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62-465: Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. was purchased by Cadbury Schweppes plc and the Carlyle Group on March 2, 1995, after the conglomerate became debt-ridden and insolvent. It sold for about US$ 1.7 billion, plus about US$ 870 million of Dr Pepper/Seven-Up debt. This made Cadbury Schweppes the largest soft drink company in the world not to be named after a cola beverage. In early 2006, Cadbury Schweppes purchased

124-570: A deputy lieutenant (DL) of the West Midlands in 1995. In recognition of his contribution to commerce, corporate governance and public life, Sir Adrian has received honorary degrees from many universities (including Aston University, the University of Birmingham , Birmingham City University , the University of Cambridge , and the University of Bristol ). The Royal Society of Arts awarded Sir Adrian its Albert Medal in 1995, and he received one of

186-558: A bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover. On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal. Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March. On 3 February,

248-451: A high quality product with a greater proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars. Developed by George's son, George Cadbury Jr (along with his research and development team), it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate. From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper. It was a great sales success, and became the company's best-selling product by 1914. The stronger Bournville Cocoa line

310-478: A higher proportion of milk in the recipe than rival products. By 1914, it was the company's best-selling product. Successive members of the Cadbury family have made innovations with chocolate products. Cadbury, Rowntree's and Fry's were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Cadbury was granted its first royal warrant from Queen Victoria in 1854. It held

372-529: A royal warrant from Elizabeth II from 1955 to 2022. Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969, known as Cadbury Schweppes until 2008, when the American beverage business was split as Dr Pepper Snapple Group ; the rights ownership of the Schweppes brand had already differed between various countries since 2006. In 1992, Sir Adrian Cadbury , chairman of the company for 24 years, produced

434-713: A subsidiary. In response to diminishing margins in early 2014, Mondelez hired Accenture to implement a US$ 3 billion cost-cutting programme of the company's assets including Cadbury and Oreo . Beginning in 2015, Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to "advantaged" country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The closure of Cadbury factories in centres such as Dublin , Montreal , Chicago , Philadelphia , and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from

496-415: A £10.2 billion (US$ 16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company. Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury, valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009. The UK Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury. On 19 January 2010, it

558-643: A £75 million investment in the site, with Cadbury stating it "reinforces Bournville's position at the heart of the British chocolate industry". Bournville is home to Mondelez's Global Centre of Excellence for chocolate research and development, so every new chocolate product created by Cadbury starts life at the Birmingham plant. The confectionery business in the UK is called Cadbury (formerly Cadbury Trebor Bassett ) and, as of August 2004, had eight factories and 3,000 staff in

620-742: The Cadbury Report , a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 on the London Stock Exchange from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods Inc. in 2010. On 4 March 1824, John Cadbury , a Quaker , began selling tea , coffee and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham , England. From 1831, he moved into

682-558: The Dr Pepper Snapple Group , and renamed itself to Cadbury plc . Dr Pepper/Seven Up still exists as a trademark and brand name as of 2024. On July 9, 2018, Keurig acquired the Dr Pepper Snapple Group in an $ 18.7 billion deal. The combined company was renamed " Keurig Dr Pepper " and began trading publicly again on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker "KDP". Shareholders of Dr Pepper Snapple Group own 13% of

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744-651: The Moreton factory was built. Cadbury was a holder of a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II from 1955 to 2022. In 1967, Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's , beating a rival bid from Mars . As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 per cent market share in the Australian market. Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson , became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director . The benefits of

806-519: The Wirral , with distribution depots throughout the UK. Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include Cadbury Two LLP, Cadbury UK Holdings Limited, Cadbury US Holdings Limited, Cadbury Four LLP, Cadbury Holdings Limited, and Cadbury One LLP. According to the environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy , Cadbury chocolate wrappers along with Walkers crisps packets and Coca-Cola cans were the three top brands that were

868-579: The 200th anniversary of Cadbury, including: promotions, celebrations, and seven retro packaging designs for its Cadbury Dairy Milk bars. Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge , Greater London , England. The company occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m ) of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park, which it shares with Mondelez's UK division. After acquiring Cadbury, Kraft confirmed that

930-419: The British population could readily afford to buy chocolate as it was no longer considered a luxury item for the working classes. By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 per cent of the UK milk chocolate market. Between the two world wars Cadbury sent test packages to British schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on new products, one of whom, Roald Dahl , would later write the children's novel Charlie and

992-456: The British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops. George Cadbury handed over two company-owned buildings for use as hospitals – "The Beeches" and "Fircroft", and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office's highest award. Factory girls, dubbed 'The Cadbury Angels', volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals. After

1054-493: The Cadbury committee set up by the London Stock Exchange , produced the Cadbury Report , a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. Cadbury was born on 15 April 1929, a member of the Cadbury family, which is known for its Quaker philosophy and for the chocolate conglomerate that it founded. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge . At Cambridge, he rowed in

1116-572: The Cadbury plant in Bournville was opened in 1879 by company founder John Cadbury's son George , whose aim was that one-tenth of the Bournville estate should be "laid out and used as parks, recreation grounds and open space." It subsequently became known as "the factory in a garden". Cadbury's dark chocolate bar, Bournville , is named after the model village, and was first sold in 1908. Bournville employs almost 1,000 people. In 2014, Mondelez announced

1178-607: The Chairman Roger Carr , chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years. On 9 February, Kraft announced that it was planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham , with the loss of 400 jobs. The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining

1240-648: The Chocolate Factory . During the Second World War, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft . Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products. In 1952

1302-730: The International Corporate Governance Network's inaugural awards in 2001. In early 2008, Sir Adrian was made an honorary fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). Sir Adrian was a steward of Henley Royal Regatta and the president of Birmingham Rowing Club . Sir Adrian was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to business and

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1364-490: The Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean. The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s. In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes (a decorated box of chocolates) and, in 1868, they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day . Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday. Cadbury manufactured their first Easter egg in 1875, creating

1426-451: The Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees. In mid-2009, Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil . Despite stating this

1488-753: The Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. As part of the deal Kraft kept the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz . Lotte took over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand. Kandia was sold back to the Meinl family , which had owned the brand from 2003 to 2007. On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced it would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The snack and confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International , of which Cadbury would become

1550-741: The Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland. Cadbury USA produces candy , gum , breath mints and cough drops . It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey . The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$ 4.2 billion. American Chicle was purchased by Warner–Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed

1612-426: The UK for the first time. In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million. This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea , Kenco , Smash and Hartley Chivers jam. It also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate. Meanwhile, Schweppes switched its alliance in

1674-505: The UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 per cent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes. The acquisition of Canada Dry doubled its worldwide drinks market share, and it took a 30 per cent stake in Dr Pepper . As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world. In August 1988, the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to Hershey's for $ 284.5 million cash plus

1736-549: The UK. Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers . Mondelez also owns Fry's and Maynards Bassetts (created by merging Bassett's with Maynards ). Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like 99 Flake , is made under licence by Frederick's Dairies . Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods , but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on

1798-513: The US chewing gum operations of Pfizer Inc ., for $ 4.2 billion, making Cadbury the world's biggest confectionery company. In 2005, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Green & Black's for £20 million. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business. The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with

1860-460: The United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite , who fought against

1922-525: The University's Development Board, and was one of the University's most generous supporters. As chancellor emeritus, Sir Adrian contributed to undergraduate and postgraduate courses, speaking in particular on governance, business ethics and corporate social responsibility. He was also a patron of Aston Raise and Give Society, which is the fundraising body of Aston University. As part of the 60th anniversary celebrations of Aston Business School in 2008, Sir Adrian

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1984-453: The acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown , was very important to the British economy . Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk", and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadbury's M&A advisers were UBS , Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley . Controversially, RBS ,

2046-775: The assumption of $ 30 million in debt. In 1992, company chairman Sir Adrian Cadbury produced the Cadbury Report (via the Cadbury committee set up by the London Stock Exchange ), a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world. In 1999, Cadbury Schweppes sold its worldwide beverage businesses to The Coca-Cola Company except in North America and continental Europe for $ 700 million. Snapple , Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $ 1.45 billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Adams,

2108-515: The business in 1861. At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money. By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again. The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products. The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866, when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain. A new cocoa press developed in

2170-520: The chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall , Birmingham. The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and, in 1854, they received the royal warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria . The company went into decline in the late 1850s. John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over

2232-399: The combined company, with Keurig shareholder and Cadbury current owner Mondelez International owning 13% to 14% of that fraction. JAB Holdings owns the remaining, majority, stake. Cadbury Cadbury , formerly Cadbury's and Cadbury Schweppes , is a British multinational confectionery company owned by Mondelez International (spun off from Kraft Foods ) since 2010. It is

2294-456: The company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings (where it referred to as 'vegetable oil'). In addition, Cadbury stated it would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels. In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment. On 7 September 2009, Kraft Foods made

2356-454: The company would remain at Cadbury House. Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge Business Park from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair , City of Westminster in 2007 as a cost-saving measure. In 1992, the company leased the space for £55 per square foot (0.093 m ); by 2002 this had reached £68.75 per square foot. Located four miles (6.4 km) south of Birmingham in England,

2418-604: The drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group and Cadbury Schweppes plc becoming Cadbury plc. In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries . In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory , in Keynsham , Somerset, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland. In 2008, Monkhill Confectionery,

2480-476: The estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres (130 ha) of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers , there were no pubs in the estate. In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars. In 1899, Cadbury was incorporated as a private limited company at the Companies House in London. In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar,

2542-474: The integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight . In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new Somerdale Factory , outside Bristol. Cadbury expanded its product range with Flake (1920), Creme eggs (1923), Fruit and Nut (1928), and Crunchie (1929, originally under the Fry's label). By 1930, Cadbury

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2604-533: The local populations. The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks Westpac and ASB Bank . In January 2017, Cadbury became the official snack partner of the Premier League , and sponsored the Premier League Golden Boot and Premier League Golden Glove awards. On 8 January 2024, Mondelez International announced plans to celebrate

2666-592: The losing Cambridge boat in the 1952 Boat Race . He also rowed in the Great Britain coxless four in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Cadbury had two marriages; in 1956, he married Gillian Skepper, who died in 1992, and with whom he had two sons and a daughter. In 1994, he was married for the second time, to Susan Sinclair. He joined the Cadbury business in 1958, and became chairman of Cadbury Ltd in 1965. He retired as chairman of Cadbury Schweppes in 1989. He

2728-549: The merger were to prove elusive. The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family. In 1978, the company acquired Peter Paul , the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $ 58 million, which gave it a 10 per cent share of the world's largest confectionery market. The successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984. In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in

2790-399: The modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes. By 1893, Cadbury had 19 different varieties of chocolate Easter egg on sale. In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles (6.4 km) from Birmingham. The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business. Better transport access for milk that

2852-713: The most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets in 2013. In 2014, Cadbury Dairy Milk was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK. A 2018 YouGov poll saw Cadbury's Chocolate Digestives ranked the second most popular biscuit in the UK after McVitie's Chocolate Digestives. Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in Coolock in Dublin , where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located, and Rathmore, County Kerry . Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range, Cadbury Twirl, Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and Boost (formerly Moro). Cadbury used to produce

2914-558: The plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice". On 22 April 2010, Phil Rumbol, the man behind the famous Cadbury Gorilla advertisement, announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft's takeover. The European Commission decided that Kraft would have to divest Cadbury's confectionery businesses in Poland (Wedel) and Romania (Kandia). In June 2010,

2976-526: The production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production. In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers". In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass-produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866). Cadbury introduced his brand of

3038-503: The remainder of Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. and Dr Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Group from The Carlyle Group . All Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. assets were absorbed into Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages , which included Mott's Beverages and Snapple Beverages. Dr Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Group was merged with other Cadbury-acquired bottlers and renamed Cadbury Schweppes Bottling Group . In May 2008, Cadbury Schweppes spun off Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages into an independent company called

3100-550: The second-largest confectionery brand in the world, after Mars . Cadbury is internationally headquartered in Greater London , and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It is known for its Dairy Milk chocolate , the Creme Egg and Roses selection box, and many other confectionery products. One of the best-known British brands, in 2013 The Daily Telegraph named Cadbury among Britain's most successful exports. Cadbury

3162-433: The unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000. Adrian Cadbury Sir George Adrian Hayhurst Cadbury , CH , DL (15 April 1929 – 3 September 2015) was an English businessman who served as the chairman of Cadbury and Cadbury Schweppes for 24 years. He was also a British Olympic rower . Cadbury was a pioneer in raising the awareness and stimulating the debate on corporate governance and, via

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3224-566: The war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart , Tasmania . A trainline was also built for easier access to Hobart. Of the 16 women who came to Tasmania to set up the factory, seven are known to have returned to the UK, two married and stayed in Tasmania, two did not marry but stayed and five left no record. In 1919, Cadbury merged with Fry's, resulting in

3286-576: Was a director of the Bank of England from 1970 to 1994, and of IBM from 1975 to 1994. He was chairman of the UK Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance which published its Report and Code of Best Practice (" Cadbury Report and Code") in December 1992. Cadbury's report advocated a clear division of responsibilities at the head of a company so that no one individual had too much power. He

3348-585: Was a member of the OECD Business Sector Advisory Group on Corporate Governance. His publications include: Ethical Managers Make Their Own Rules ; The Company chairman ; Corporate Governance and Chairmanship: A Personal View . He was appointed High Sheriff of the West Midlands for 1994–95. Sir Adrian had a long-standing relationship with Aston University in Birmingham . He served as Aston chancellor between 1979 and 2004, later chaired

3410-410: Was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests. By August 2009,

3472-532: Was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$ 18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$ 11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. The Hershey Company , based in Pennsylvania , manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in

3534-495: Was awarded a rare Beta Gamma Sigma Business Achievement Award. Aston Business School's MBA lecture theatres were also named after Sir Adrian and Lady Susan Cadbury, in recognition of their long association with Aston University. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1977, thereafter becoming Sir Adrian Cadbury. He was given the Freedom of the City of Birmingham in 1982. He was appointed as

3596-422: Was founded in 1824 in Birmingham , England, by John Cadbury (1801–1889), a Quaker who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George . George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced by George Jr in 1905, used

3658-543: Was introduced in 1906. Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion. In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time. Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War . More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the British Armed Forces , and to support

3720-403: Was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory in 1879. In 1891, the Cadbury brothers filed a patent for a chocolate-coated biscuit . In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (49 ha) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900,

3782-625: Was shipped inward by canal , and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of countryside south of Birmingham. Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station , which itself

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3844-445: Was the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital. Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935. Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933, and tins of Roses were introduced in 1938 (competing with Quality Street launched by Mackintosh's in 1936). Roses has become a very popular Christmas (and Mother's Day) gift. By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of

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