any posthumous names with temple names unless reinstated. They were degraded to the rank of a gun ( 군 ; 君 ; lit. prince); Yeonsan-gun and Gwanghae-gun are notable examples. Some men did not ascend to the throne in their lifetime but were proclaimed kings after they died by their descendants who became kings. In Joseon, nine men were raised to the status of emeritus kings. Gojong of Joseon proclaimed Korea an empire in 1897, receiving
3420-409: Was posthumously honoured as Prince Shuncheng Gonghui ( 多罗顺承恭惠郡王 ). Yinxiang, Prince Yi was granted a posthumous name consisting of 9 characters, Zhongjing chengzhi qinshen lianming xian ( 忠敬诚直勤慎廉明贤 ). It was also common for people with no hereditary titles, primarily accomplished scholar-officials or ministers, to be given posthumous names by the imperial court. The characters used are mainly
3480-672: Was posthumously known as Marhum Mangkat dijulang, which literally means 'the late ruler who died while being carried'. Other Malay posthumous names include: Since the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the king has been named for his reigning era formally used in the Royal Gazette . Some were given posthumous names to elevate their title, such as in the case of King Ananda , who was posthumously titled Phra Athamaramathibodin. Kings Ananda and Bhumibol do not have specific reign names, and other kings, such as Chulalongkorn, are referred to using personal names. Most Thai people never refer to
3540-620: Was taxing to pronounce or write. Therefore, emperors after the Tang dynasty are commonly referred to by either their temple name (Tang through Yuan dynasties) or era name (Ming and Qing dynasties), both of which are always two characters long. The use of posthumous names temporarily stopped when emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty proclaimed it disrespectful for the descendants of emperors to judge their elders by assigning them descriptive titles. The Han dynasty resumed using posthumous names after
3600-468: Was the time to attack, for the people had lost faith in the ruler. The bloody Battle of Muye then ensued some 35 kilometres from the Shang capital Yin (modern day Anyang, Henan Province). Jiang Taigong charged at the head of the troops, beat the battle drums and then with 100 of his men drew the Shang troops to the southwest. King Wu's troops moved quickly and surrounded the capital. The Shang King had sent relatively untrained slaves to fight. This, plus
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