Arthur Thomas Doodson (31 March 1890 – 10 January 1968) was a British mathematician and oceanographer, who worked on tidal analysis at Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute from 1919-1960.
55-506: Profoundly deaf, he could not become a teacher and started as meter tester before he obtained his M.Sc.degree at the University of Liverpool , advised by Joseph Proudman . He briefly worked under Karl Pearson first in statistics, then in ballistics calculating shell trajectories until the end of WWI. Joining the newly founded Tidal Institute in Liverpool in 1919 he produced tide tables , and
110-428: A University of Liverpool degree as well as a degree from XJTLU. The teaching language is English. The university offers a wide selection of accommodation that are on campus as well as student villages off campus. As part of a £660 million investment in campus facilities and student experience, the university has built 3 new on campus halls, while refurbishing existing accommodation. The accommodation offered currently by
165-530: A broad range of teaching and research in both arts and sciences, and the University of Liverpool School of Medicine established in 1835 is today one of the largest medical schools in the UK. It also has strong links to the neighbouring Royal Liverpool University Hospital . The university has a students' union to represent students' interests, known as the Liverpool Guild of Students . The university previously had
220-713: A catered or self-catering basis. The centrepiece of the campus remains the university's original red brick building, the Victoria Building. Opened in 1892, it has recently been restored as the Victoria Gallery and Museum, complete with cafe and activities for school visits. In 2011 the university made a commitment to invest £660m into the 'Student Experience', £250m of which will reportedly be spent on Student Accommodation. Announced so far have been two large On-Campus halls of residences (the first of which, Vine Court, opened September 2012), new Veterinary Science facilities, and
275-638: A collaboration of twenty leading research-intensive universities, as well as a founding member of the N8 Group in 2004. In the 21st century physicists, engineers and technicians from the University of Liverpool were involved in the construction of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN , working on two of the four detectors in the LHC. In 2004, Sylvan Learning, later known as Laureate International Universities, became
330-568: A job of semi-research nature in the Testing and Standardizing Department of the Corporation of Manchester. In 1916, he was appointed to a post in statistics at University College London , under Karl Pearson . There he first used desk calculating machines and solved a problem on the relationship between the mode, median and the mean. However, during WW I Pearson soon had to change his work from statistics to ballistics and Doodson had to work on
385-579: A large atrium and houses seven separate laboratories that can accommodate 1,600 students at a time. A flexible teaching space, computing centre, multi-departmental teaching spaces and communal work spaces can also be found inside. The adjoining University Lecture Block building contains four lecture rooms and further social spaces. In 2008 the University of Liverpool was voted joint seventeenth greenest university in Britain by WWF supported company Green League. This represents an improvement after finishing 55th in
440-624: A mixture of Wake-on-LAN and commercial power management software. The university is ranked in the top 1% of universities worldwide according to Academic ranking of world universities and has previously been ranked within the top 150 university globally by the guide. It is also a founding member of the Russell Group and a founding member of the Northern Consortium . The university is a research-based university with 33,000 students pursuing over 450 programmes spanning 54 subject areas. It has
495-645: A pay rise of 1% which unions equated to a 13% pay cut since 2008. The strikes were supported by both the university's Guild of Students and the National Union of Students . Some students at the university supported the strike, occupying buildings on campus. The university is mainly based around a single urban campus approximately five minutes' walk from Liverpool City Centre, at the top of Brownlow Hill and Mount Pleasant. Occupying 100 acres, it contains 192 non-residential buildings that house 69 lecture theatres, 114 teaching areas and research facilities. The main site
550-565: A recently refurbished Lecture Theatre Block (LTB) and teaching facilities (Central Teaching Labs, CTL) for the Departments of Chemistry and Physics and the School of Environmental Sciences, within the university's Central City Centre Campus. It was completed and officially opened in September 2012 with an estimated project cost of £23m. The main building, the 'Central Teaching Laboratory', is built around
605-402: A strategic partnership with Laureate International Universities , a for-profit college collective, for University of Liverpool online degrees. In 2019, the university announced a new partnership with Kaplan Open Learning for delivery of their online degrees. The figurehead of the university is the chancellor . The following have served in that role: The professional head of the university
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#1732855256750660-514: A £10m refurbishment of the Liverpool Guild of Students . New Central Teaching Laboratories for physics, earth sciences, chemistry and archaeology were opened in autumn 2012. In 2013, the University of Liverpool opened a satellite campus in Finsbury Square in London , offering a range of professionally focussed masters programmes. The Central Teaching Hub is a large multi-use building that houses
715-697: Is a founding member of the leading research-intensive association of British universities, the Russell Group , and in Northern England , the N8 Group . As of 2024, the university holds four academic fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences and one of the British Academy . Among its alumni and faculty are 10 Nobel prize laureates , with notable alumni leading fields in medicine , law , business , engineering , arts , politics , and technology . Liverpool
770-662: Is also associated with Professors Ronald Finn and Sir Cyril Clarke who jointly won the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1980 and Sir David Weatherall who won the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science in 2010. These Lasker Awards are popularly known as America's Nobels . Over the 2013/2014 academic year, members of staff took part in numerous strikes after staff were offered
825-411: Is an inter-university competition between Liverpool, Leeds and Manchester. The Varsity Cup is a popular "derby" event between Liverpool John Moores University and the University of Liverpool. There have been ten Nobel Prize Laureates who have been based at the university during a significant point in their career. Cotidal line Cotidal lines are the set of places where high tide occurs at
880-578: Is consistently ranked among the top 1% of global universities for a range of subjects. The university was the first in the UK to establish departments in oceanography , civic design , architecture , and biochemistry (at the Johnston Laboratories ). It was also the first UK university to establish an independent university campus in China, known as Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University . The Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainability Research (ICSR)
935-540: Is divided into three faculties: Health and Life Sciences; Humanities and Social Sciences; and Science and Engineering. The Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Leahurst) and Ness Botanical Gardens are based on the Wirral Peninsula . There was formerly a marine biology research station at Port Erin on the Isle of Man until it closed in 2006. Fifty-one residential buildings, on or near the campus, provide 3,385 rooms for students, on
990-609: Is situated in Suzhou Industrial Park in the eastern part of Suzhou in the province of Jiangsu , 90 km west of Shanghai. It is a science and engineering university with a second focus in English, recognised by the Chinese Ministry of Education as a "not for profit" educational institution. The university offers undergraduate degree programmes in the fields of Science, Engineering, and Management. Students are rewarded with
1045-657: Is the vice-chancellor . The following have served in that role: Since 2009, teaching departments of the university have been divided into three faculties: Science and Engineering, Health and Life Sciences, and Humanities and Social Sciences. Each faculty is headed by an Executive Pro-Vice-Chancellor, who is responsible for all schools in the faculty. Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences Faculty of Science & Engineering In terms of average UCAS points of entrants, Liverpool ranked 40th in Britain in 2014. The university gives offers of admission to 83.1% of its applicants,
1100-461: The University of Liverpool , Teachers’ Training College to become a physics and math teacher. He became profoundly deaf at that time, but graduated with a B.Sc. in both chemistry (1911) and mathematics (1912). He found it difficult to get a job because of his disability, and started with electrical engineering Ferranti in Manchester as a meter tester. At the same time he enrolled in mathematics at
1155-403: The synapse and William Blair-Bell's work on chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In the 1930s to 1940s Sir James Chadwick and Sir Joseph Rotblat made major contributions to the development of the atomic bomb . From 1943 to 1966 Allan Downie , Professor of Bacteriology, was involved in the eradication of smallpox . In 1994 the university was a founding member of the Russell Group ,
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#17328552567501210-556: The 7th highest amongst the Russell Group . According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 12% of Liverpool's undergraduates come from independent schools. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 72:3:25 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45. In the Complete University Guide 2013, published in The Independent ,
1265-506: The Observatory. The same year he wrote a paper on earth tides based on seismographic measurements in the Observatory showing a tilt of the earth in during tides. Among other works, Doodson was co-author, with H.D. Warburg of the 1941 "Admiralty Manual of Tides", a textbook of 29 chapters As the Allies prepared the invasion of Nazi-occupied France, they wanted to land at first light when it
1320-560: The Philosophical Transactions, the Royal Society's Proceedings, and elsewhere. Has personally greatly improved the resolution of the astronomical disturbing forces into their more important harmonic constituents. Has carried out the reduction of tidal observations of Antarctic expeditions. Made important contributions to Ballistics during the war, embodying great improvements in calculation, which have since been incorporated in
1375-770: The Secretary of the International Association of Physical Oceanography (now the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans ), which collected monthly and annual mean values of sea-levels from all countries. In 1957, he attended a conference by the International Hydrographic Bureau and became involved in the financing and production of bathymetric charts . Doodson
1430-541: The University of Liverpool was ranked 31st out of 124, based on nine measures, while The Times Good University Guide 2008 ranked Liverpool 34th out of 113 universities. The Sunday Times university guide recently ranked the University of Liverpool 27th out of 123. In 2010, The Sunday Times has ranked University of Liverpool 29th of 122 institutions nationwide. In 2008 the THE-QS World University Rankings rated University of Liverpool 99th best in
1485-406: The University of Liverpool's reputation for internationally outstanding research. Chemistry, Computer Science, General Engineering, Archaeology, Agriculture, Veterinary & Food Science, Architecture, Clinical Medicine, and English, are ranked in the top 10 in the UK for research excellence rated as 4* (world-leading) or 3* (internationally excellent), and also performed particularly well in terms of
1540-584: The University of Liverpool. Joseph Proudman was his advisor and gave him the task of diffraction computations evaluating the sums of series of functions related to Bessel functions of half integral order. He created tables of what he called the Riccati-Bessel functions of the sines and cosines and in 1914, he obtained his M.Sc. degree with the tables published by the British Association Committee for Mathematical Tables. From 1914-1916 he had
1595-533: The calculation of shell trajectories , which he resented as conscientious objector . To calculate the effect of wind on the trajectory of a shot, he modified a method by Ralph Fowler , Herbert William Richmond and Douglas Rayner Hartree , which was later included in the Textbook of AA (anti-aircraft) Gunnery. He became the head of the computing staff and stayed until 1919, when he obtained his D.Sc.. In 1919, he moved back to Liverpool to work on tidal analysis at
1650-606: The decree to award degrees. The university owns and operates some of the nation's historical and cultural assets, such as the Victoria Gallery & Museum , the Ness Botanic Gardens , the Liverpool Royal Infirmary , and the more recent, Yoko Ono Lennon Centre . Organised by three faculties divided into 35 schools and departments, the university offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects. It
1705-670: The design of tide-predicting machines , of which a widely used example was the "Doodson-Légé TPM". Portugal and Japan ordered a machine in 1923, Brazil in 1927, made by Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird. Only in 1929 the Tidal Institute bought a 1906 A Légé &Co for itself. In 1929, Doodson became the Associate Director of Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute and lived in the Observatory house. In 1933, he built an electronic tide gauge in Birkenhead transmitting over 2 miles into
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1760-451: The effects of wind and atmospheric pressure on tides. In 1928, he published a paper on tide analysis and a paper on tidal currents from observations in slack water . Doodson devised a practical system for specifying the different harmonic components of the tide-generating potential, the Doodson numbers . He developed the analysis of tidal motions mainly in the oceans, but also in lakes, and
1815-411: The impact of their research. The Computer Science department was ranked 1st in UK for 4* and 3* research, with 97% of the research being rated as world-leading or internationally excellent – the highest proportion of any computer science department in the UK. The Chemistry department was also ranked 1st in the UK with 99% of its research rated as 4* world leading or 3* internationally excellent In 2006
1870-484: The institution. The university was established in 1881 as College Liverpool, admitting its first students in 1882. In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University . In 1894 Oliver Lodge , a professor at the university, made the world's first public radio transmission and two years later took the first surgical X-ray in the United Kingdom. The Liverpool University Press was founded in 1899, making it
1925-651: The league table the previous year. The position of the university is determined by point allocation in departments such as Transport, Waste management, sustainable procurement and Emissions among other categories; these are then transpired into various awards. Liverpool was awarded the highest achievement possible in Environmental policy, Environmental staff, Environmental audit, Fair trade status, Ethical investment policy and Waste recycled while also scoring points in Carbon emissions, Water recycle and Energy source. Liverpool
1980-526: The newly founded Tidal Institute, which Proudman had persuaded Charles Booth of Liverpool , and Sir Alfred Booth to sponsor. It was housed in the University Physics Building. With a grant, they could hire an assistant computer, a member of Doodson’s staff in London, and buy a desk calculator. He analyzed observations of tides at Newlyn . In 1921, Doodson published a major work on tidal analysis. This
2035-546: The official Textbook of Anti aircraft gunnery . Has done valuable work in Statistics, and in the computation of mathematical tables . University of Liverpool The University of Liverpool (abbreviated UOL ) is the "original red brick " research university situated in Liverpool , England. Founded in 1881 as University College Liverpool, Victoria University , it gained independence by Royal Charter in 1903 attaining
2090-452: The physician Sir Ronald Ross , physicist Charles Barkla , physicist Martin Lewis Perl , the physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington , physicist Sir James Chadwick , chemist Sir Robert Robinson , chemist Har Gobind Khorana , physiologist Rodney Porter , economist Ronald Coase and physicist Joseph Rotblat . Sir Ronald Ross was also the first British Nobel laureate in 1902. The university
2145-532: The roof in tin helmets and trench coats and carrying buckets of water in case an incendiary bomb hit the observatory". In 1945 Doodson became the Director of the Observatory until his retirement in 1960. His work became increasingly international. Starting in 1948 he became involved in work for International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics . In 1954, he was made Chairman of the Finance committee. In 1948, he also became
2200-538: The sports have both male and female teams and most are involved in competition on a national scale. BUCS is the body which organises national university competitions involving 154 institutions in 47 sports. Most sports involve travelling to various locations across the country, mainly on Wednesday afternoons. Two other prominent competitions are the Christie Championships and the Varsity Cup. The Christie Cup
2255-466: The third-oldest university press in England. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London . Following a royal charter and act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university (the University of Liverpool) with the right to confer its own degrees. The next few years saw major developments at the university, including Sir Charles Sherrington 's discovery of
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2310-518: The universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), which assesses the quality of research in UK higher education institutions, Liverpool is ranked joint 25th by GPA (along with Durham University and the University of Nottingham ) and 19th for research power (the grade point average score of a university, multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted). The Research Excellence Framework for 2014 has confirmed
2365-412: The university became the first in the UK to establish an independent university in China, making it the world's first Sino-British university. Resulting from a partnership between the University of Liverpool and Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University is the first Sino-British university between research-led universities, exploring new educational models for China. The campus
2420-527: The university for 2019/2020 academic year are listed below: Greenbank Student Village In 2018, the university faced strong criticism from the student body that the university provided halls were too expensive, by the Cut the Rent campaign. Privately accommodation owned Apollo Court ranked 3rd and Myrtle Court ranked 4th in the UK for value for money on a university review platform StudentCrowd. In 2021 "Gladstone Halls"
2475-617: The world, and 137th best worldwide in 2009. In 2011 the QS World University Rankings ranked the university in 123rd place, up 14. In the Times Good University Guide 2013, the University of Liverpool was ranked 29th. Liverpool is ranked 122nd in the world (and 15th in the UK) in the 2016 Round University Ranking . The 2018 U.S. News & World Report ranks Liverpool 129th in the world. In 2019, it ranked 178th among
2530-446: The worldwide partner for University of Liverpool online. In 2019, it was announced that Kaplan Open Learning, part of Kaplan, Inc , would be the new partner for the University of Liverpool's online programmes. Laureate continued to provide some teaching provision for existing students until 2021. The university has produced ten Nobel Prize winners, from the fields of science, medicine, economics and peace . The Nobel laureates include
2585-445: Was low tide , so hidden obstacles could be seen. Doodson was enlisted to work out the tidal patterns using his mechanised calculators. His calculations revealed that 5–7 June, 1944 would provide the best combination of full moon and ideal tidal conditions and D-Day duly took place on 6 June 1944. By 1943, the staff at Liverpool Tidal Institute had been reduced from 15 to Doodson and six young women. They also did "nighttime fire watch on
2640-693: Was buried at Flaybrick Hill Cemetery . Further biographical information is available from the National Oceanography Centre , whose Liverpool facility was formerly the Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute, part of the UK Natural Environment Research Council , of which Doodson became director. Distinguished for his work on tidal theory and on the interpretation of tidal observations, published partly in conjunction with J Proudman, and partly independently, in
2695-501: Was established in 2024 to tackle the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) . As of 2023, Liverpool withheld total net assets of £1.169 billion, with a turnover of £675.1 million, including £118 million from research grants and contracts, the ninth-largest endowment among all universities in the UK. Graduates of the university are styled with the post-nominal letters , Lpool , to indicate
2750-690: Was involved in designing tide-predicting machines . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . During WWII he calculated the best combination of full moon and ideal tidal conditions for D-Day on 6 June 1944. He was involved in work for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics . Arthur Thomas Doodson was born in 1890 at Boothstown , Salford , Greater Manchester the son of Methodist parents cotton-mill manager Thomas Doodson and Eleanor Pendlebury of Radcliffe, Lancashire . He attended evening classes in mathematics from 1901-1903 to be able to attend Rochdale secondary school. In 1908 he entered
2805-488: Was part of a breakaway sect of the Plymouth Brethren and conscientious objector . He married twice. In 1919, he married Margaret, daughter of J. W. Galloway, a tramways engineer of Halifax. They had a daughter who later died in 1936, and a son in 1931, but Margret died shortly after giving birth. In 1933, he married Elsie May, daughter of W. A. Carey, who survived him. Doodson died at Birkenhead on 10 January 1968 and
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#17328552567502860-410: Was renamed after leading communist and anti-racist leader Dorothy Kuya . The University of Liverpool has a proud sporting tradition and has many premier teams in a variety of sports. The current sporting project comes under the title of Sport Liverpool and offers over 50 different sports ranging from football, rugby, cricket and hockey to others such as windsurfing, lacrosse and cheerleading. Many of
2915-647: Was the first among UK universities to develop their desktop computer power management solution, which has been widely adopted by other institutions. The university has subsequently piloted other advanced software approaches further increasing savings. The university has also been at the forefront of using the Condor HTC computing platform in a power saving environment. This software, which makes use of unused computer time for computationally intensive tasks usually results in computers being left turned on. The university has demonstrated an effective solution for this problem using
2970-443: Was the first development of the tide-generating force to be carried out in harmonic form: Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies. Doodson's analysis of 1921 was based on the then-latest lunar theory of Ernest William Brown . In 1923, he produced a first tide table with predictions for 1924, which was used in Liverpool port. He also started to calculate the direction of cotidal lines and created charts. In 1924, he studied
3025-526: Was the first to devise methods for shallow water as in estuaries . The thorough analysis at which he excelled became the international standard for the study of tides and the production of tables through the method of determination of Harmonic Elements by Least-Squares Fitting to data observed at each place of interest. That is, by proper association of the astronomical phases, observations made at one time can enable predictions decades away with different astronomical phases. Doodson used and became involved in
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