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56-787: Drvar lies in a vast valley, the southeastern part of Bosanska Krajina , between the Osječanica , Klekovača , Vijenca and Šator mountains of the Dinaric Alps . The southeastern side of the boundary extends from the Šator over the Jadovnik, the Ujilica and descends to the Lipovo and the Una River. This extremely hilly region comprising the town of Drvar and the numerous outlying villages covers approximately 1,030 square kilometers (400 square miles). The town itself

112-448: A large group of prominent Drvar citizens, and took them to Risovac near Bosanski Petrovac, where they were tortured, killed and thrown into a pit. After the Ustaše imprisoned all Serb men from Drvar during June and July 1941, they began with the preparation to imprison and kill all Serbs from Drvar, regardless of their age and sex, including all women and children. The genocidal activities of

168-522: A range of wood and food processing companies that stimulated an economic boom in this region. There was also a significant ore industry developed around the Kozara Mountain. The expressway E-661 (locally known as M-16) leads north to Croatia , existing as an expressway from Banja Luka to Laktaši and as a two-lane road from Laktaši to the Bosnian/Croatian border. This second section of the road

224-546: A significant cultural and historical identity that was formed through several historic and economic events. The territory of Bosanska Krajina is currently divided between Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . During the Medieval Bosnia period, the region of Bosanska Krajina was known as Donji Kraji ( transl.  Lower Ends ) and Zapadne Strane ( transl.  Westward Sides ). After

280-540: A year, primarily to Tito's Cave, and on November 24, 1981, Drvar changed its name to Titov Drvar. In September 1995, Drvar, as well as some other municipalities, was taken over by Croatian forces, and the Serb population fled. Many of them moved to Banja Luka . During this period, Drvar was nearly deserted. Leading up to 1995, Drvar was populated almost entirely by Bosnian Serbs. During the Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, Drvar

336-469: Is a geographical region, a subregion of Bosnia , in western Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is enclosed by a number of rivers, namely the Sava (north), Glina (northwest), Vrbanja and Vrbas (east and southeast, respectively). The region is also a historic, economic, and cultural entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, noted for its preserved nature and wildlife diversity . The largest city and historical center of

392-615: Is a member of the Alliance of Serb Municipalities . Aside from the town of Drvar, the following settlements comprise the municipality: Drvar was already well known in the Austrian-Hungarian era due to the high-quality wood coming from that area. The Drvar area is still one of the largest logging and wood-processing environments in BiH. One of the major problems in this area is the widespread corruption connected to this wood-processing industry. It

448-618: Is a town and the seat of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is situated in western Bosnia and Herzegovina along the border with Croatia . From 1929 to 1941, Bosansko Grahovo was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . During World War II , from 1941 to 1945, Bosansko Grahovo

504-622: Is currently being upgraded to an expressway. Under planning is two new expressways. One from Prijedor to Bosanska Dubica to shorten the travelling time to Zagreb. The other one is to the east heading towards Doboj and connecting Bosanska Krajina to the important Corridor Vc in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Banja Luka International Airport is located 23 km from Banja Luka. There are two airlines currently, B&H Airlines and Adria Airways, with regular flights to Ljubljana (four times weekly) and Zürich (three times weekly). Charter flights also operate from

560-466: Is estimated that during 2004 about 110,000m of wood 'disappeared'. Average price of 1m of timber (second class) is about 100 BAM (100 Convertible Marks = 49.5 Euros). "Desant na Drvar" is a movie made about the German attack on Drvar. There are still some locations in area, which were heavily fought over in that period, that still seem to be untouched by time. Famous landmarks include "Tito's Cave" and

616-490: Is mainly spread out from the left side of the river Unac, and its elevation is approximately 480 meters (1,574 feet). The word Drvar stems from the Slavic word drvo which means 'wood'. During the period of SFR Yugoslavia , Drvar was named Titov Drvar in honor of Josip Broz Tito . The first writings on Drvar date back to the 9th century. In the first half of the 16th century (approximately 1530) residents of this area, under

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672-507: Is the hub of the railway services in Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising more than one-half of the railway network of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Services operate to the northern and western Bosnian towns Banja Luka, Prijedor, Bosanski Novi and Bihać. The rail network also operates to Zagreb (twice daily), and Belgrade. 44°46′N 17°11′E  /  44.767°N 17.183°E  / 44.767; 17.183 Bosansko Grahovo Bosansko Grahovo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Босанско Грахово )

728-582: The Balkans . [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Bosanska Krajina Bosanska Krajina ( Serbian Cyrillic : Босанска Крајина , pronounced [bɔ̌sanskaː krâjina] )

784-832: The Drvar uprising Grahovo was captured by the Serb rebels commanded by Branko Bogunović . Bogunović joined the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and in September 1941 he was appointed as commander of the Chetnik Regiment "Gavrilo Princip" from Grahovo. One hundred Croat civilians were murdered by the Chetniks during the Bosansko Grahovo massacre . During the Bosnian War , the town was held by Bosnian Serb forces . The Croatian Army captured

840-525: The Eyalet of Bosnia in 1580. The Croatian lands in general were reduced to a fraction of what they encompassed, and only the westernmost parts of today's Bosanska Krajina still resisted the Ottoman rule. Nevertheless, the Ottoman armies preferred to advance towards their targets in the northwest through more easily passable terrain, such as along the river Danube , for example Vienna was first besieged in 1529 after

896-431: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , after which Croat politicians enticed up to 6,000 Bosnian Croats, mainly displaced persons from central Bosnia, to move to Drvar, by promising such things as jobs and keys to vacant homes. A further 2,500 Croat HVO troops and their families were stationed there, also occupying the homes of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens. This drastically changed the population and from 1995 to 1999

952-491: The Kingdom of Croatia under Tomislav I . Archaeological data show that medieval cemeteries of northwestern Bosnia clearly indicate that from the first half of the 10th century this territory was under the political rule of Tomislav I. Northern parts of these territories were ruled by the Slavonian Banate (parishes of Sana, Vrbas, and Dubica, while Lower Pounje was part of the parish of Zagreb) as lower Slavonia, where

1008-402: The Kingdom of Hungary 's persistent hold over the entire region, restricting them to fortified cities, and when Jajce fell again in 1528, Ottoman rule persisted almost until the end of the 19th century. In the late 15th century, a local Croatian lord ( knez ), Juraj Mikuličić, erected a fort in the village of Bužim near Bihać, fearing the advancing Ottoman army . Mikuličić died in 1495, but

1064-694: The Republic of Bihać in Bosanska Krajina. Soon afterwards, Bosanska Krajina was also the place of historical agreements that have taken place in Jajce and Mrkonjić Grad in 1943, ones that established the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its current borders, as well as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During the 1992-95 Bosnian War , Bosanska Krajina was divided between Republika Srpska ,

1120-718: The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia . The Serb entity of SAO Bosanska Krajina was established in summer 1991. The region was also a place of concentration camps, including Manjača and Omarska where Bosniaks were held, tortured, raped, and killed. For the past two years, non-Serbs in the Bosanska Krajina area have been "cleansed" through systematic persecution that includes torture , murder , rape , beatings, harassment , de jure discrimination, intimidation , expulsion from homes, confiscation of property, bombing of businesses, dismissal from work, outlawing of all scripts except

1176-664: The 14th century, the Ottoman Empire had significantly expanded into the western Balkans in a series of wars , and the Turkish westward incursions eventually made this region an Ottoman borderland. Jajce had fallen to the Ottoman Turks in 1463, marking the downfall of the Kingdom of Bosnia , although was later taken from the Ottoman Turks and organized as defensive Banate of Jajce. The Battle of Krbava Field in 1493 effectively ended

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1232-635: The Balkans", in the "Dalmatinska zagora" region of Croatia, and columns of hundreds of thousands of refugees in cars, on tractors, wagons and on foot began to pass through Drvar as they fled their homes in Croatia. The shelling of the outlying areas of Drvar by the Croatian Government forces had reoccured and continued for days. In late 1995, after the Dayton Peace Accord was signed, Drvar became part of

1288-651: The Bosnian War, about 5,000 Bosnian Serb residents have returned to Drvar. However, unemployment in the town stands at 80% and many residents blame the government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the poor economic situation. In September 2019, the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić made an official visit to Drvar, along with the Serb Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina Milorad Dodik . Drvar

1344-713: The Bužim fort would not pass to Ottoman control until 1576. Bosanska Krajina was the last region in Bosnia to fall to the Ottoman Empire; the last city to fall was Bihać in 1592, which eventually paved the way for the Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina . After the crucial 1526 Battle of Mohács and the 1527 election in Cetin , Croatia became part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire . The Ottoman Empire formally established

1400-541: The Cyrillic in public institutions, and the destruction of cultural objects such as mosques and Catholic churches. The population of the region numbered almost one million before the Bosnian War . The composition of the current population of Bosanska Krajina has dramatically changed, because of expulsions, forced relocation and emigration during the Bosnian war in 1992–95. In the immediate aftermath of World War II Bosanska Krajina

1456-515: The Drvar area. The most significant event was the Trubar massacre , a civilian massacre committed by the Chetniks on 27 July 1941. In the years following the war, Drvar was rebuilt, its timber industry restored, and new metal, fabrication, and carpet industries developed. Eventually, electricity was brought to outlying villages. Over time, it became a tourist destination attracting approximately 200,000 visitors

1512-738: The Ottoman Empire lost the War of the Holy League (1683–1690) to the Habsburg monarchy and her allies, and ceded Slavonia and Hungary to Austria at the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz , the northern and western borders of the Sanjak of Bosnia (corresponding largely to the current borders of the modern Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ), became a permanent frontier between the Austrian and Ottoman empires. In mid-1858, an uprising known as Pecija's First Revolt broke out in

1568-576: The Ottoman Turks responded by declaring the Pashaluk of Bosnia which unified all the Sanjaks, including territory in modern-day Croatia. As a result of the wars and border changes, the Catholic Croat population moved north, and was replaced with Orthodox Serbs . The Bužim fort, under Ottoman control since 1576, was successfully held by the Ottoman Turks in numerous battles (1685, 1686, 1688, 1737) and it

1624-638: The Ustaše forced the targeted Serb population to organize an uprising known as Drvar uprising . The rebels were organized into the Kamenički, Javorje, Crljivičko-zaglavički, Boboljusko-cvjetnički, Trubarski, Mokronog and Tičevski and Grahovsko-resanovski guerrilla detachments (from the Grahovo area). In more recent history, Drvar is perhaps most famous as the location of a daring airdrop raid on Drvar , codenamed " Operation Rösselsprung ", on 25 May 1944, by Nazi German invaders, in an attempt to assassinate Tito . Tito,

1680-437: The airport, and the airport can be used as a back-up to Sarajevo Airport. Zagreb Airport, due to weather conditions in winter often preferable to Sarajevo, is approximately two hours away from Banja Luka by car. Željava Air Base , situated on the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina under Plješevica Mountain, near the town of Bihać in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the largest underground airport and military airbase in

1736-428: The army had gone through Osijek , Mohács , and Buda . The natural obstacles in and around the region, especially at the time, included the rivers Sava, Vrbas, Una and Sana , as well as the mountains such as Plješevica , Šator , Klekovača , Raduša , Grmeč , Kozara , and Vlašić . Turkish incursions expanded further to the north, and Charles of Styria erected a new fortified city of Karlovac in 1579. In 1580,

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1792-423: The construction of a network of roads, 400 km of a narrow-gauge railway, telephone and telegraph lines. During this time Drvar grew into an industrial town employing approximately 2,800 people in which homes, hospitals, restaurants, cafes and retails shops were built. Additional factories appeared in Drvar, including a cellulose factory founded by Alphons Simunius Blumer. Eventually, poor labor conditions led to

1848-452: The damage done to the town of Drvar was done not during the war, but during its subsequent occupation by Croat civilians and military personnel as the homes and businesses of displaced Bosnian Serbs attempting to return to Drvar were looted and burned. The local government and companies, the few that exist, are dominated by the Croats, and Serbs have difficulty finding employment. Since the end of

1904-506: The downfall of the Kingdom of Bosnia and subsequent Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1463, which contributed to the Ottoman territorial expansion into the western Balkans in a series of wars , the region between the Una and Vrbas rivers became known as Krajina ( transl.  Frontier ) or Bosanska Krajina ( transl.  Bosnian Frontier ). The first recorded usage of

1960-486: The first organized strikes in Drvar in 1906. These strikes continued until 1911 when the Austro-Hungarian Empire banned such activities. In 1918 the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, which was then followed by the rise of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , but this did not help the plight of the workers in Drvar, who became better organised and rose up to strike again in 1921. From 1929 to 1941, Drvar

2016-521: The former Yugoslavia and one of the largest in Europe. Prijedor also has an airfield in the north-eastern part of the city in the area of Urije. The airfield has a fleet of light aircraft and sailplanes. The airfield was used by the Yugoslav partisans and was the first operative partisan airfield during World War II. The airfield also serves as the home of the city's renovated Parachuting club. Bosanska Krajina

2072-638: The jurisdiction of the Eastern Roman Empire . Shortly thereafter, Eurasian Avars and their Slavic subjects from central-eastern Europe invaded Dalmatia and settled in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the 7th century, the Serbs and Croats formed principalities initially under the Eastern Roman Empire . The region was part of the Duchy of Croatia in the Early Middle Ages . which later became part of

2128-466: The leadership of a Vojnović from Glamoč , migrated to the surroundings of Zagreb (Metlika Zumberak and four surrounding villages). The greater area was populated in Roman Times as evidenced by the remains of Roman roads. In 1878 Drvar, along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was subjugated to Austro-Hungarian rule . Around 1893 German industrialist Otto von Steinbeis  [ de ] leased

2184-577: The main Partisan commander, was sheltered in the Partisan General Staff headquarters in what is now called "Tito's Cave" in the hills near Drvar at the time. During the 4 years and 1 month of the war, Drvar was under occupation for just 390 days. 767 Drvar civilians were killed and only 13 pre-war houses still stood. Approximately 93% of the infrastructure of the town was destroyed, and the livestock population had been reduced by more than 80%. Drvar

2240-506: The mid 19th century the term Turkish Croatia , used in some Austrian maps for the Western Balkans , was replaced in favor of region's common name, Bosanska Krajina . Sub-regions (geographical and historical) include: Bihaćka krajina , Cazinska krajina , Potkozarje , Lijevče , etc. In the 6th century, today's northwestern Bosnia was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia . It fell under

2296-613: The movement chiefly responsible for the World War II Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia in which Serbs, Jews, Roma, Croat and Bosniak resistance members and political opponents were sent to concentration camps and killed. In the beginning the Ustaše contingent in Drvar consisted of the Croatian population residing in Drvar, but they were soon reinforced by others who came from outside Drvar. In June 1941 Ustaše arrested

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2352-564: The name Bosanska Krajina is in 1594. Also, for the same territory, the exonym Turkish Croatia appeared in German speaking Austria-Hungary in the first decades of the 18th century, and was first used in maps created by the Austro-Hungarian — Ottoman Border Commission , which was mandated by the peace treaty of Karlowitz (1699), and then the peace treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and consisted exclusively of Austrians' and Venetians' military cartographers, and one Croat (Vitezović). In

2408-554: The parish of Sana served as seat of Babonić family , and later the Blagaj family , and southern were parts were the parishes of Pset and Pliva. In the 13th and 14th century, a region called Donji Kraji (parish of Pliva), located in today's southern Bosanska Krajina developed, and was first mentioned as a property of the Diocese of Bosnia and claimed by the Bosnian Banate . By the end of

2464-655: The population was primarily Croatian. In 1996, small numbers of Serbs attempted to return to their homes but faced harassment and discrimination by Croats. Nonetheless, they continued to return despite the ongoing looting and burning of their homes from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, Croat opposition to the return of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens culminated in riots and murders. Buildings and houses were torched, United Nations International Police Task Force personnel, SFOR personnel and Mayor, Mile Marceta (elected with Serb refugee votes) were attacked, and two displaced elderly Serbs who had recently returned to Drvar were murdered. Much of

2520-423: The region is Banja Luka . Other cities and towns include Bihać , Bosanska Krupa , Bosanski Petrovac , Čelinac , Bosansko Grahovo , Bužim , Cazin , Drvar , Gradiška , Ključ , Kostajnica , Kozarska Dubica , Kneževo , Kotor Varoš , Laktaši , Mrkonjić Grad , Novi Grad , Prijedor , Sanski Most , Šipovo , Velika Kladuša , Teslić , and Prnjavor . Bosanska Krajina has no formal status; however, it has

2576-613: The region, resulting from Ottoman pressure against the local Serb populace. It was crushed by December. The Bosnian Frontier, like the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, participated in the Herzegovina Uprising against the Ottoman Empire (1875–1878). During World War II , Bosanska Krajina was known for its very strong resistance to the Fascist regime of the Independent State of Croatia . The local Serb population in Bosanska Krajina

2632-502: The right to exploit fir and spruce forests in the mountains of Klekovača, Lunjevače, Srnetica and Osječenica. Steinbeis operated in the area until 1918 when, after the First World War , the company was taken over by the new Yugoslav state. During the 25 years that Steinbeis operated in the area, he created the complete infrastructure for processing forest products including the construction of modern lumber mills in Drvar and Dobrljin ,

2688-508: The so-called "Citadel". At the latter mentioned location one can find an Austro-Hungarian cemetery (in a very poor state) which may contain an unknown number of German soldiers buried after the attack of 1944. There is also a Roman road sign (~100 AD). Another one can be found on the way to Bosanski Petrovac near Zaglavica . Drvar is also renowned for its local rakija , a type of plum or cranberry brandy, originating in Serbia but popular all over

2744-676: Was a part of the Axis puppet state the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Administratively, it belonged to the Grand Parish of Krbava and Psat, established on 16 June 1941. The seat of the Parish was in Bihać . The Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo included the town of Bosansko Grahovo, Crni Lug , Drvar and Trubar . On 1 January 1942, the Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo was transferred to the Grand Parish of Bribir and Sidraga. In

2800-472: Was also upgraded (1626, 1834) until their eventual surrender in the 19th century. The building remains to this day as a monument to the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. Bihać held out longer than Bužim; it was a free royal city and at one time the capital of the Kingdom of Croatia (metropolis et propugnaculum totius regni Croatiae). But, in 1592 the Turkish army of about 20,000 under Hasan Predojević , an Ottoman vizier , attacked and forcefully occupied Bihać. When

2856-475: Was considered one of the poorest regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This poverty was a contributing factor to 1950 Cazin Uprising against the communist government, the only such uprising in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia. The later economic boom and prosperity of Bosanska Krajina was mostly due to planned urban development programs that were created specifically for this region in early and mid-1970s by Urban Institute in Banja Luka. The development

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2912-482: Was controlled by what is now called the Republika Srpska . On 3 August 1995, the Croatian Armed Forces with the help of Bosnian Croats began shelling Drvar, from the mountain of Šator. Two Drvar citizens were killed and older men and women began to evacuate to Petrovac. One day later, the Croatian Government armed forces began "Operation Storm", called by European Union Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia Carl Bildt, "the most efficient ethnic cleansing we've seen in

2968-416: Was first occupied by the German army in April 1941, followed shortly thereafter by the Italians . Drvar continued to experience fierce fighting through mid-1942 when the last of the German and Italian forces were expelled. The Germans re-entered Drvar in 1943 and left it a burned ruin when they departed. During the summer of 1941, the Chetniks expelled and killed the Croat (mostly Catholic ) civilians in

3024-541: Was further stimulated by the simplification of the banking system that encouraged investments in resource processing industry. As a result, the region has seen a boom in agricultural and industrial production. Agrokomerc , a food manufacturing industry located in northwest region was the largest food manufacturer in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. Other industries included chemical industry Saniteks in Velika Kladuša, electronics industry Rudi Cajevec in Banja Luka, Textile industry Sana in Bosanski Novi as well as

3080-402: Was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In 1932, an economic crisis resulted in the layoff of 2,000 workers. On 10 April, Ustaše , aligned with Nazi Germany, declared the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and claimed as part of its territory the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In Drvar, this resulted in the beginning of the presence of the Ustaše government,

3136-430: Was targeted in the Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia by the regime's Croat and Bosniak bands, serving as an overture to future conflicts at the end of the 20th century. The anti-fascist Yugoslav Partisan movement in the Bosanska Krajina region was more ethnically diverse than in any other part of former Yugoslavia during World War II. In the winter of 1942–1943, the Yugoslav Partisans established

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