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78-420: Dubbing (also known as re-recording and mixing ) is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production where supplementary recordings (known as doubles ) are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production audio to create the final product. Often this process is performed on films by replacing the original language to offer voiced-over translations. After sound editors edit and prepare all

156-423: A non-linear editing (NLE) system. The advantage of non-linear editing is the ability to edit scenes out of order, thereby making creative changes at will. This flexibility facilitates carefully shaping the film in a thoughtful, meaningful way for emotional effect. Once the production team is satisfied with the picture editing, the editing is said to be locked . At this point the turnover process begins, in which

234-489: A production sound mixer records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising sound editor , or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized sound studio . Multiple takes are recorded, and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of various takes may be edited together. The ADR process does not always take place in

312-408: A certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image bank. There is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. The first of post-production usually requires loading the raw images into the post-production software. If there is more than one image, and they belong to

390-499: A dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a Cantonese version. In Georgia , original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons. In India , where "foreign films" are synonymous with " Hollywood films ", dubbing is done mostly in Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . Dubbing

468-598: A few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in

546-564: A few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in Indonesian or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically are not dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice are cast for the Indonesian dub. Adult films are mostly subtitled but sometimes they can be dubbed as well, and because there are not many Indonesian voice actors, multiple characters might have

624-412: A half an hour to load the three or four dozen tracks a predub might require. In the digital era, 250 hours of stereo sound, edited and ready to mix, can be transported on a single 160 GB hard drive . As well, this 250 hours of material can be copied in four hours or less, as opposed to the old system, which, predictably, would take 250 hours. Because of these innovations, sound editors, as of 2005, face

702-518: A large online database. Many sound effects editors make their own customized sound recordings which are accumulated into highly prized personal sound effects libraries. Often, sound effects used in films will be saved and reused in subsequent films. One exemplary case in point is a recording known as the " Wilhelm Scream " which has become known for its repeated use in many famous films such as The Charge at Feather River (1953), Pierre Marette Story (1957), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Raiders of

780-643: A long tradition of dubbing foreign films into Mandarin Chinese , starting in the 1930s. While during the Republic of China era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 Soviet movies became the main import, sometimes even surpassing the local production. In Communist China, most European movies were dubbed in Shanghai, whereas Asian and Soviet films were usually dubbed in Changchun . During

858-459: A more precise guide for the actors, directors , and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm film leader on which the dialogue is hand-written in India ink , together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band

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936-430: A post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR; alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and

1014-496: A projector one by one. For each scene, the loop would be played repeatedly while the voice actor performed the lines, trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was tedious. Later, videotape and then digital technology replaced the film loops, and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR). In conventional film production,

1092-771: A result of the boycott by the British actors' union Equity , which banned the sale of most British television programs, the puppet series The Adventures of Rupert Bear was dubbed into South African English , as the original voices had been recorded by Equity voice artists. This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on SABC TV, and the increase of locally produced material in Afrikaans on other channels like KykNet . Similarly, many programs, such as The Jeffersons , were dubbed into Zulu , but this has also declined as local drama production has increased. However, some animated films, such as Maya

1170-496: A set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the next step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect and clean cut. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the healing tool, clone tool, and patch tool. The next stages depend on what the client ordered. If it is a photo montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling

1248-440: Is associated with a cold atmosphere. The choice of music and sound increases the effect of the scenes shown to the audience. In television, the phases of post-production include: editing, video editing, color correction, assembly, sound editing, re-recording, animation and visual effects insertions, combining separately edited audio and video tracks back together and delivery for broadcast. Professional post-producers usually apply

1326-582: Is low), often with the English-language originals released in the metropolitan areas. In all other states, the English originals are released along with the dubbed versions, where often the dubbed version collections are more outstanding than the originals. Spider-Man 3 was also done in the Bhojpuri language , a language popular in eastern India in addition to Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. A Good Day to Die Hard ,

1404-469: Is of the "host based" variety. Sound-effects editors typically use an organized catalog of sound recordings from which sound effects can be easily accessed and used in film soundtracks. There are several commercially distributed sound-effects libraries available, the two most well-known publishers being Sound Ideas and The Hollywood Edge. Online search engines, such as Sounddogs , A Sound Effect and Sonniss allow users to purchase sound effects libraries from

1482-401: Is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important. Localization is the practice of adapting a film or television series from one region of the world for another. In contrast to pure translation, localization encompasses adapting the content to suit

1560-567: Is performed in the Levant countries with a strong tradition of dubbing (mainly Syria , Lebanon and Jordan ). Egypt was the first Arab country in charge of dubbing Disney movies in 1975 and used to do it exclusively in Egyptian Arabic rather than Modern Standard Arabic until 2011, and since then many other companies started dubbing their productions in this dialect. Beginning with Encanto , Disney movies are now dubbed in both dialects. In

1638-400: Is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture. Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour. However,

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1716-464: Is rarely done with the other major Indian languages, namely Bengali , Gujarati , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , and Odia , due to lack of significant market size. Despite this, some Kannada and Malayalam dubs of children television programs can be seen on the Sun TV channel. The dubbed versions are released into the towns and lower tier settlements of the respective states (where English penetration

1794-676: Is the digital audio workstation , or DAW. A DAW allows sounds, stored as computer files on a host computer, to be placed in timed synchronization with a motion picture, mixed, manipulated, and documented. The standard DAW system in use by the American film industry , as of 2012, is Avid 's Pro Tools , with the majority running on Macs . Another system in use presently is Yamaha owned Steinberg 's cross platform DAW Nuendo running on Macs using operating system Mac OS X but also on Windows XP . Other systems historically used for sound editing were: The WaveFrame, Fairlights, and Audiofile were of

1872-428: Is typically referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide an optimal sound experience. Contrary to the name, post-production may occur at any point during the recording and production process. Sound editor (filmmaking) The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes the artistic contribution of exceptional sound editing with

1950-512: The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing . There are primarily three divisions of sound that are combined to create a final mix, these being dialogue, effects, and music. In larger markets such as New York and Los Angeles, sound editors often specialize in only one of these areas, thus a show will have separate dialogue, effects, and music editors. In smaller markets, sound editors are expected to know how to handle it all, often crossing over into

2028-574: The Luganda translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live. In Azerbaijan , foreign movies are released in their original language with Azerbaijani subtitles in cinemas. Additionally, some theaters offer Russian and Turkish versions. According to the law, films intended for theatrical release must either be dubbed or subtitled. All television channels are required to broadcast movies and TV shows with dubbed audio. In

2106-572: The UK , it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of voice actor performances for animation , such as computer generated imagery or animated cartoons , is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue. The ADR process may be used to: Other examples include: An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or " lip-sync band"), has historically been used in Canada and France . It provides

2184-421: The "integrated" variety of DAW, and required the purchase of expensive proprietary hardware and specialized computers (not standard PCs or Macs). Of the two surviving systems, Pro Tools still requires some proprietary hardware (either a low cost portable device such as the "Mbox" or the more expensive multichannel A/D,D/A converters for more professional high end applications), while Nuendo (a successor to Cubase )

2262-432: The 1950s. Magnetic recording offered a better signal-to-noise ratio , allowing more tracks to be played simultaneously without increasing noise on the full mix. The greater number of options available to the editors led to more complex and creative sound tracks, and it was in this period that a set of standard practices became established which continued until the digital era, and many of the notional concepts are still at

2340-532: The 1960s and 1970s with the inflow of American, European and Hindi movies. Post-production Post-production is part of the process of filmmaking , video production , audio production , and photography . Post-production includes all stages of production occurring after principal photography or recording individual program segments. The traditional first part of the post-production process, non-linear (analog) film editing, has mostly been replaced by digital or video editing software , which operates as

2418-1001: The 1960s. In the early decades, it would dub 25 to 30 movies each year, the number rising to 60–75 by the early 2010s. Motion pictures are dubbed for China's Mongol- and Uyghur-speaking markets as well. Chinese television dramas are often dubbed in Standard Mandarin by professional voice actors to remove accents, improve poor performances, or change lines to comply with local censorship laws. In Hong Kong , foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in Cantonese . English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films. For

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2496-623: The 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while Korean dramas, Hong Kong dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer

2574-726: The Arabic-speaking countries, children's shows (mainly cartoons and kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, or Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was telenovelas dubbed in Standard Arabic, or dialects, but also Turkish series, most notably Gümüş , in Syrian Arabic. An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for Elijah Wood . In Tunisia , the Tunisia National Television (TNT),

2652-506: The Bee , have been dubbed in both Afrikaans and Zulu by local artists. In 2018, eExtra began showing the Turkish drama series Paramparça dubbed in Afrikaans as Gebroke Harte or "Broken Hearts", the first foreign drama to be dubbed in the language for twenty years. Uganda's own film industry is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English soundtrack is often accompanied by

2730-604: The Cultural Revolution, North Korean, Romanian and Albanian films became popular. Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed. The Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only

2808-652: The Lost Ark (1981), and Reservoir Dogs (1992). Credited with naming and popularizing this particular recording is sound designer Ben Burtt . The first sound process to substantially displace silent films in the moviegoing market was the Vitaphone process. Under the Vitaphone process, a microphone recorded the sound performed on set directly to a phonograph master, which made Vitaphone recordings impossible to cut or resynchronize, as later processes would allow. This limited

2886-486: The United States, many of these voice artists may employ pseudonyms or go uncredited due to Screen Actors Guild regulations or the desire to dissociate themselves from the role. In Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by

2964-454: The Vitaphone process to capturing musical acts or one-take action scenes, like Vaudeville routines or other re-creations of stage performances; essentially, scenes that required no editing at all. However, Warner Brothers , even as early as The Jazz Singer , began experimenting with the mixing of multiple phonograph recordings and intercutting between the "master" sync take and coverage of other angles. The original mixing console used to make

3042-568: The Vitaphone system, but these were rendered obsolete with the widespread adoption of sound-on-film processes in the early 1930s. In a sound-on-film process, a microphone captures sound and converts it into a signal that can be photographed on film. Since the recording is imposed linearly on the medium, and the medium is easily cut and glued, sounds recorded can be easily re-sequenced and separated onto separate tracks, allowing more control in mixing. Options expanded further when optical sound recording processes were replaced with magnetic recording in

3120-532: The advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in Persian . Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during

3198-411: The complete editing, color correction, and the addition of music and sound. The process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing, because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, the atmosphere of the movie can be heavily influenced. For instance, a blue-tinted movie

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3276-638: The core of sound design, computerized or not: Historically the Dubbing Mixer (UK) or Re-Recording Mixer (US) was the specialist who mixed all the audio tracks supplied by the Dubbing Editor (with the addition of 'live sounds' such as Foley) in a special Dubbing Suite. As well as mixing, he would introduce equalization, compression and filtered sound effects, etc. while seated at a large console. Often two or three mixers would sit alongside, each controlling sections of audio, e.g., dialogue, music, effects. In

3354-958: The country's recent past, as in the case of the dub of Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , where the Nazi organization upon which the film's plot centers was changed to a drug smuggling enterprise. The first post- WWII movie dub was Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) dubbed from Russian into the Czech language . In Western Europe after World War II , dubbing was attractive to many film producers as it helped to enable co-production between companies in different countries, in turn allowing them to pool resources and benefit from financial support from multiple governments. The use of dubbing meant that multi-national casts could be assembled and were able to use their preferred language for their performances, with appropriate post-production dubs being carried out before distributing versions of

3432-414: The decisions the editors made in assembling them, were now digitized, and could be versioned, done, undone, and archived instantly and compactly. In the magnetic recording era, sound editors owned trucks to ship their tracks to a mixing stage, and transfers to magnetic film were measured in hundreds of thousands of feet. Once the materials arrived at the stage, a dozen recordists and mix technicians required

3510-502: The different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo composition. Types of work usually done: Techniques used in music post-production include comping (short for compositing, or compiling the best portions of multiple takes into a single composite take), timing and pitch correction (perhaps through beat quantization ), and adding effects . This process

3588-509: The dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered in films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example, Jumanji , Dragonheart and Van Helsing having two Hindi dubs. Information for the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu voice actors who have done the voices for specific actors and for their roles on foreign films and television programs are published in local Indian data magazines, for those that are involved in

3666-481: The dubbing cast or staff. The DVD releases, however, do have credits for the dubbing staff, if they are released multilingual. As of recently, information for the dubbing staff of foreign productions have been expanding due to high demands of people wanting to know the voice actors behind characters in foreign works. Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in Indonesia show foreign movies with subtitles. Then

3744-517: The dubbing industry in India. But on a few occasions, there are some foreign productions that do credit the dubbing cast, such as animated films like the Barbie films, and some Disney films. Disney Channel original series released on DVD with their Hindi dubs show a list of the artists in the Hindi dub credits, after the original ending credits. Theatrical releases and VCD releases of foreign films do not credit

3822-450: The early 1990s, when digital audio workstations acquired features sufficient for use in film production, mainly, the ability to synchronize with picture, and the ability to play back many tracks at once with CD-quality fidelity . The quality of 16-bit audio at a 48 kHz sampling rate allowed hundreds of tracks to be mixed together with negligible noise. The physical manifestation of the work became computerized: sound recordings, and

3900-461: The era of optical sound tracks, it was difficult to mix more than eight tracks at once without accumulating excessive noise . At the height of magnetic recording, 200 tracks or more could be mixed together, aided by Dolby noise reduction. In the digital era there is no limit. For example, a single predub can exceed a hundred tracks, and the final dub can be the sum of a thousand tracks. The mechanical system of sound editing remained unchanged until

3978-560: The exact same voice. When it comes to reality shows, whether the show is dubbed or not differs. For example, the Japanese competition show TV Champion Japan are fully dubbed, while other reality shows are aired with Indonesian subtitles. All Malay language TV shows, including animated ones, are subtitled instead, likely due to the language's mutual intelligibility with Indonesian. In Iran , International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in Persian . Dubbing began in 1946 with

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4056-417: The film. Automated dialogue replacement ( ADR ) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the initially scripted dialog. In the early days of talkies , a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be rerecorded, and then the loops would be loaded onto

4134-481: The final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some fans frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it, and to varying degrees, appreciate it. The new voice track is usually spoken by a voice actor . In many countries, actors who regularly perform this duty remain little-known, with the exception of particular circles (such as anime fandom ) or when their voices have become synonymous with roles or actors whose voices they usually dub. In

4212-563: The frame, the traditional functions of a film editor are often unnecessary. Treg Brown is known to cartoon fans as the sound effects genius of Warner Bros. Animation . Other greats of the field have included Jimmy MacDonald of the Walt Disney Studios , Greg Watson and Don Douglas at Hanna-Barbera , and Joe Siracusa of UPA and various TV cartoon studios. In the production of radio programs and music, persons who manipulate sound recordings are known simply as "editors", in cases where

4290-628: The language rule. In South Africa , many television programs were dubbed in Afrikaans , with the original soundtrack (usually in English, but sometimes Dutch or German ) " simulcast " in FM stereo on Radio 2000 . These included US series such as The Six Million Dollar Man (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal) , Miami Vice (Misdaad in Miami) , Beverly Hills 90210 , and the German detective series Derrick . As

4368-612: The larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact. Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's autonomous regions . Notably, the Translation Department of the Tibetan Autonomous Region Movie Company (西藏自治区电影公司译制科) has been dubbing movies into the Tibetan language since

4446-422: The listener doesn't hear the transitions from shot to shot (often the background sounds underneath the words change dramatically from take to take). Among the challenges that effects editors face are creatively adding together various elements to create believable sounds for everything you see on screen, as well as memorizing their sound effects library. The essential piece of equipment used in modern sound editing

4524-454: The master recording of The Jazz Singer , still viewable in the Warner Bros. Studio Museum, has no more than four or five knobs, but each is still visibly labeled with the basic "groups" that a modern sound designer would recognize: "music", "crowd", and so on. Warner Bros. developed increasingly sophisticated technology to sequence greater numbers of phonograph sound effects to picture using

4602-420: The mixing realm as well. Editing effects is likened to creating the sonic world from scratch, while dialogue editing is likened to taking the existing sonic world and fixing it. Dialogue editing is more accurately thought of as "production sound editing", where the editor takes the original sound recorded on the set, and using a variety of techniques, makes the dialogue more understandable, as well as smoother, so

4680-507: The most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in The Lord of the Rings film series, Elijah Wood's character Frodo Baggins was dubbed into Mandarin by Jiang Guangtao for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and Macau . In the first Cantonese dub, he

4758-540: The most recent installment in the Die Hard franchise, was the first ever Hollywood film to receive a Punjabi language dub as well. Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for

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4836-440: The necessary tracks—dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley , and music—the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack . While dubbing and ADR are similar processes that focus on enhancing and replacing dialogue audio, ADR is a process in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments. This allows filmmakers to replace unclear dialogue if there

4914-402: The original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks: Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different; translators must be proficient in the source language, while dialog writers must be proficient in

4992-540: The past, voice-over was commonly used, but in the last decade, channels have improved the quality by adopting full dubbing. DVD releases are typically imported from Russia or Turkey. The absence of detailed laws, limited regulations, monitoring, and industry interest contribute to ongoing debates on how movies and series should be released. However, certain series and movies (The Kingdom of Solomon, Mokhtarnameh, and Prophet Joseph etc.), have been fully dubbed and released, including availability in home media formats. China has

5070-467: The peaks of the dialog, and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization. Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader , portrayed by David Prowse ; in post-production, James Earl Jones dubbed the voice of Vader. In India , the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in

5148-420: The performers. As of 2020, the automated process includes sophisticated techniques, including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack, detect

5226-450: The picture is prepared for lab and color finishing, and the sound is spotted and turned over to the composer and sound designers for sound design, composing, and sound mixing. Post-production consists of many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include: The post-production phase of creating a film usually takes longer than the actual shooting of the film. It can take several months to complete, because it includes

5304-416: The preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session. For dubs into a language other than

5382-457: The public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to

5460-453: The recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product

5538-426: The same issues as other computerized, "knowledge-based" professionals, including the loss of work due to outsourcing to cheaper labor markets, and the loss of royalties due to ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights. In the field of animation, traditionally the sound editors have been given the more prestigious title of "film editor" in screen credits. As animated films are more often than not planned to

5616-452: The target audience. For example, culture-specific references may be replaced and footage may be removed or added. Dub localization is a contentious issue in cinephilia among aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television programs , particularly anime fans. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often discussed in such communities, especially when

5694-423: The target language. The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text. Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in

5772-416: The voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered the official voice. Films, videos , and sometimes video games are dubbed into the local language of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, television films , television series , cartoons , anime and telenovelas . In many countries, dubbing

5850-523: The widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand. Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in Modern Standard Arabic became a popular choice among most TV channels, cinemas and VHS/DVD stores. However, dubbed films are still imported, and dubbing

5928-414: Was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as Fascist Italy and Francoist Spain , dubbing could be used to enforce particular ideological agendas, excising negative references to the nation and its leaders and promoting standardized national languages at the expense of local dialects and minority languages. In post-Nazi Germany , dubbing was used to downplay events in

6006-443: Was issues with the script, background noise, or the original recording. The term "dubbing" commonly refers to the replacement of actors' voices with those of different performers who recite their dialogue for international audiences, typically in a different language from the original dialogue. When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is used, since these media are often partially finished before

6084-577: Was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, while in the second Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Bosco Tang. Taiwan dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national terrestrial channels both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in second audio program . Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for prime time U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued. In

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