Misplaced Pages

#364635

51-606: The first iteration of the mill was initially built by Charles and Grant Gordon in 1909 on the west side of the Wabigoon River From the early twentieth century to the twenty-first century, the forest industry has played a significant role in Dryden's economy. In 2019, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Weyerhaeuser Company and Resolute Forest Products —previously known as Abitibi-Consolidated —are responsible for remediating

102-566: A 1971 provincial report suggested that the mercury might have occurred naturally because of its chemical property. The definition of Minamata disease was not clear at the time, and the level of contamination in Japan's case of Minamata disease was much more serious and lethal than the ones in Canada. Also, the symptoms of Minamata disease are similar to alcoholic inebriation, including loss of coordination and concentration and body tremors. Public awareness of

153-504: A clean up of the mercury poison that has been left in their river for over 50 years". Chief Fobister announced that an expert report, which was released on June 6, 2016 had found that the river was "still highly contaminated" and that "it can be cleaned safely". In 2024, a research team, led by Western biology professor Brian Branfireun, detected heightened levels of methylmercury in the English-Wabigoon River system. Combined with

204-970: A four-year study in November 2006, which predicted that, at prevailing trends, the world would run out of wild-caught seafood in 2048. The scientists stated that the decline was a result of overfishing , pollution and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being annihilated. Many countries, such as Tonga , the United States , Australia and Bahamas , and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources. Fisheries are affected by climate change in many ways: marine aquatic ecosystems are being affected by rising ocean temperatures , ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation , while freshwater ecosystems are being impacted by changes in water temperature, water flow, and fish habitat loss. These effects vary in

255-758: A more relevant and practical way to manage fisheries. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), there are "no clear and generally accepted definitions of fisheries management". However, the working definition used by the FAO and much cited elsewhere is: The integrated process of information gathering , analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources and formulation and implementation, with necessary law enforcement to ensure environmental compliance , of regulations or rules which govern fisheries activities in order to ensure

306-580: A second mill in 1977 were halted by the conclusions from the Recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment . About 850 First Nations people were living on the two reserves when the mercury issue arose, and they were told to stop eating fish and drinking water. Also, the commercial fishery and fishing guides services were forced to close, resulting in mass unemployment in

357-470: A significant impact on other aspects of the environment such as seabird populations. On top of the overfishing, there is a seafood shortage resulting from the mass amounts of seafood waste, as well as the microplastics that are polluting the seafood consumed by the public. The latter is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like drift nets and longlining equipment that are wearing down by use, lost or thrown away. The journal Science published

408-677: A significant role in the economy of the city. In 1911, the rights of the timber lease were transferred from the Gordon brothers to the Dryden Timber and Power Company because the building they were constructing burned down in 1910, and they did not have means to complete their project. Dryden Timber and Power Company constructed a new mill and started to operate in 1913; it was the first Kraft pulp mill in Northwestern Ontario . Power chain saws , safety pants and safety gloves were introduced with

459-480: A source of a food and drinking water and contributed to the local economy through fishing and guiding. By 1970, the river was polluted with chemical waste . This spread to the Winnipeg River and eventually to Lake Winnipeg . As a result, the people of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog suffered from mercury poisoning , including Minamata disease . Mercury never dissolves and is bioaccumulative . Plans to build

510-596: A subsidiary of the British multinational, Reed International , dumped 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of mercury into the English-Wabigoon River upstream of Grassy Narrows First Nation from 1962 to 1970. This slow poisoning of the water system is considered one of Canada's worst environmental disasters. Dryden Chemicals used mercury cells in sodium chloride electrolysis to make caustic soda and chlorine for bleaching paper The English-Wabigoon River served as

561-548: A very small number of species support the majority of the world's fisheries. Some of these species are herring , cod , anchovy , tuna, flounder , mullet , squid , shrimp , salmon, crab , lobster , oyster and scallops . All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers. In 2022 small-scale fisheries contribute an estimated 40 percent of

SECTION 10

#1732855122365

612-677: A year to global GDP , but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as US$ 50 billion. In 2022 77% of the global workforce was in Asia, 16% in Africa and 5% in Latin America and the Caribbean. In addition to commercial and subsistence fishing, recreational (sport) fishing is popular and economically important in many regions. Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent

663-439: Is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth. Fishing and pollution from fishing are the largest contributors to the decline in ocean health and water quality. Ghost nets, or nets abandoned in the ocean, are made of plastic and nylon and do not decompose, wreaking extreme havoc on the wildlife and ecosystems they interrupt. Overfishing and destruction of marine ecosystems may have

714-406: Is an emerging and specialized area of law. Fisheries law is the study and analysis of different fisheries management approaches such as catch shares e.g. individual transferable quotas ; TURFs; and others. The study of fisheries law is important in order to craft policy guidelines that maximize sustainability and legal enforcement. This specific legal area is rarely taught at law schools around

765-500: Is an increasing problem, causing declines in some populations. Because of their economic and social importance, fisheries are governed by complex fisheries management practices and legal regimes that vary widely across countries. Historically, fisheries were treated with a " first-come, first-served " approach, but recent threats from human overfishing and environmental issues have required increased regulation of fisheries to prevent conflict and increase profitable economic activity on

816-690: Is in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario , Canada, on Wabigoon Lake —the headwater of the Wabigoon River near the Manitoba border, was ideally located for the pulp-and-paper industry with its abundant hydroelectricity supply from the Wabigoon River and a plentiful supply of wood. Dryden, as of 2016, had a population of 7,749. Dryden is the second-largest city in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario , Canada, located on Wabigoon Lake . It

867-448: Is possible, drawing on fisheries science and possibly including the precautionary principle . Modern fisheries management is often referred to as a governmental system of appropriate environmental management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of monitoring control and surveillance . An ecosystem approach to fisheries management has started to become

918-636: Is seafood safety. Each country, or region, around the world has a varying degree of seafood safety standards and regulations. These regulations can contain a large diversity of fisheries management schemes including quota or catch share systems. It is important to study seafood safety regulations around the world in order to craft policy guidelines from countries who have implemented effective schemes. Also, this body of research can identify areas of improvement for countries who have not yet been able to master efficient and effective seafood safety regulations. The environmental impact of fishing includes issues such as

969-677: Is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. FAO predicted in 2018 the following major trends for the period up to 2030: The goal of fisheries management is to produce sustainable biological, environmental and socioeconomic benefits from renewable aquatic resources. Wild fisheries are classified as renewable when the organisms of interest (e.g., fish , shellfish , amphibians , reptiles and marine mammals ) produce an annual biological surplus that with judicious management can be harvested without reducing future productivity . Fishery management employs activities that protect fishery resources so sustainable exploitation

1020-421: Is the smallest community in the province of Ontario designated as a city. The plant is located upstream of White Dog First Nation and Grassy Narrows First Nation . In 1909, Charles and Grant Gordon began the construction of a paper mill on the west side of the Wabigoon River , where a paper mill is currently located. The mill's location has some advantages, because it has an abundant electricity supply from

1071-587: The Ojibwe waabigon , "marigold", or waabi-miigwan , "white feather". The river begins at Crocker Bay at the northwest of Raleigh Lake, flows northwest over the Raleigh Falls, then under Ontario Highway 17 and the Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental main line at the settlement of Raleigh. It continues northwest, takes in the right tributary Little Wabigoon River, then turns southwest back under

SECTION 20

#1732855122365

1122-509: The CP line and Highway 17 at the settlement of Taché. The river takes in the left tributary Mennin River, flows over Walker Falls, and takes in the right tributary Melgund Creek all near the settlement of Borups Corners , enters Dinorwic Lake, and flows into Wabigoon Lake, where it takes in the left tributary Crooked River. The Wabigoon River exits the lake at the northwest at Dryden and flows northwest through

1173-620: The First Nation residents to stop eating fish, which is their main staple food , and closed down their commercial fishery in November 1970. Even though the hair and blood samples of people in Grassy Narrows and White Dog showed that the blood mercury levels exceeded the level considered safe for humans, the Canadian federal government denied the occurrence of Minamata disease and insisted that no serious typical cases were found in those regions. Even

1224-424: The Wabigoon River. The mercury pollution spread throughout the downstream Wabigoon-English River system. The mercury entered the food chain and accumulated in fish which were a major part of the diet for First Nations people on reserves at Grassy Narrows and Whitedog. This caused severe mercury poisoning with symptoms including neurological problems and birth defects among these people and also resulted in

1275-585: The Wainwright Township dam and generating station, operated by Regional Power, a subsidiary of Manulife Financial. It takes in the left tributary, Eagle River, passes under Ontario Highway 105 at Upper Falls, then under Ontario Highway 609 and the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line, and finally flows over Quibell Dam, with the latter three landmarks located at the settlement of Quibell. It then heads northwest to Clay Lake, takes in

1326-636: The abundance of nutrients available there from coastal upwelling and land runoff . However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts , and inland in lakes and rivers. Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms , or the aquaculture of salmon , but more typically fish farming occurs inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures. There are commercial fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks , crustaceans and echinoderms , and by extension, aquatic plants such as kelp . However,

1377-676: The activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of mammal and fish fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types. Some government and private organizations, especially those focusing on recreational fishing include in their definitions not only the fishers, but the fish and habitats upon which the fish depend. The fishing industry which harvests fish from fisheries can be divided into three main sectors: commercial , recreational or subsistence . They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed . About 85 percent of total marine fisheries production

1428-518: The availability of fish , overfishing , fisheries , and fisheries management ; as well as the impact of industrial fishing on other elements of the environment, such as bycatch . These issues are part of marine conservation , and are addressed in fisheries science programs. According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There

1479-529: The changes in the ocean caused by climate change , which may extend the range of some fisheries while dramatically reducing the sustainability of other fisheries. According to the FAO , "...a fishery is an activity leading to harvesting of fish. It may involve capture of wild fish or raising of fish through aquaculture." It is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing , class of boats, purpose of

1530-471: The closure of a commercial fishery and a fishing lodge in the area. In 1985, an agreement was signed which committed the federal and provincial governments and the two private companies involved to provide compensation. Dissolved mercury is now low in the river system and past concentrations are recorded in the sediments of Clay Lake. Elevated concentrations persist in larger, older fish in the river system, although concentrations have dropped considerably over

1581-469: The community. Furthermore, "the impact of the mercury poisoning on the local economy had not received attention for a long time." In 2015, a former employee claimed he had participated in further dumping drums of mercury in 1972. Grassy Narrows Chief Simon Frobisher believes this dumping was done at a separate, un-monitored site. Since the mercury poisoning, the Grassy Narrows community "have lived with

Paper and pulp industry in Dryden, Ontario - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-427: The consequences of one of the worst cases of environmental poisoning in Canadian history." In 1985, Dryden chemical executives repeatedly insisted that mercury occurred naturally in the local environment, and the mill's effluence was not the only source of mercury in the river. However, fish taken from the area of the mill showed much higher levels of mercury than fish from other areas. The Ontario government warned

1683-434: The context of each fishery. Climate change is modifying fish distributions and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. Climate change is expected to lead to significant changes in the availability and trade of fish products . The geopolitical and economic consequences will be significant, especially for the countries most dependent on the sector. The biggest decreases in maximum catch potential can be expected in

1734-518: The continued productivity of the resources and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives. International attention to these issues has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving coastal ecosystems and supporting more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities, including in their fishery and aquaculture practices. Fisheries law

1785-408: The difficulties most countries face in collecting these data. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture . Overfishing , including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels , is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions. It was estimated in 2014 that global fisheries were adding US$ 270 billion

1836-465: The existing mercury in the rivers, Branfireun said "[t]he combination of sulphate and organic matter from the mill was elevating the creation of the more toxic, methylmercury in the river." In March 2007, Domtar purchased the Mill from Weyerhaeuser for approximately US$ 520 million. It has an annual pulp production capacity of 319,000 tonnes in 1 pulp line. Domtar Corporation acquired the mill and became

1887-419: The fishery. Modern jurisdiction over fisheries is often established by a mix of international treaties and local laws. Declining fish populations, marine pollution , and the destruction of important coastal ecosystems have introduced increasing uncertainty in important fisheries worldwide, threatening economic security and food security in many parts of the world. These challenges are further complicated by

1938-669: The global catch and support 90 percent of the capture fisheries workforce, with women representing 40 percent. 500 million people rely on small-scale fisheries for their livelihoods, including 53 million involved in subsistence fishing, of which 45 percent are women. In 2022 inland fisheries produced 11.3 million tonnes, harvested mainly in Asia (63.4 percent) and Africa (29.4 percent), where they are important for food security. Lead producers were India (1.9 million tonnes), Bangladesh (1.3 million tonnes), China (1.2 million tonnes), Myanmar (0.9 million tonnes) and Indonesia (0.5 million tonnes). Inland fisheries figures are likely underestimated due to

1989-543: The healthcare, retail and commercial channels." The acquisition was closed in August 2023. 49°47′N 92°50′W  /  49.783°N 92.833°W  / 49.783; -92.833 Wabigoon River The Wabigoon River is a river in Kenora District in northwestern Ontario , Canada. It flows from Raleigh Lake past Dryden, Ontario on Wabigoon Lake to join the English River . The name "Wabigoon" comes from

2040-544: The lack of global demand for pulp. As a result, 230 workers have been off work since the mill closed. However, mill employees working in Dryden began slowly returning to work at Domtar's pulp mill in July 2009. In February 2023, Domtar announced they had entered an agreement to sell Domtar's Dryden pulp mill to First Quality, "a closely held, diversified group of companies manufacturing, selling and distributing branded and private label absorbent hygiene, paper and packaging products into

2091-630: The largest integrated producer of uncoated paper in North America and the second-largest in the world in terms of production capacity, owns a pulp manufacturer in Dryden that produces one pulp product called Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK). The mill produces 319,000 air dry metric tons of NBSK annually, which is sold on the open market. However, the paper and pulp sector is facing economic deterioration. On April 2, 2009, Domtar Corporation announced that it would idle its Dryden pulp making mills for approximately ten weeks starting April 25, 2009 due to

Paper and pulp industry in Dryden, Ontario - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-562: The left tributary Canyon River at Canyon Stretch, passes through Segise Lake, and reaches its mouth at Ball Lake on the English River, which flows via the Winnipeg River and Nelson River to Hudson Bay. In 1962, Dryden Chemical Company began operating a chloralkali process plant in Dryden that produced chlorine and sodium hydroxide which were used at the nearby Dryden Pulp and Paper Company for bleaching pulp . Dryden Chemical Company dumped its waste water containing mercury into

2193-512: The mercury contamination. The environmental poisoning continues to cause significant health problems for the First Nations communities downstream. The Government of Canada is building a $ 20 million clinic to treat the First Nations "suffering from mercury poisoning". Since a USD $ 520 million purchase of the mill by Domtar from Weyerhaeuser , in 2007 the mill has produced Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft pulp product. The city of Dryden, which

2244-552: The ownership of Dryden Paper Company in the early 1960s, resulting in a tremendous increase in productivity for the loggers . In the 1970s, the plant had a capacity of 350 tons of pulp per day, representing approximately 4% of all wood pulp made in Ontario. Waste water from the wood processing flowed into the Wabigoon River As demand for their products decreased in 2009, hundreds of workers were laid off. Dryden Chemicals Ltd.,

2295-533: The past few decades Fishery Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. , fishing grounds ). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms , both in freshwater waterbodies (about 10% of all catch) and the oceans (about 90%). About 500 million people worldwide are economically dependent on fisheries. 171 million tonnes of fish were produced in 2016, but overfishing

2346-422: The problem grew during the 1970s. The federal government paid $ 4.4 million ($ 12,904,036 today) to Grassy Narrows for social service and economic development on July 27, 1984. The federal government has paid more than $ 9 million for compensation to the First Nations affected by the mercury contamination. On June 6, 2016, Indigenous Chief Fobister led a march with a thousand protestors in downtown Toronto, to "demand

2397-455: The river and a plentiful supply of wood. During the late 1890s, there were several sawmills operating in the Dryden, Ontario area. They primarily supplied the builders of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) with railway timber , and powered the many steam boilers used for mining in that area. Since the early 1900s and the opening of the first sawmill in Dryden, the forest industry has played

2448-425: The world's fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes). Most marine fisheries are based near the coast . This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal shelf , due to

2499-456: The world, which leaves a vacuum of advocacy and research. Fisheries law also takes into account international treaties and industry norms in order to analyze fisheries management regulations. In addition, fisheries law includes access to justice for small-scale fisheries and coastal and aboriginal communities and labor issues such as child labor laws, employment law, and family law. Another important area of research covered in fisheries law

2550-587: Was finfish, mainly anchoveta (4.9 million tonnes), Alaska pollock (3.4 million tonnes) and skipjack tuna (3.1 million tonnes). Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska , the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific , or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational. Close to 90% of

2601-439: Was utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to relatively stable capture fisheries production, reduced wastage and continued aquaculture growth. This production resulted in a record-high per capita consumption of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth

SECTION 50

#1732855122365
#364635