53-464: See text Rosa canina , the dog rose , is a variable climbing, wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. The dog rose is a deciduous shrub normally ranging in height from 1–5 metres (3.3–16.4 ft), though it can scramble higher into the crowns of taller trees. Its multiple arching stems, are covered with small, sharp, hooked prickles , which aid it in climbing. The leaves are pinnate , with 5–7 leaflets, and have
106-439: A gall wasp lays eggs into a leaf axillary or terminal bud the plant develops a chemically induced distortion known as rose gall (see photo). Buds and leaves may be eaten by rabbits and deer, despite the thorns. It may be affected by rose rust (see photo) and powdery mildews ( Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae ), and downy mildew ( Peronospora sparsa ). It is notably susceptible to honey fungus . Rose hip essential oil
159-473: A delicious fragrance when bruised. The dog rose blooms from June to July, with sweet-scented flowers that are usually pale pink, but can vary between a deep pink and white. They are 4–6 centimetres (1.6–2.4 in) in diameter with five petals. Like other roses it has a quintuscial aestivation (see sketch A in diagram). Unusually though, of its five sepals , when viewed from underneath, two are whiskered (or “bearded”) on both sides, two are quite smooth and one
212-485: A great environment for an oomycete to thrive. Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are perfect. The Arctic Bramble berries are used to make special Finland spelling liquor. However the irregular yield and “dryberry” effect from downy mildew has restricted the expansion of the industry. Downy mildew can devastate a crop in a short amount of time. Oomycetes are watermolds therefore cool, wet, humid conditions are what they prefer. Peronospora sparsa
265-461: A matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose ( Rosa canina ) and rugosa rose ( R. rugosa ), are very rich in vitamin C , among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings , which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically prickles , outgrowths of
318-413: A polycyclic life cycle. After the secondary infection the disease will continue to spread very fast if uninterrupted. The best control of Peronospora sparsa are resistant plant cultivars. Since this is a polycyclic disease that spreads by conidia, it's important to use disease management practices in the early stages of its life cycle. However, it can be hard to do so because symptoms of don't show until
371-456: A rose, but called it Cynorrhodon , from the Greek "kunórodon". In 1538, Turner called it "Cynosbatos : wild hep or brere tree". Yet in 1551, Matthias de l'Obel classified it as a rose, under the name, "Canina Rosa odorata et silvestris", in his herbal "Rubus canis: Brere bush or hep tree" . Based on a 2013 DNA analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphisms of wild-rose samples from
424-437: A transect across Europe (900 samples from section Caninae , and 200 from other sections), it has been suggested that the following named species are best considered as belonging to a single Rosa canina species complex: Numerous cultivars have been named, though few are common in cultivation. The cultivar Rosa canina 'Assisiensis' is the only dog rose without thorns. Thought to be linked to Saint Francis of Assisi , hence
477-429: Is also an obligate biotroph. This means they require a living host to survive and reproduce. Obligate biotrophs are also commonly called obligate parasites because their existence is detrimental to the host. Downy mildew spread mostly by conidia, which are asexual spores. Conidia are often carried by wind or rain onto the leaves, stem, or berries. From there, they develop secondary infections which means this pathogen has
530-484: Is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes downy mildew in berry producing plants; especially in the genus's Rubus and Rosa . Downy mildew plant pathogens are often host specific and cause problems in cloudberries, blackberries, boysenberries, strawberries, and arctic bramble. Since they are host specific, Peronospora sparsa will not cause downy mildew in grapes because a different plant pathogen causes downy mildew in grapes; Plasmopara viticola . Although it depends on
583-476: Is common in the Indian subcontinent . The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea. In France, there is much use of rose syrup , most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent , Rooh Afza , a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi . The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are
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#1732855806528636-424: Is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil. The main constituents of attar of roses are
689-586: Is composed mainly of alcohols, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes . The fruit is used to make syrup, tea, and preserves (jam and marmalade), and is used in the making of pies, stews, and wine. The flowers can be made into a syrup, eaten in salads, candied, or preserved in vinegar, honey or brandy. During World War II in the United States, Rosa canina was planted in victory gardens ; it can still be found growing throughout that country, including on roadsides, in pastures and nature conservation areas. In Poland ,
742-592: Is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera: Some birds, particularly finches , eat the seeds. Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae . Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect , arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems. Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in
795-984: Is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə / ), in the family Rosaceae ( / r oʊ ˈ z eɪ s iː ˌ iː / ), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars . They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs , climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles . Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia , with smaller numbers native to Europe , North America , and Northwest Africa . Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in
848-416: Is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses. Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist. Other impressionists including Claude Monet , Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated
901-470: Is used as a minor source of vitamin C . Diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses" ) is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient. The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece , the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite . In the Iliad , Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using
954-515: Is used in skin products and some makeup products. Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used in Middle Eastern , Persian , and South Asian cuisine —especially in sweets such as Turkish delight , barfi , baklava , halva , gulab jamun , knafeh , and nougat . Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea , or combined with other herbs to make herbal teas . A sweet preserve of rose petals called gulkand
1007-429: Is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa omeiensis and Rosa sericea , four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes . Roses are insect-pollinated in nature. The aggregate fruit of
1060-520: Is whiskered on one side only. It has usually 10 or more pistils , and multiple stamens . Flowers mature in September to October, into an oval, 1.5–2-centimetre (0.59–0.79 in), red-orange hips . The fruits can persist on the plant for several months (if not eaten by wildlife) and become black. Its form and flowers can be confused with fieldbriar Rosa agrestis and sweetbriar Rosa rubiginosa . Classical writers did not recognise Rosa canina as
1113-746: The Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses . Subsequently roses of the corresponding colours have been used a emblems for the English counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire . The Tudor rose combines the colours of the roses of York and Lancaster, and is an emblem of then Tudor dynasty and of England . Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté
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#17328558065281166-572: The epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are modified stems . Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and [R. pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes ). Despite
1219-615: The garden and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and R. rubiginosa ), ornamental thorns (such as R. sericea ) or for their showy fruit (such as R. moyesii ). Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with
1272-839: The rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity. Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary . In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens. Albrecht Dürer 's painting The Feast of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees. Roses symbolised
1325-406: The "immortal oil of the rose" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms". The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of
1378-473: The 18th and 19th centuries. The origin of its name may be related to the hooked prickles on the plant that have resemblance to a dog's canines. It is sometimes considered that the word 'dog' has a disparaging meaning in this context, indicating 'worthless' as compared with cultivated garden roses. The dog rose can be attacked by aphids, leafhoppers , glasshouse red spider mite , scale insects, caterpillars, rose leaf-rolling sawfly, and leaf-cutting bees . When
1431-481: The United Kingdom, William Shakespeare wrote about the flower in A Midsummer Night's Dream , which in his time was called eglantine, though it can now also refer to Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet brier). Oberon, A Midsummer Night's Dream , Act II, Scene I quoting his words: "With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine." Symbolically, the meaning of this shrub is quite extensive since the two dominating themes surrounding
1484-465: The ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis , who is identified with Venus , instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey , to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. French writer René Rapin invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named Rhodanthe ("she with rose flowers")
1537-736: The city of Trieste with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose the floral emblem of the United States. The rose is often exchanged on St. Valentines Day and is used often as a symbol of such. Peronospora sparsa Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan., (1967) Peronospora fragariae Roze & Cornu, (1876) Peronospora rosae-gallicae Savul. & Rayss, (1934) Peronospora rubi Rabenh. ex J. Schröt., (1888) Pseudoperonospora sparsa (Berk.) Jacz., (1928) Peronospora sparsa
1590-464: The crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia and then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses ( Rosa × damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa × centifolia
1643-527: The cultivar, symptoms do not normally start until later stages of disease and can look different on different plants. The most common symptoms include red lesions in the veins of leaves, with dry and deformed berries. Peronospora sparsa causes fluctuations in yield of berries. A few examples are downy mildew on the Arctic Bramble issue in Finland and Colombian greenhouse rose production. Finland and Sweden have
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1696-731: The development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison . As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars , varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery , an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers . Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale. In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses , and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that
1749-499: The development of the wide range of garden roses . The name rose comes from Latin rosa , which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan , from Greek ῥόδον rhódon ( Aeolic βρόδον wródon ), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- ( wurdi ), related to Avestan varəδa , Sogdian ward , Parthian wâr . The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate , with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal stipules ;
1802-800: The disease has progressed and different cultivars can have different symptoms. The European Union has changed their legislation on pesticide use which is causing farmers to change their ways. "The products ALIETTE (fungicide), PHOSFIK (leaf fertiliser) and BION (pathogen defence elicitor) were effective in downy mildew control, Aliette and Phosfik being more effective than Bion especially in preventing yield losses. No arctic bramble cultivars known to be resistant to downy mildew are available." However, there are some cultivars that are less susceptible to infection. A few rose and blackberries have been found to be more resistant but breeding and other control methods need to be put in place. The government has changed laws and will likely continue to become more restrictive around
1855-541: The earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia , and China. It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals . In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized
1908-669: The early Oligocene . Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China. Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse. A study of the patterns of natural selection in the genome of roses indicated that genes related to DNA damage repair and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication. This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth. The genus Rosa
1961-400: The establishment of the diocese in 815. The first recorded significance of the flower dates back hundreds of years ago to The Academy of Floral Games (founded in 1323), which gifted poets a sprig of dog rose to reward them for their literary excellence. Due to this ritual, the branches became increasingly popular and can be found frequently mentioned in several famous poems. Most prevalent in
2014-515: The flower are pain and pleasure. An old riddle is called "The Five Brethren of the Rose": On a summer's day, in sultry weather Five Brethren were born together Two had beards and two had none And the other had but half a one. The riddle contains an effective way of identifying the differing roses of the canina group, where the brethren refers to the five sepals of the dog-rose, two of which are whiskered on both sides, two quite smooth and
2067-459: The flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world. Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses . Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling
2120-519: The fragrant alcohols geraniol and L- citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes , which separates from rose oil. β- Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent. Rose hips are high in vitamin C , are, after the removal of the irritant hairs, edible raw, and occasionally are made into jam , jelly , marmalade , and soup , or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce rose hip seed oil , which
2173-494: The hooves or fur of stock animals. They may also be carried by waterways. The dog rose was the stylised rose of medieval European heraldry . It is the county flower of Hampshire , and Ireland's County Leitrim is nicknamed "The Wild Rose County" due to the prevalence of the dog rose in the area. Legend states the Thousand-year Rose or Hildesheim Rose, which climbs against a wall of Hildesheim Cathedral , dates back to
Rosa canina - Misplaced Pages Continue
2226-1049: The last one whiskered on one side only. The flower has also been used as an image on many postage stamps across Europe. Such as Rosa canina Switzerland, 1945. Dog Rose (' Rosa canina ) Austria, 1948. Rosa canina Yugoslavia, 1955. Rosa canina Romania, 1959. Rosa canina Soviet Union, 1960. Hagebutte Rosa canina Germany, 1960. Great Britain, 1964. Rosa canina Czechoslovakia, 1965. International Congress of Pharmacology in Prague, Czechoslovakia 1971. Hagebutte Rosa canina Germany, 1978. Rosa canina-Cetonia aurata Hungary, 1980. Steinnype Rosa canina Norway, 1980. Dzika Rosa Poland, 1981. Rosa canina Bulgaria, 1981. Nypon ros Rosa canina Sweden, 1983. Dzika Rosa Poland, 1989. Rosa canina Greece, 1989. Rosa canina Romania, 1993. Rosa canina Turkey, 2001. SİPEK Rosa canina Slovenia, 2002. Eglantier Rosa canina Tunisia, 2003. Pasta Ruza ( Rosa canina ) Croatia, 2004 and Rosa canina Ukraine, 2005. Rose See List of Rosa species A rose
2279-404: The leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia ) are evergreen or nearly so. The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa omeiensis and Rosa sericea , which usually have only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and
2332-409: The name dog rose to a belief that the plant's root could cure the bite of a mad dog. It is not clear if the dogs were rabid . According to The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , the English name is a direct translation of the plant's name from classical Latin, rosa canina , itself a translation of the Greek κυνόροδον ('kunórodon'); It is thought to have been used to treat the bite of rabid dogs in
2385-556: The name. The dog rose is hardy to zone 3 in the UK ( USDA hardiness zone 3-7), tolerates maritime exposure, grows well in a sunny position, and grows even in heavy clay soils, but like all roses dislikes water-logged soils or very dry sites. In deep shade, it usually fails to flower and fruit. The botanical name is derived from the common names 'dog rose' or similar in several European languages, including classical Latin and ancient (Hellenistic period) Greek. The Roman naturalist Pliny attributed
2438-435: The other chromosomes as univalents. Univalents are included in egg cells , but not in pollen . Similar processes occur in some other organisms. Dog roses ( Rosa sect. Caninae ) are most commonly pentaploid , i.e. with five times the base number of seven chromosomes for the genus Rosa , but may be diploid , tetraploid or hexaploid as well. Dog rose is an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand . It
2491-695: The petals (sans the white or green bases). The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals. Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate , often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK. Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act , there are only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The rose hip , usually from R. canina ,
2544-465: The petals are used to make a jam that is particularly suitable for filling pączki , a type of doughnuts. In Bulgaria , where the dog rose grows in abundance, its hips are used to make sweet wine and tea. Dog roses have an unusual kind of meiosis which is sometimes called permanent odd polyploidy, although it can also occur with even polyploidy (e.g. in tetraploids or hexaploids). Regardless of ploidy level, only seven bivalents are formed leaving
2597-507: The presence of desirable pasture species. It is a biosecurity risk as it hosts fruit fly. In the USA, it is classed as a weed and invasive in some regions or habitats, where it may displace desirable vegetation due to its large size and ability of regeneration from sprouts. It can also impede the movement of livestock, wildlife and vehicles. Birds and wild fruit eating animals are the main cause of seed dispersal. The plant seeds can also be carried in
2650-642: The presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer . A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points. Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene. Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds. The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado. Roses were present in Europe by
2703-466: The rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip . Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination . The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia ) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium , which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes ) embedded in
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#17328558065282756-572: Was besieged inside a temple of Artemis by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god Apollo then transformed her into a rosebush. Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire , the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary . The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of
2809-717: Was recognised as displacing native vegetation as early as 1895 although the Department of Conservation does not consider it to be a conservation threat. The dog rose is a declared weed in Australia under the Natural Resources Management Act, 2004 as the plant out-competes native vegetation, provides shelter to pests such as foxes and rabbits , is unpalatable to stock, large shrubs are resistant to grazing, therefore do not get eaten by farm animals. The dog rose invades native bushland therefore reducing biodiversity and
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