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99-491: Dudleya , commonly known as liveforevers ( Spanish : siemprevivas ) is a genus of rosette -forming succulent plants in the stonecrop family, Crassulaceae , consisting of about 68 taxa in southwestern North America and Guadalupe Island . The species come in many forms, some large and evergreen , others geophytic and deciduous . Yet, despite their dramatic variations in appearance, most species readily hybridize. The flowers of Dudleya have parts numbered in fives, with
198-407: A Mediterranean climate, they may obtain optimum moisture. In contrast, plants grown indoors or in greenhouses should be watered to ensure that the plant maximizes growth. During the dormant period, from late spring to fall, watering should be limited to bi-weekly intervals, but not completely cut out. In nature, plants may completely desiccate themselves during the dormant period. Deciduous members of
297-599: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Dudleya caespitosa Dudleya caespitosa
396-588: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
495-494: A demand from East Asian succulent collectors paying lucrative prices for certain Dudleya species. The population of Verity's liveforever ( Dudleya verityi ), which was nearly wiped out during the 2013 Springs Fire , was targeted by poachers. The Cedros Island liveforever ( Dudleya pachyphytum ) is a rare and extremely specialized Dudleya endemic to Cedros Island . In 2016, Korean nationals began moving to Bahia Tortugas,
594-517: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
693-476: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
792-523: A large number of photographs, extensive descriptions, and horticultural practices for the care of Dudleya, derived from a long interest growing, visiting and collecting the plants. However, he failed to follow the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature guidelines for describing new taxa, forgoing designated type specimens , which invalidated his treatment. His treatment also contains extensive pseudoscientific material, including references to
891-531: A locality in Baja California Sur , to facilitate the poaching and shipping of the plants. The species was seriously threatened after Mexican soldiers discovered poachers taking nearly 5,000 rosettes in a tractor-trailer. It was suspected the poachers rappelled onto the succulent's location via helicopter, as D. pachyphytum occupies a nearly inaccessible habitat. In 2019, the deaths and injuries of several fishermen from Bahía Tortugas who were on Cedros Island
990-471: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
1089-468: A permit. The California Native Plant Society and conservationists have also initiated propagation programs to oversaturate the market as a means to deter poachers. On September 28, 2021, governor Gavin Newsom signed AB-223 into law. [REDACTED] Media related to Dudleya at Wikimedia Commons Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of
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#17328482704371188-498: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1287-599: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1386-518: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
1485-418: A species of Dudleya requires is dependent on the location. Plants growing in coastal regions may require little shade at all, whilst plants growing in the deserts, inland valleys and mountains will require shade. The majority of plants in the genus will appreciate north-facing sites and shade during the heat of the day. During the summer months, 50% shade may be beneficial for plants. If a cold-tolerant Dudleya
1584-453: A subgenera along with Eududleya (which was changed to just subgenus Dudleya ). Moran still recognized Hasseanthus as a separate genus, but realized that it was closely related to Dudleya . With assistance from cytologist Charles H. Uhl, Moran came to the conclusion that Dudleya and Hasseanthus were related closer to each other than they were to Echeveria or Sedum . As Moran and Uhl conducted more cytological and taxonomic research on
1683-488: A sweet flavor and juicy texture. The roots were pounded up and soaked in water, used as an astringent to "tighten the gums." The roots were also boiled whole as a decoction for asthma. Several species of Dudleya are threatened by urban development in Coastal California and Mexico, and anthropogenic-induced wildfires. However, one of the most critical threats to Dudleya species is poaching , partially caused by
1782-606: A tubular corolla, as seen in the subgenus Dudleya ) 1.5 to 2.5 mm. The petals have an acute apex with erect tips, and are generally colored bright yellow to orange yellow or red. The plant was first described in 1803 by Adrian Hardy Haworth as Cotyledon caespitosa (the basionym ). The original text erroneously cited it as from the Cape of Good Hope . The same species would later be described again as Sedum cotyledon by Joseph Franz von Jacquin and as Cotyledon linguiformis by Brown , both in 1811. In 1849, Lindley described
1881-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
1980-404: Is 1.5 to 4 cm wide, and on older plants is often exposed between dry leaves . The stem is not swollen at the base, unlike D. candelabrum . It has a longer stem compared to D. farinosa due to greater space between the internodes . The leaf shape is extremely variable, although often lance-oblong, or oblong to oblanceolate, with generally acute to sub-acuminate leaf tips. On the edge of
2079-445: Is a succulent plant known by several common names, including sea lettuce , sand lettuce , and coast dudleya . It is endemic to California , where it grows along the coastline in the southern half of the state. Taxonomically, this species is a highly variable complex of polymorphic and polyploid plants, closely related to numerous neighboring species such as Dudleya farinosa , Dudleya greenei and Dudleya palmeri . It
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#17328482704372178-563: Is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
2277-658: Is centered in Southern California and northern Baja California . In horticulture, Dudleya should be planted at an angle. This allows accumulated water to drain from the nestlike center of the plant, thus preventing microbial decay. Dudleya should not be watered from directly above, as this may damage their chalky coating known as farina, which is present on numerous species. During the late fall to early spring period of growing, watering should be done frequently in order to promote good growth and flower development. Plants grown with exposure to rainfall, provided they are in
2376-647: Is complicated by the fact that many species are becoming endangered and over-harvested (poached). Dudleya is a relatively obscure genus, in comparison to other, more widely-cultivated succulents; converging interests, by succulent collectors, native plant enthusiasts and gardeners alike, have led to the wider cultivation of many species as ornamental plants . In the wild, many species of Dudleya are vulnerable, as land development and poachers often threaten particularly niche populations of plants. Poached plants are often shipped to East Asia , especially South Korea , where hybridisation and cultivation of succulents
2475-431: Is delimited from neighboring species on an arbitrary basis of distribution and chromosome number, and may not be immediately separable from the other species it approaches. This plant may grow in solitary rosettes , but most often forms caespitose clumps, which may contain up to 150+ rosettes. The clumps are generally not dense. Each rosette may be anywhere from 8 to 32 cm wide, containing 15 to 30 leaves. The caudex
2574-449: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
2673-418: Is grown during a freeze or snow, it should be shaded as not to damage the plant, as a quick thaw may be detrimental. Unlike their related genera Echeveria , many Dudleya cannot be propagated through leaf cuttings. Propagation is mostly achieved via offsets , germination by seed, or in nurseries, plant tissue culture. Dudleya seeds are crescent shaped and near-microscopic, and can be collected by taking
2772-740: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
2871-411: Is likely a result of an evolutionary tradeoff. The investment in growing large allows plants to retain moisture in periods of drought, at the cost of energy placed into reproduction. Other reasons for smaller seeds may also be due to allocation of resources into vegetative reproduction via pup rosettes, instead of sexual reproduction. In contrast, the small, inconspicuous, Hasseanthus -type members produce
2970-400: Is named after William Russel Dudley , the first head of the botany department at Stanford University . The term liveforever may refer to the longevity and hardiness of some plants in the wild. The name of the subgenera Stylophyllum is an allusion to the pencil-shaped leaves of the type species, Stylophyllum edule , now known as Dudleya edulis . The name of the subgenera Hasseanthus
3069-721: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
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3168-461: Is required to produce the larger amounts of floral tissue. The flower morphology of Dudleya also corresponds with the aforementioned groups of Hasseanthus , Stylophyllum , and Dudleya . The flowers in Hasseanthus and Stylophyllum are broad, white to yellow, and spreading, with bumblebees and bees as primary pollinators, and hummingbirds as occasional pollinators. As these species grade towards
3267-806: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
3366-804: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
3465-459: Is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language
3564-464: Is very popular. Conservationists , nurseries and governments combat Dudleya poaching through propagation programs and protection laws. This genus is the only taxon of the Sedeae tribe to have evolved sympodial branching . The genus is traditionally divided into three subgenera, two of which were formerly their own genera. The subgenera consist of Dudleya, Stylophyllum , and Hasseanthus . One of
3663-701: The Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish
3762-513: The Leucosedum clade like Sedum moranii . This places Dudleya as a neoendemic that evolved recently with the formation of the summer-dry climate in California. This was evidenced by the similarities of seed-surface ornamentation between Dudleya and Sedum , which is unlike Echeveria , and the reproductive isolation between Echeveria and Dudleya . Research in the 21st century has supported
3861-557: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
3960-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4059-475: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
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4158-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
4257-574: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
4356-639: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
4455-691: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
4554-529: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
4653-531: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
4752-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
4851-451: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
4950-451: The basis of ploidy and distribution. Dudleya greenei is an insular segregate of Dudleya caespitosa , whilst Dudleya palmeri is on the fringe of the complex with wide leaves and red to orange petals. This plant is common and is found along the coast of California. Because the delimitation of the plant is based on arbitrary characteristics, the exact biogeographical distribution is difficult to pin down. The 2012 Jepson Treatment places
5049-672: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
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#17328482704375148-478: The coast or mountains. Dudleya favor moderate temperatures, summer dormancy, winter precipitation, and rocky habitats, which means they may be found in diverse, disjunct locales from oceanic bluffs on the California coast to sky islands in Arizona. Regions where Dudleya can be found include The Californias , Arizona , coastal Sonora and Oregon , and southern Utah and Nevada . The diversity of species of Dudleya
5247-495: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
5346-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
5445-652: The dried flower buds and crushing the ovules inside, which can contain hundreds of seeds. Seeds can be sown into a soilless medium, such as pumice or vermiculite , after which germination can occur within a week to 10 days. Vegetative reproduction may occur in multiple ways: The indigenous peoples of the Kumeyaay and Paipai region utilized the genus for both medicinal and agricultural purposes. The tender, succulent leaves were chewed on to alleviate thirst , or used to treat calluses and corns . The budding inflorescences , in their early stages, were used as food, with
5544-466: The flowers are on the topside. Each terminal branch is 3 to 15 cm long, and contains 4 to 15 flowers . There are 12 to 25 bracts, spreading to ascending, and shaped triangular ovate to lanceolate. The pedicels are 1 to 6 mm long, erect, and not bent in fruit. The sepals are 2 to 5 mm long, and shaped deltate-ovate, with an acute tip. The petals are 8 to 16 mm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, shaped elliptic, and are connate (fused to form
5643-661: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
5742-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
5841-505: The genus had an early start, with some of these generic placements persisting even after the proper description of the genus by Britton and Rose. Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose 's revision of the North American Crassulaceae upended many of the early taxonomic classifications, with the newly-minted genus Dudleya containing 60 species, of which 41 were newly described by Britton and Rose. The two also defined
5940-421: The genus in the Hasseanthus grouping should not be watered at all during dormancy. Growing mediums should attempt to imitate the preferred soil of each species in nature. The most essential element for the medium is good drainage. Good drainage is important, as Dudleya are very susceptible to mold and fungi. How quickly the medium drains should be determined by the amount of shade in the location, which affects
6039-519: The genus, it became clear that Hasseanthus was also a subgenera of Dudleya , citing the karyological uniformity and the formation of hybrids between the genera. In contrast, while Echeveria and Sedum freely hybridize within themselves and each other, all attempts at hybridizing Dudleya with Echeveria have failed. Uhl came to the conclusion that there are probably no intergeneric hybrids with Dudleya , believing that Dudleya had split from Echeveria far enough that intergeneric reproductive success
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#17328482704376138-584: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
6237-471: The hypothesis of Dudleya 's relation to Sedum . Phylogenetic analysis has given weight to this hypothesis, concluding that Dudleya is much closer to North American members of Sedoideae than to Echeverioideae. The plant Sedum spathulifolium , which co-exists with Dudleya in Oregon and California, has been shown in multiple phylogenetic reconstructions to be a sister taxon to Dudleya , although it may not be
6336-535: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
6435-412: The larger species as Echeveria and Cotyledon , while the geophytic species were placed under Sedum . Taxonomic efforts, started by Joseph Nelson Rose and Nathaniel Lord Britton , created three genera; these initial genera were all eventually subsumed into Dudleya , proper, following Reid Moran 's investigations into the genus. Phylogenetic research is still at an early stage in the genus, and
6534-506: The largest seeds in the genus. These larger seeds are not distributed very far, which contributes to the restricted ranges of the Hasseanthus subgenus. Dudleya species are widespread and diverse in their range, but are typically found in rock outcroppings, cliff faces, or road cuts, where their leaves help them store water in a setting too dry for most types of plants. Most are small and inconspicuous when not in bloom. The two predominant habitats where plants of this genera may be found are by
6633-496: The leaf (the margin), there is generally not an angle between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The leaf dimensions are generally around 5 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, and 3 to 8 cm thick, with the base of the leaf 0.5 to 4 cm wide. The peduncle is generally 10 to 60 cm tall, and 3.5 to 10 mm wide. There are typically 3 to 5 first degree branches on the inflorescence , which may stay simple or rebranch up to two times. The branches do not twist, and
6732-640: The lost continents of Atlantis , Lemuria and Mu , a belief that cosmic rays and divine intervention directly induced the chromosome counts and evolution of Hasseanthus and Dudleya , and criticism of paleontologists and the scientifically accepted age of the Earth . Later research challenged the notion that Dudleya and Echeveria formed two distinct lineages within Echeverioideae. Joachim Thiede instead proposed that Dudleya evolved completely independently from Echeveria , evolving from relatives within
6831-686: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
6930-459: The most famous features of some Dudleya is their waxy coating. Numerous species have their foliage covered in an epicuticular wax , or farina. This waxy coating is usually white, chalky, and mealy, and is the namesake in many epithets, like chalk dudleya , powdery liveforever , and giant chalk dudleya . The wax on the giant chalk dudleya is a surface with some of the highest ultraviolet reflectivity ever discovered in plants. When exposed to water,
7029-514: The northern limit on the southern North Coast of the California Floristic Province. Plants identified with Dudleya caespitosa are found in the north from Point Reyes south to Malibu . On the central coast of California near Santa Maria , numerous oil refineries exist, pumping phytotoxic sulfur dioxide . While plants like Salvia mellifera (black sage) were affected, Dudleya caespitosa proved to be somewhat tolerant of
7128-711: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
7227-636: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
7326-401: The petals arranged in tubular , star-shaped, and bell-shaped forms and, when fruiting, are filled with tiny, ovoid-crescent-shaped seeds. The genus evolved as neoendemics , from ancestors in the stonecrop genus, Sedum . The ancestors radiated southward from Sedum during the creation of the dry summer climate , in the California region, five million years ago. Early botanists classified
7425-627: The plant as Echeveria laxa , noting it as a very distinct looking plant, "but not one that is handsome." The plant was described in its current form by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose in their revision of North American Crassulaceae, which created the genus Dudleya . Dudleya caespitosa is regarded as a member of a highly developed polyploid complex involving numerous neighboring taxa, including Dudleya farinosa , Dudleya greenei , Dudleya palmeri , Dudleya lanceolata , Dudleya cymosa and Dudleya candelabrum . Reid Moran and Charles H. Uhl arbitrarily separated this species on
7524-580: The poaching operation pose a serious ecological threat. Starting in 2017, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection , along with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife , discovered large amounts of D. farinosa being shipped out of the country. South Korean and Chinese nationals have both been arrested in the smuggling of D. farinosa. According to nursery owners responsible for legally exporting Dudleya , buyers in Asia desired plants directly from
7623-529: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
7722-512: The rate of evaporation that the soil will go through. Thus, well-shaded Dudleya must have excellent drainage. Fertilizers may be used to maintain good color and growth, but they should be diluted. Clay is preferable to plastic pots when growing the plants due to the advantages with water drainage. Plastic pots may also kill the plants by overheating the roots. Mealybugs and aphids are main pests of Dudleya . Powdery mildew has also been recorded in cultivated Dudleya . The amount of shade
7821-466: The related genera Stylophyllum , which contained 12 species, and Hasseanthus , with 4 species. The primary differences between Dudleya and Stylophyllum were between the leaf shape, floral structure and petal orientation, whilst Hasseanthus was characterized by a different vegetative structure and more niche adaptations, primarily corm-like stems and deciduous leaves. In the 1930s, Alwin Berger revised
7920-475: The status of Dudleya and Stylophyllum into a sectional ranking within Echeveria , while merging the Hasseanthus genera into Sedum . This was in part due to a belief that Dudleya had evolved from Echeveria radiating northward from Mexico, evidenced by the similar tubular corollas, while Hasseanthus possessed aesthetic similarities to Sedum , primarily flowers with broadly-spreading petals. Stylophyllum
8019-626: The sticky layer on the leaves, which coats the foliage with dust and debris, blocking solar radiation. The earliest species of the genus described was Cotyledon caespitosa , by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1803, which would later be known as Dudleya caespitosa . The same species would later be described again as Sedum cotyledon by Joseph Franz von Jacquin in 1811, and in 1840 Thomas Nuttall described both Echeveria pulverulenta ( Dudleya pulverulenta ) and Echeveria lanceolata ( Dudleya lanceolata ). The differing generic placements of these early descriptions suggest that taxonomic disagreements over
8118-423: The subgenus Dudleya , are adapted towards pollination via hummingbirds, while short, spreading, yellow flowers favor pollination by insects. Despite the evolution of long flowers towards hummingbirds, the long flowers also show no performance disadvantage in pollination environments exclusively composed of insects. While the long flowers may provide an evolutionary advantage for more effective pollination, more energy
8217-409: The subgenus Dudleya , the petals begin to fuse at the base, with the flowers becoming tubular and red, due to an association with hummingbird pollinators. This shift in pollinators corresponds to larger nectar volumes and higher energy contents in accordance with the demands of hummingbird pollinators. Seed morphology also differs between Dudleya . Larger Dudleya have noticeably smaller seeds; this
8316-528: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
8415-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
8514-623: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
8613-410: The true sister taxon, as larger samplings are needed. Berger's hypothesis of a relationship between Hasseanthus and Sedum may still prove true, as in addition to morphological similarities, the Hasseanthus -type taxa could be basal to the genus. However, no truly conclusive evidence of significant divergence within Dudleya exists, and it remains unclear which groups are basal or derived. The genus
8712-411: The wax may coat drops on leaves, preventing their evaporation. The farina is mostly composed of pentacyclic triterpenoids . Other members, such as D. viscida and D. anomala , have a clear, sticky layer on their foliage. This adhesive layer ultimately helps the plant protect its leaves from the sun, much like ones with "white" wax. It accomplishes this solar protection by allowing dust to adhere to
8811-581: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
8910-593: The wild, owing to the aesthetic quality of their long caudices and weathered leaves. The candleholder dudleya ( Dudleya candelabrum ), native to the northern Channel Islands , was reported to have been poached, with the thieves shipping plants to South Korea. In response to the poaching of Dudleya, California State Assembly member Chris Ward proposed Bill AB-223 , sponsored by the California Native Plant Society , which would make it illegal to poach Dudleya from state or private lands without
9009-633: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
9108-578: Was allegedly the result of Dudleya trafficking, a conflict with the Sinaloa Cartel , or both. In 2020, the Mexican Navy in the Second Naval Region revealed that two fishermen were killed after a dispute emerged over the trafficking of the rare plant. Bluff lettuce ( Dudleya farinosa ) was also targeted by poachers in numerous large-scale operations. Although not particularly rare, the size of
9207-447: Was believed to occupy a transitory position between Dudleya and Hasseanthus . These conclusions were widely accepted by botanists for the first half of the 20th century, until proper molecular and phylogenetic analyses began to appear. In 1942, Reid Moran , a botanist with a longstanding interest in the genera, offered a new revision of the taxa. Moran recognized Dudleya as being distinct from Echeveria , and merged Stylophyllum as
9306-630: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
9405-604: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
9504-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
9603-531: Was in honor of Dr. Hermann E. Hasse , a surgeon and collector of California flora. Dudleya virens subsp. hassei is also named after him. The pollinators of Dudleya are mostly hummingbirds and bees , although this has been inferred in some species only from flower morphology. The genus exhibits a wide array of diverse flower varieties, even within species complexes . The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic , although some individuals may have sterile anthers. Plants with long, tubular, reddish flowers, mostly in
9702-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
9801-496: Was unlikely. Despite Uhl's research, he still believed that Dudleya had evolved northward from Mexico with Echeveria , probably some time before the formation of the summer-dry climate of California, making Dudleya a paleoendemic . Around 1993, one of the only literary treatments of the genus was written, Paul H. Thomson 's Dudleya and Hasseanthus Handbook . In the book, Thompson made numerous changes and adjustments to species, and described several new species. The book included
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