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50-487: Dream Cave (sometimes called Dream Hole or Dream Mine ) is a natural limestone cavern located near Wirksworth in  Derbyshire , England. It was discovered by lead miners in 1822 and was found to contain the almost complete skeletal remains of a woolly rhinoceros and other large mammal bones. These remains were acquired by the geologist William Buckland and are now housed in Oxford Museum . Dream Cave formed as

100-521: A broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field . The former are sometimes called cognitive synonyms and the latter, near-synonyms, plesionyms or poecilonyms. Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology , orthography , phonic qualities, connotations , ambiguous meanings, usage , and so on make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for

150-402: A detailed contemporary account, as they excavated this material to continue their downward progress, the loose infill began to shift and collapse around them. The act of removing this loose material eventually exposed the roof of the cave itself. Close to the centre of the collapsing mass, the miners found numerous bones and what was probably at the time a complete skeleton of a large mammal before

200-611: A first-hand account of such a family and the miner at work. At this time, the London Lead Company was formed to provide finance for deeper mines with drainage channels, called soughs , and introduce Newcomen steam-engine pumps. Many institutions in the area have ties with the Gell family of nearby Hopton Hall . One member, Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet , fought on Parliament's side in the Civil War . A predecessor, Anthony Gell , founded

250-567: A form of onoma ( ὄνομα 'name'). Synonyms are often from the different strata making up a language. For example, in English, Norman French superstratum words and Old English substratum words continue to coexist. Thus, today there exist synonyms like the Norman-derived people , liberty and archer , and the Saxon-derived folk , freedom and bowman . For more examples, see

300-633: A high-volume flood event, resulting from a sudden spring thaw after a cold winter period, which were typical of the glacial-period climate in that region at that time. The following species from Dream Cave are now housed in Oxford Museum: Although only large mammal remains were retrieved and retained, it is highly probable that microfaunal remains were also present, though not preserved. This reflects collection preferences at that early time, but in correspondence to Sir Everard Home , Philip Gell wrote in 1823: "The Rhinoceros appears to have occupied

350-579: A metonym is a type of synonym, and the word metonym is a hyponym of the word synonym . The analysis of synonymy, polysemy , hyponymy, and hypernymy is inherent to taxonomy and ontology in the information science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning , because they rely on word-sense disambiguation . The word is borrowed from Latin synōnymum , in turn borrowed from Ancient Greek synōnymon ( συνώνυμον ), composed of sýn ( σύν 'together, similar, alike') and - ōnym - ( -ωνυμ- ),

400-477: A natural karstic cavity along a vein of mineralisation within a series of Lower Carboniferous limestone rocks called the Monsal Dale Formation . The entrance to Dream Cave (known to cavers as Dream Hole) is on a grass-covered mound, on a hillside to the west of the town of Wirksworth, east of Carsington Reservoir , and overlooking woodland. This entrance is a deep and steep-sided natural fissure within

450-473: A reason: feline is more formal than cat ; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example, a long arm is not the same as an extended arm ). Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms . Metonymy can sometimes be a form of synonymy: the White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president. Thus,

500-483: A transcription of "Ince's pedigrees", monument inscriptions and old photographs, parish registers and wills. Synonym Words may often be synonymous in only one particular sense : for example, long and extended in the context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family . Synonyms with exactly the same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe , whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share

550-612: Is coinages , which may be motivated by linguistic purism . Thus, the English word foreword was coined to replace the Romance preface . In Turkish, okul was coined to replace the Arabic-derived mektep and mederese , but those words continue to be used in some contexts. Synonyms often express a nuance of meaning or are used in different registers of speech or writing. Various technical domains may employ synonyms to convey precise technical nuances. Some writers avoid repeating

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600-519: Is not protected by statutory designation as a Site of Special Scientific Interest , though by 2013 both it and surrounding areas had been formally listed on An Updated Inventory of Important Metal and Gangue Mining Sites in the Peak District . Wirksworth Wirksworth is a market and former quarry town in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire , England. Its population of 4,904 in

650-537: Is the town and surrounding villages: Middleton , Carsington , Brassington , Kirk Ireton , Turnditch , Matlock Bath , Cromford and Crich . The Anthony Gell School qualifies as a Sports College . Wirksworth railway station is a stop on the heritage Ecclesbourne Valley Railway . Services operate to and from Duffield , which provides a connection to the National Rail network for ongoing East Midlands Railway services to Nottingham , Derby and Matlock on

700-469: Is the town's weekly local newspaper. Fanny Shaw's Playing Field, just beyond the centre, is the main recreation area for the north of the town. It includes a play area. In the south is the "Rec", another children's play area, along with cricket and football pitches. There are public toilets in the car park alongside the United Reformed Church at Baromote Croft. Haarlem Mill has been mentioned as

750-649: Is twinned with Die in southern France and with Frankenau in the Kellerwald range south-west of the Talgang, Germany, through the Wirksworth Twinning Association. Wirksworth civil parish contains 108 listed buildings and structures , protected by Historic England for their historic or architectural interest. The parish church of St Mary is listed Grade I and eight structures (15 Market Place, 35 Green Hill, 1 Coldwell Street, Haarlem Mill, Wigwell Grange,

800-464: The 2011 census , Wirksworth civil parish had 2,416 dwellings, 2,256 households and a population of 5,038. Areas of Wirksworth include Yokecliffe to the west, Gorseybank and Bournebrook to the south-east, Miller's Green to the south-west, and Steeple Grange and Bolehill to the north. Bolehill, although technically a hamlet in its own right in Wirksworth's suburbs, is the oldest and most northerly part of

850-566: The 2021 Census was estimated at 5,220 in 2023. Wirksworth contains the source of the River Ecclesbourne . The town was granted a market charter by Edward I in 1306 and still holds a market on Tuesdays in the Memorial Gardens. The parish church of St Mary's is thought to date from 653. The town developed as a centre for lead mining and stone quarrying. Many lead mines were owned by the Gell family of nearby Hopton Hall . The name

900-636: The Anthony Gell School and Callow Park College. Anthony Gell was a local, requested by Agnes Fearne to build a grammar school on her death. The original site is now a private house on the edge of the churchyard. The current school is an 11–18 comprehensive, built on a larger site by the Hannage Brook with about 800 pupils. The school's five houses are named after Fearne, Arkwright ( Sir Richard Arkwright ), Wright ( Joseph Wright of Derby ), Gell and Nightingale ( Florence Nightingale ). Its catchment area

950-468: The Derwent Valley Line . The town is served by five bus routes: Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central . Television signals are received from the local relay TV transmitter. Wirksworth's local radio stations are BBC Radio Derby on 95.3 FM, Capital Midlands on 102.8 FM, and Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 101.8 FM. The Matlock Mercury

1000-587: The Industrial Revolution , pointing to the local lead and silver smelting around Wirksworth, Castleton etc. as the main source with a remarkable correlation. There is a tiny carving in Wirksworth Church of a miner with a pick and whisket (basket); the figure is known as "T'Owd Man of Bonsall." It stood in Bonsall Church for centuries, but was moved for safekeeping during a restoration project. It

1050-627: The Peak District , dating from 835, when the Abbess of Wirksworth granted nearby land to Duke Humbert of Mercia. Many lead mines in Anglo-Saxon times were owned by Repton Abbey . Three of these are identified in Wirksworth's Domesday Book entry from 1086. Scientists studying a Swiss glacial ice core have found that levels of lead in European air pollution between 1170 and 1216 were similar to those during

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1100-720: The list of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English . Loanwords are another rich source of synonyms, often from the language of the dominant culture of a region. Thus, most European languages have borrowed from Latin and ancient Greek, especially for technical terms, but the native terms continue to be used in non-technical contexts. In East Asia , borrowings from Chinese in Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese often double native terms. In Islamic cultures, Arabic and Persian are large sources of synonymous borrowings. For example, in Turkish , kara and siyah both mean 'black',

1150-500: The Germanic term only as a noun, but has Latin and Greek adjectives: hand , manual (L), chiral (Gk); heat , thermal (L), caloric (Gk). Sometimes the Germanic term has become rare, or restricted to special meanings: tide , time / temporal , chronic . Many bound morphemes in English are borrowed from Latin and Greek and are synonyms for native words or morphemes: fish , pisci- (L), ichthy- (Gk). Another source of synonyms

1200-495: The Red Lion Hotel, Gate House and the former grammar school) are Grade II*. Wirksworth Heritage Centre illustrates the history of Wirksworth from its prehistoric Dream Cave and woolly rhinos , through its Roman and lead mining histories, to modern times. The study Wirksworth and Five Miles Around , by Richard Hackett , includes census information, notes on church monuments, accounts of crimes, church wardens' accounts, maps,

1250-535: The bones had been removed on the command of the landowner, Philip Gell. Buckland's detailed account of his inspection of Dream Cave and its remains was subsequently published in his Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, or, Observations on the Organic Remains attesting the Action of a Universal Deluge . He described the rhinoceros skeleton to have included a head, ten molar teeth, one complete half of the lower jaw, and damaged fragments of

1300-544: The centre of the Cave, the Ox and Deer one end, and the smaller animals the other end." The discovery of Dream Cave and its faunal remains is of historical importance as it came just as William Buckland was developing his theories and preparing to publish a major work about cave palaeontology and on the origins of extinct fossil vertebrates and their association with the Biblical flood; the cave

1350-440: The collapsing sediments caused the bones to separate. In removing the infill, the miners had uncovered what, on expert examination, turned out to be the nearly complete skeleton of a rhinoceros. This was subsequently confirmed to be a woolly rhinoceros ( Coelodonta antiquitatis ). Initially, there was no evidence that the cavern had been connected to the surface. As the sinking of the mine shaft progressed, and as collapsing material

1400-626: The former being a native Turkish word, and the latter being a borrowing from Persian. In Ottoman Turkish , there were often three synonyms: water can be su (Turkish), âb (Persian), or mâ (Arabic): "such a triad of synonyms exists in Ottoman for every meaning, without exception". As always with synonyms, there are nuances and shades of meaning or usage. In English, similarly, there often exist Latin (L) and Greek (Gk) terms synonymous with Germanic ones: thought , notion (L), idea (Gk); ring , circle (L), cycle (Gk). English often uses

1450-487: The larger bones were on display at Oxford Museum, although by 1874 some of the smaller specimens had been moved into storage. Although the whereabouts of the rhinoceros bones from Dream Cave were still remembered in the 1880s, one hundred and twenty years later they had become forgotten, and believed by some to have been lost to science. Thus, by the end of the 20th century, the precise species of rhinoceros found in Dream Cave

1500-400: The late 20th century. In Roman Britain , the limestone area of today's Derbyshire yielded lead , the prime site probably being Lutudarum in the hills south and west of present-day Matlock . Wirksworth is a candidate for the site of Lutudarum . Roman roads from Wirksworth lead to Buxton ( The Street ) and to Brough-on-Noe (The Portway). The town has the oldest charter of any in

1550-429: The limestone, and is in fields pockmarked by former lead-mining activity. Dream Cave lies at an altitude of approximately 240 metres (790 ft) and is about 15 metres (49 ft) deep, with cavities running in a west-north-west to east-south-easterly direction. Although originally completely infilled with loose material, almost all has since been removed, and what little remains is so disturbed that it shows none of

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1600-594: The local grammar school, and a successor, Phillip Gell, opened the Via Gellia (perhaps an allusion to the Roman Via Appia), a road from the family lead mines round Wirksworth to a smelter in Cromford . More recently he has been remembered in the name of Anthony Gell School . The carboniferous limestone around Wirksworth has been much quarried over the town's history, resulting in several rock faces and cliffs surrounding

1650-473: The mammalian bones gave a date of 36,450 years before present (plus/minus 1,260 years). This suggested the woolly rhinoceros and other animals had fallen into Dream Cave just over 37,000 years Before Present (BP). This correlates with Marine isotope stage 3 interstadial of the last glacial period ( early Devensian ). In 2016 some of the original research team resurveyed Dream Cave and also made direct radiocarbon dating of aurochs / bison bones found alongside

1700-547: The original stratigraphy. Dream Cave was discovered by lead miners in December 1822, during work to sink a new shaft 60 feet (18 m) down into a hillside above Wirksworth to reach productive veins of lead ore within Dream Mine. In doing so, the miners unexpectedly penetrated a large natural cavern within the hillside which had become completely infilled with a loose material of argillaceous earth and rock fragments. According to

1750-687: The other half. Two cervical vertebrae, several dorsal and two caudal vertebrae and various ribs, sacrum and pelvis were also retrieved, as well as the long bones of all four limbs. All were well preserved and from a nearly full-grown animal. No additional rhinoceros bones were found to suggest a second animal had died there, although bones from other large mammal species were also found. These included horse, ox and deer. Mr Gell subsequently donated these specimens to Oxford Museum. Later research has suggested that they first entered Buckland's own private collections at Christchurch College before later being transferred to Oxford Museum after its founding in 1860. By 1861

1800-760: The possible model for the mill in George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss . The town of Snowfield in George Eliot's Adam Bede is also said to be based in Wirksworth; Dinah Morris, a character in that novel, is based on Eliot's aunt, who lived in Wirksworth and whose husband ran the silk mill, which used to house the Wirksworth Heritage Centre. Wirksworth was the main location of ITV's Sweet Medicine in 2003, having featured as an occasional location in its forerunner, Peak Practice . More recently, some of Mobile

1850-596: The presence of thermal warm water springs nearby, coupled with a sheltered site at the head of a glaciated valley, able to yield cereals such as oats and provide timber suitable for building. The Wirksworth area in the White Peak is known for Neolithic and Bronze Age remains. Woolly rhino bones were found by lead miners in 1822 in Dream Cave , on private land between Wirksworth and present-day Carsington Water . A nearby cave at Carsington Pasture yielded prehistoric finds in

1900-464: The reign of Edward I in order to regulate lead mining ; anyone had a right to dig for ore wherever he chose, except in churchyards, gardens or roadways. All that was needed for a claim was to place one's stowce (winch) on the site and extract enough ore to pay tribute to the "barmaster". The present Moot Hall, where the barmote court met, dates from 1814. By the 18th century, there were many thousand lead mines worked individually. Daniel Defoe gives

1950-422: The same word in close proximity, and prefer to use synonyms: this is called elegant variation . Many modern style guides criticize this. Synonyms can be any part of speech , as long as both words belong to the same part of speech. Examples: Synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words: pupil as the aperture in the iris of the eye is not synonymous with student . Similarly, he expired means

2000-642: The town, while Yokecliffe is a large estate in the westerly area. Modern houses have been built in the Three Trees area and at the bottom of Steeple Grange (Spring Close and Meerbrook Drive). In the future, it is planned to build new housing estates to the north of the centre and in the disused Middle Peak Quarry. These will total around 800 houses if they come to fruition. There are five schools in Wirksworth: Church of England and county infants, and regularly combined but on two sites, Wirksworth Junior School,

2050-451: The town. There was a workhouse from 1724 to 1829, called Babington House , standing on Green Hill ( grid reference SK286541 ) and housing 60 inmates. In 1777, Richard Arkwright leased land and premises for a corn mill from Philip Eyre Gell of Hopton and converted it to spin cotton , using his water frame . It was the world's first cotton mill to use a steam engine to replenish the millpond that drove its waterwheel . The mill

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2100-484: The woolly rhinoceros. This yielded calibrated dates of 45,083 – 48,613 BP. The team concluded that Buckland was correct in his original interpretation that the complete woolly rhinoceros skeleton resulted, not from a direct fall into the cavern, but by inwashing from an extreme flood event. Whereas Buckland stated this was "a carcase that was drifted in entire at the same time with the diluvial detritus" (i.e. Biblical flood ), modern science interprets this as in-washing from

2150-608: Was adjacent to another, Speedwell Mill, owned by John Dalley, a local merchant. Arkwright's mill was sublet in 1792, when Arkwright's son, Richard , began to sell off family property and move into banking. It was named Haarlem Mill in 1815, when converted to weaving tape by Madely, Hackett and Riley, who had set up Haarlem Tape Works in Derby in 1806. In 1879 the Wheatcroft family, which produced tape at Speedwell Mill, expanded into Haarlem. The two mills together employed 230; their weekly output

2200-446: Was described in considerable detail and illustrated in his 1823 treatise, Reliquiæ Diluvianæ . The near-complete woolly rhinoceros from Dream Cave is an unusual example of a species rarely found in the UK, especially as it shows no signs of having been eaten by hyaenas . In 2016 it was reported that Dream Cave had suffered from the dumping of agricultural debris and by partial in-filling. It

2250-564: Was filmed on a train on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway , and much of an episode of the BBC series Casualty was set in the town. Wirksworth features in the 2015 memoir, The Long Road Out of Town , by author and journalist Greg Watts, who grew up there. Middle Peak Quarry, on the outskirts of Wirksworth, featured in the 2010 music video "Unlikely Hero" by the Hoosiers . Wirksworth

2300-522: Was later found in a Bonsall garden and moved to Wirksworth by the vicar of the time. The ore was washed out through a sieve, whose iron wire had been drawn in Hathersage since the Middle Ages . Smelting took place in boles , hence the name Bolehill . The lead industry, the miner, the ore and the waste were also known collectively as "t'owd man". A barmote court was established in the town in 1288 during

2350-556: Was not known with certainty. The bones and associated material removed from Dream Cave by Buckland had not been lost, as had previously been assumed, but had remained in Oxford Museum, including specimens labelled by him as Rhinoceros tichorhinus (a synonym for the woolly rhinoceros). Further curation and detailed studies then began around the turn of the century. In 2000, indirect radiometric dating of flowstone material collected by Buckland, and assumed to have immediately overlain

2400-564: Was recorded as Werchesworde in the Domesday Book of 1086 A.D. Outlying farms (berewicks) were Cromford , Middleton, Hopton , Wellesdene [sic], Carsington , Kirk Ireton and Callow . It gave its name to the earlier Wirksworth wapentake or hundred. The Survey of English Place-Names records Wyrcesuuyrthe in 835, Werchesworde in 1086, and Wirksworth(e) in 1536. The toponym might be "Weorc's enclosure", or "fortified enclosure". The origins of Wirksworth are thought to have related to

2450-521: Was removed, a depression began to form in the field above. Eventually, as more collapsing infill was taken away, the connecting void that slowly opened up was found to be approximately 6 feet (1.8 m) broad and 50 feet (15 m) deep. One month later, in January 1823, the eminent Oxford geologist the Reverend William Buckland arrived to inspect the finds at Dream Cave. By this time many of

2500-406: Was said to equal the circumference of the earth; Wirksworth was the main producer of red tape for Whitehall . These mills were close together at Miller's Green next to the Derby road. Haarlem Mill now houses an art collective; Speedwell Mill has been replaced by private houses and a carpentry workshop. The growing prosperity of the town led to the development of Wirksworth Town Hall in 1871. In

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