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33-778: The Regional Assemblies replaced Regional Authorities, which had been established under the Local Government Act 1991 as enacted and came into existence in 1994. From 1999 to 2014, there were two Regional Assemblies, which existed above the Regional Authority structure. Following an amendment to the Local Government Act 1991 by the Local Government Reform Act 2014 , the Regional Authorities were abolished and replaced by two Regional Assemblies in June 2014. Following

66-468: A bill becomes an act without further ado. However, more usually, the process whereby a bill becomes an Act is well prescribed in general constitutional or administrative legislation . This process varies from country to country, and from political system to political system. Typically, the process by which a bill becomes an Act includes signature or some other token of assent by the head of state and publication in an official gazette . In some systems,

99-485: A designated city/county manager (chief executive of a local authority) from one of its local authorities to further enhance the linkages between the local authorities and the Regional Authority. Each local authority had a certain number of seats on a Regional Authority, based loosely on the population of the local authority area. The size of the Regional Authorities varied from 21 members in the Mid-East region to 37 members in

132-681: A directly elected executive Mayor of the Dublin Metropolitan Area (distinct from the existing ceremonial office of Lord Mayor of Dublin city ) although this provision was not activated. The act was introduced as a bill on 15 October 2013 by Phil Hogan , the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government , and signed into law on 27 January 2014 by President Michael D. Higgins . Most of its provisions came into force on 1 June 2014. The Local Government Act 2001 had replaced

165-409: A further adjustment, from 1 January 2015, there were three Regional Assemblies, each divided into Strategic Planning Committees. There are 3 regions, each of which is a NUTS 2 statistical region of Ireland . The regions are divided into strategic planning areas (SPAs), which are NUTS 3 statistical regions, roughly corresponding with the former regions under the Regional Authority system. The areas of

198-524: A law may be backdated to a date before the enactment. To come into force, a treaty or Act first needs to receive the required number of votes or ratifications. Although it is common practice to stipulate this number as a requirement in the body of the treaty itself, it can also be set out in a superior law or legal framework, such as a constitution or the standing orders of the legislature in which it originated. "Coming into force" generally includes publication in an official gazette so that people know

231-513: Is an act of the Oireachtas which provided for a major restructuring of local government in Ireland with effect from the 2014 local elections . It merged some first-tier county and city councils, abolished all second-tier town and borough councils , and created a new second tier of municipal districts covering rural as well as urban areas. It also provided for a plebiscite on whether to create

264-403: Is closely related to the date of this transition. The point at which such instrument comes into effect may be set out in the instrument itself, or after the lapse of a certain period, or upon the happening of a certain event, such as a proclamation or an objective event, such as the birth, marriage, reaching a particular age or death of a certain person . On rare occasions, the effective date of

297-428: Is not expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day shall come into operation immediately on the expiration of the day before the date of the passing thereof, or, where the enactment is a statutory instrument, of the making thereof. (2) Where an enactment is expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day (whether such day is before or after the date of the passing of such enactment, or where

330-671: Is not necessarily the case that a statute which comes into force remains in force until it is repealed; it may be explicitly brought out of force, and perhaps later brought back into force. For example, in Ireland, Section V of the Offences against the State Act 1939 (which provides for the Special Criminal Court ) goes in and out of force by government proclamation: it was brought into force on 24 August 1939, out of force on 2 October 1962, and back into force on 26 May 1972. Section 4 of

363-531: The Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government published Putting People First — Action Programme for Effective Local Government , which outlined the changes planned for the prospective bill. The minister established a boundary commission to define local electoral areas for the 2014 election, including the Action Programme within its terms of reference. Provision for directly elected mayors

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396-464: The Fine Gael–led government formed after the 2016 election considered "establishing town and borough councils subject to a local plebiscite and local funding". In June 2017, Fianna Fáil introduced a private member's bill to establish a Town Councils Commission "to carry out a review and make recommendations relating to the establishment and boundaries of a town council system". It was opposed by

429-646: The High Court for an injunction to stop the local elections on 23 May 2014, arguing the 2014 Act was null as it was passed without a vote , and that it violated Article 28A of the Constitution and the European Charter of Local Self-Government . In March 2015, then Labour Party ministers Brendan Howlin and Alan Kelly expressed dissatisfaction with the abolition of town councils. Howlin regretted having acquiesced to Fine Gael minister Phil Hogan, who championed

462-622: The Interpretation Act 1978 provides: An Act or provision of an Act comes into force— This replaces the corresponding provision in the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793 . Schedule 1 of that Act contains the following definition: "Commencement", in relation to an Act or enactment, means the time when the Act or enactment comes into force. Sections 14(1) and (2) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 read: (1) Every enactment which

495-505: The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 as the primary legislation for local government in the state. It redesignated the " urban district councils " and " town commissioners " as "town councils" without substantive changes to their existing powers, which were relatively slight for urban districts and even more so for commissioners. Various plans for more fundamental changes to the local government system have been made both before and after

528-559: The 2001 Act. After the 2011 general election , the new Fine Gael–Labour coalition 's programme for government promised reform and rationalisation of local authorities, both to enhance democratic accountability and local power, and as part of a broader range of spending cuts in response to the state's ongoing financial crisis . In 2011 and 2012, local commissions recommended the mergers of three pairs of neighbouring first-tier local authorities: North and South Tipperary, Waterford City and County , and Limerick City and County . In 2012,

561-688: The Act's long title : The merged North Tipperary and South Tipperary was a county called Tipperary , restoring the county's administrative unity for the first time since 1838. The merged Limerick and Waterford areas were designated a "city and county", otherwise equivalent to a county. Except in the Dublin Region, all counties (including the two "cities and counties") were subdivided into two or more second-tier units called "municipal districts". The districts which include Limerick and Waterford cities are "metropolitan districts" and those including an existing borough are "borough districts"; both names conferring

594-470: The Border region. The EU Operational Committee has a similar, but broader, composition and assists the Regional Authority in matters relating to EU assistance and reviewing the implementation of various EU Operational Programmes in a region. Each Regional Authority had a Director, assisted by a number of policy and administrative staff. The Regional Authorities had specific responsibility for: On 1 June 2014,

627-541: The Regional Assemblies: The members of the Regional Assemblies are nominated from the elected members of the local authorities in the region. The Regional Authorities were established in 1994. In 1999, this structure was supplemented with the addition of Regional Assemblies. The financing of the activities of the Regional Authorities was largely borne by their constituent local authorities. To assist

660-567: The Regional Authority in undertaking its functions, each has an Operational Committee and an EU Operational Committee. The Operational Committee is chaired by the Cathaoirleach (Chairperson) of the Regional Authority and is composed of senior management from the constituent local authorities and other relevant public sector agencies operating in the region. It helps prepare the work of the Regional Authority and assists and advises it on matters relating to its functions. Also, each Regional Authority has

693-523: The beginning of the day after the day on which the Bill for the Act receives Royal Assent. 3 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish instruments: time (1) Subsection (2) applies where an Act of the Scottish Parliament or a Scottish instrument provides for the Act or instrument to come into force on a particular day. (2) The Act or instrument comes into force at the beginning of

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726-564: The bill became law the AMAI merged with the Association of County & City Councils to form the Association of Irish Local Government. The bill was introduced as the Local Government Bill 2013; the word "Reform" was inserted into its title at committee stage by the select subcommittee on the Environment, Community and Local Government. On 28 April 2014, Mattie McGrath TD applied to

759-408: The enactment is a statutory instrument, of the making thereof, and whether such day is named in the enactment or is to be appointed or fixed or ascertained in any other manner) the enactment shall be construed as coming into force immediately on the expiration of the day before that particular day. In an enactment the expression "commencement", when used with reference to any statutory provision, means

792-442: The functions of the Regional Authorities were transferred to the two Regional Assemblies as established in 1999, to create a single regional system. From 1 January 2015, these were replaced by three Regional Assemblies, with the former Regional Authority regions being succeeded by strategic planning areas, wholly within the Regional Assemblies. Local Government Reform Act 2014 The Local Government Reform Act 2014 (No. 1)

825-476: The government on the grounds that it would pre-empt its own report, published in July 2017, on "potential measures to boost local government leadership and accountability". Coming into force In law , coming into force or entry into force (also called commencement ) is the process by which legislation , regulations , treaties and other legal instruments come to have legal force and effect. The term

858-531: The head of state or some other official is required to definitely signify his approval, as for example in the granting of royal assent in the Commonwealth realms . In others, a bill automatically becomes an Act unless vetoed , as for example in the United States . But these steps do not, in themselves, make an act legally binding on the population. An act is typically brought into force in one of three ways: It

891-661: The law or treaty exists. After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments may have to follow the official legal procedures of the organisation, such as the United Nations, that sponsored it, including signature , ratification , and entry into force. The process of enactment, by which a bill becomes an Act , is separate from commencement. Even if a bill passes through all necessary stages to become an Act, it may not automatically come into force. Moreover, an Act may be repealed having never come into force. A country's law could determine that on being passed by lawmakers

924-510: The power to veto subsequent appointments and to remove a chief executive for "stated misbehaviour". Part 11 of the act provided for a process leading to a directly elected mayor for the Dublin Metropolitan Area . This required approval from the councils of the four local authorities in the area, namely the city of Dublin and the counties of South Dublin , Fingal , and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown . Three supported it, but Fingal County Council voted 16–6 to reject it on 31 March 2014, terminating

957-436: The process. The Association of Municipal Authorities of Ireland (AMAI), which represented the town and borough councils abolished under the act, objected to the bill. It later published guidelines for the transition to the new structure. In March 2014, after the AMAI decided not to challenge the Act in court, another group called Former Local Authority Members Éire (FLAME) was founded by members of abolished councils. After

990-585: The proposal. The Irish Independent reported in November 2015 that the Fianna Fáil manifesto for the 2016 election would promise to restore town councils. In 2015, an advisory group and forum began reviewing local government; based on their work up to May 2016, Simon Coveney the then Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government said, "the revised structures are generally operating well but will need more time to bed down fully". The programme of

1023-399: The right for the chairperson of the district council to be called " mayor ". Each district comprises one (or, occasionally, more than one) local electoral area; the district councillors also serve as the area's county councillors. The position of county/city manager" was replaced by that of " Chief Executive ". Existing managers were the initial chief executives, with local authorities gaining

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1056-503: The time at which that provision comes into operation. Sections 2 and 3 of the Interpretation and Legislative Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 , which applies to Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments, provide- 2 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament (1) Subsection (2) applies where no provision is made for the coming into force of an Act of the Scottish Parliament. (2) The Act comes into force at

1089-507: Was included in the 2001 Act but repealed in 2003 without having been invoked. The idea of an executive mayor for Greater Dublin was given impetus by the establishment of a Mayor of London , and was promoted by the Green Party in the 2007–11 government . A bill to that effect was introduced in 2010, lapsing when the Dáil was dissolved for the 2011 election. The main provisions are summarised in

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